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Retrograde Metamorphism of the Lower Devonian Littleton Formation in the New Salem Area, West -Central Massachusetts

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RETROGRADE METAMORPHISM OF THE LOWER DEVONIAN LITTLETON FORMATION IN THE NEW SALEM AREA, WEST -CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS BY KURT T. HOLLOCHER I mm 1--------1 Sample NS 71 Retrograded Garnet CONTRIBUTION NO. 3 7 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY 8 GEOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERS~ MASSACHUSETTS RETROGRADE 1'1ETAMORPHISM OF THE LOWER DEVONIAN LITTLETON FORMATION IN THE NEVI SALEM AREA, WEST-CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS by Kurt T. Hollocher Contribution No. 37 Department of Geology and Geography University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts April, 1981 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT •..•.•..•••••••••.•••••.•••.•••.••.•.•••••••••••••....•....•• 1 INTRODUCTION. • . • . • . • • . • • . • • • • . • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • . • . 3 Location •.••••••.••••.•.•••.•..•.•••••••••.•••••••.••.•.•.•....•• 3 Geography and Quaternary Cover ..•••.••.•.•.•.......•.•.••..••••. 3 Regional Setting and Stratigraphy •.•.••••••••.•.••••..•••.•.••.. 5 Introduction ...••.•..••.•.••.••..••.••.•••........•........ 5 Stratigraphy... • . • • . • . • . • . • . • . • • . • • • • • • . • . • . 8 Deformation and metamorphism •••..••..•.•••••• ·. • • • . • • . 10 Previous Work. • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • . • . • . 12 Purpose of Study .••••.•••••.•••••••••••••••.••.••.••.•......... 13 Methods of Investigation •••••••••••.••.•.••..........•.•......• 14 General methods. • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • . • • . 14 Polished thin sections •.••••••••••••••••••••.•.•••.••...•. 14 Electron microprobe analysis •.•.•••..•.••.•...••......•... 16 Acknowledgements. • • • . • • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • . • • 17 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS. • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • . • • • • . • . • . • . 17 Part ridge Formation. • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • 17 Clough Quartzite •••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••.•••..••••..•• 18 Fitch Formation. • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Littleton Formation •••••••••••.••••••••••••.•.•.•••••.••...•.•• 18 Distribution of Metamorphic Zones ••.•.••••••••••..•••••••..•.•• 20 Description of Analyzed Samples ••••••••••••••..•••••••••.•••••• 23 UOlA .•.•••••••.••••.•••.•.•••••••••••.••••.••••••.••••.••• 23 NS118 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••••••.•••••.•• 26 iv NS18. • . • . • . 26 NS87 .......................•.............................. 26 NS85....... • . • . 27 NS90 ....................•...•...............•............. 27 NS71 ....................•..•........•..................... 27 MINERALOGY AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY .•.................................. 28 Introduction ..................•................................ 28 Analyses ....................................................... 29 Sillimanite ............•.......................••.............. 30 Field occurrence. 30 Textures in thin section .................................. 32 Staurolite. • . 34 Field distribution and habit .........•.•.................. 34 Appearance in thin section ................................ 35 Structural formula and crystal chemistry .................. 39 Structural formula recipe ...•...•......................... 41 Chemical analyses. • . 42 Garnet .................•...............•.•....................• 45 Field distribution and habit ..•...•.....................•. 45 Textures in thin section ...........•....•.•...•.......... 46 Chemical zoning. • . • . • . 48 Rim compositions. • • . • . • . • • . • . 57 Discussion of garnet stoichiometry ........................ 62 Biotite .......... ,• ............•.........•.•..•................. 63 Field distribution and appearance ..•••.....•.•..........•. 63 v Appearance in thin section .•..•..•....•................... 64 Chemistry... • . • • . 66 Muscovite .•..................•..•..•..•......•...•............• 80 Field habit. • . • • . • . • . • . • • . • . 80 Appearance in thin section •......•...••..••............... 80 Chemistry. • . • . • • . • . • . 82 Chlorite. • . • • . • . • • • • . • . • . 100 Field appearance ..•.•.•..........•...•......•..•......... 100 Optical properties ........•.•••.......•...••............. 101 Appearance in thin section •......•••...•.•...........•... 102 Chemistry •........•...•..•...........••.................. 103 Chloritoid ....•....•...•..•.......•.•••...••.........•.•...... 117 Field occurrence •.••.••.••.....•.•...•..••....•..••..•... 117 Appearance in thin section •.••.•••..•.•.....••.....•..•.. 117 Chemistry. • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • • . • . 119 Plagioclase ..•.........•.•.•••..••..•....•.••.•.••••......•... 119 Field appearance. • • . • . • • • • • . • • . • • . • . • • • . • . • . 119 Appearance in thin section ..•.•.•.....•.....•••.•..••.... 121 Chemistry. 12 2 K-feldspar. 125 Occurrence. 125 Chemistry ................................................ 126 Ilmenite. 129 Occurrence and habit •....••••..•.••••••.••••••••••.••.••• 129 Chemistry ................................................ 130 vi Anatase ......•.................•.....................•........ 138 Occurrence and h~it ........ o•••o••o••o•o•••·••••o······· 138 Chemistry. • . • . • . 141 Stability .......•................•..................... o. 141 Sphene .........•......................... o •••••••••••••••••••• 144 Occurrence ... o •••••••••••••••••• o •••••••••••••••••••••••• 144 Chemistry .......................... o •••••••••••••• o •••••• 145 Rutile ... o •••••••••••••••••••• o ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 151 Apatite ....................... o. o •••••••••••• o •••••••• o 0 •••••• 152 Tourmaline ............ o o o •• o ••• o •••••••••••• o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 154 Zircon .................•..... o •• o ••••••••••••••••• o o •••••••••• 155 Graphite .....•.............. o ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 155 Allanite. o ••• o •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 156 Pyrite ........... o •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 157 Quartz ..........................•............................. 158 Weathering Products ....•....•.......•......................... 158 Cathode Luminescence......... • . 159 PHASE RELATIONS. • . • . • . • . • . 160 Introduction •.................•...........................•... 160 Feldspars. • . • . • . • . • • . 160 Micas .....................•.........•...........•......•.....• 162 Alkali-Alumina System .•..... 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 166 Ti0 -FeO-H 0 System ....••.•...•....•........•.......•......... 168 2 2 AKFM Tetrahedron ......•.......•.......•.•........•...........• 170 Muscovite Projection ....••...............••...•••.•........... 172 vii RETROGRADE REACTIONS. 17 4 Introduction ..................•............................... 174 Sillimanite-Out Reaction .......................•.......•...... 176 Staurolite-Out Reaction ....................................... 180 K-feldspar-In Reaction ........•...•........................... 183 Garnet-Out Reactions ................•......................... 187 Introduction .•.............•............................. 187 Garnet rim, biotite present reaction ..................... 189 Garnet core, biotite present reaction .................... 191 Garnet core, biotite absent reaction .•................... 191 Biotite-Out Reactions .•.•..................................... 194 Chloritoid-In Reactions ....................................... 197 Introduction .•....................•...................... 197 Garnet-chlorite continuous reaction ....•......•..•....... 198 Phengitic muscovite continuous reaction .................. 200 Manganese stabilization of chloritoid .•.......•.......... 201 Ilmenite-Out, Anatase-In Reaction .........................•... 205 Sulfide-Silicate Reactions ...•.........•.•........•........... 207 Summary of Retrograde Reactions... • • . • . • . 210 Mobility of Chemical Components ....•......... o •••••••••••••••• 212 CONDITIONS OF METAMORPHISM. • • . • • • . • . • . 215 Introduction •...•.•..•....•.••............•.. o •••••••••••••••• 215 Published Data on Univariant Reactions ....•.......••.......... 216 Introduction ••....•......•...•..•..•.•...•••.•........... 216 Explanation of reactions ...•.•.••.•..••..•.••.. o o o o o. o • • • 217 viii Probable field of prograde metamorphism ..•............... 220 Probable field of retrograde metamorphism ........•.....•. 222 Coexisting Mineral P-T Estimates .•.•...•..•................... 222 Garnet-biotite thermometers ...........•.................• 222 Muscovite-paragonite solvus .............................. 224 White mica-alkali feldspar solvi. ........•............... 226 Muscovite celadonite component ........................... 226 Alkali feldspar sol vus. • . 228 Cordierite equilibria ...................•...............• 229 Garnet-plagioclase calcium partitioning .........•........ 230 Biotite-muscovite titanium partitioning .................. 231 Independent Constraints for Metamorphic Conditions ....•....... 232 Prograde metamorphism .................................... 232 Retrograde metamorphism ......•..•••............•........• 233 Discussion of Prograde P and T ................................ 236 Discussion of Retrograde P and T ....•.••...•.................. 237 METAMORPHIC FLUID COMPOSITION ...........................•.....•...• 238 TIMING OF RETROGRADE METAMORPHISM .................•................ 242 WATER FOR RETROGRADE HYDRATION REACTIONS ..............•.....••..... 243 Quantity .......•.........•..........•..•....•....•........•..
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    Petrographic descriptions of thin sections of drill cuttings from KCM No. 1 Forest Federal well, Hidalgo County, New Mexico 6f ?s Antonius J. Budding and Ronald F. Broadhead New Mexico Institute of Nining and Technology 1977 Open File Report of the Neb7 Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Socorro, Neb7 Mexico ~ ' Open-file ~ =Port 75 Introduction. This report contains petrographic descripdons of thin sections prepared from drill cuttings of the KCM No. 1 ForestFederal well, . Hidalgo County, New Mexico. The descriptionsare intended to be used in conjunction with the thin sections and can serve as a guide to their study. Each description is accompanied by a photomicrograph and sketches of pertinent parts of the thin section. The reader is referred to Circular 152 of the New Mexico Bureau of Mines andMineral Resources, entitled "Geology, PetroleumSource Rocks, andThermal Metamorphism in KCM No. 1 Forest Federal Well, Hidalgo County, New I.Iexico", compiled by SamThompson 111, for addi- tionalinformation. Thin sections prepared from drill cuttings of KCM No. 1 FF-well. Depth ft.in NameRock 50 micriticlimestoneSilty 210 Quartz Latite 230 Quartz Latite 270a Sandy dolomitic Limestone 270b Sandy dolomitic Limestone 320 Argillaceous Limestone 380 Limestone 450 Biomicritic Limestone 480 Biomicritic Limestone 5 20 Micritic Limestone 640 Limestone 760 Dolomitic Limes tone 800 Calcareous Mudstone 1080 Calcareous Mudstone 1210 Calcareous Mudstone 1230 Sandy, Calcareous Mudstone 1810 Argillaceous Limestone 1920 Micritic Limestone 2010 Tremolite-bearing Limestone 2280 Diopside Marble 2360 Diopside-wollastonite Marble 2460 Wollastonite hornfels and Quartz Monzonite 2640 Wollastonite Marble 2660 Cherty Limestone 2820a Wollastonite' MazbTe 2820b Wollastonite Marble 2960 Quartz Monzonite 3130a Quartz Monzonite 3130b Quartz Monzonite 3380 Diopside Marble 3680a Diopside Marble 3680b Wollastonite Marble 3740a Marble .
  • Data of Geochemistry

    Data of Geochemistry

    Data of Geochemistry ' * Chapter W. Chemistry of the Iron-rich Sedimentary Rocks GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-W Data of Geochemistry MICHAEL FLEISCHER, Technical Editor Chapter W. Chemistry of the Iron-rich Sedimentary Rocks By HAROLD L. JAMES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-W Chemical composition and occurrence of iron-bearing minerals of sedimentary rocks, and composition, distribution, and geochemistry of ironstones and iron-formations UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Face Abstract. _ _______________________________ Wl Chemistry of iron-rich rocks, etc. Continued Introduction. _________ ___________________ 1 Oxide facies Continued Iron minerals of sedimentary rocks __ ______ 2 Hematitic iron-formation of Precambrian age__ W18 Iron oxides __ _______________________ 2 Magnetite-rich rocks of Mesozoic and Paleozoic Goethite (a-FeO (OH) ) and limonite _ 2 age___________-__-._____________ 19 Lepidocrocite (y-FeO(OH) )________ 3 Magnetite-rich iron-formation of Precambrian Hematite (a-Fe2O3) _ _ _ __ ___. _ _ 3 age._____-__---____--_---_-------------_ 21 Maghemite (7-Fe203) __ __________ 3 Silicate facies_________________________________ 21 Magnetite (Fe3O4) ________ _ ___ 3 Chamositic ironstone____--_-_-__----_-_---_- 21 3 Silicate iron-formation of Precambrian age_____ 22 Iron silicates 4 Glauconitic rocks__-_-____--------__-------- 23 4 Carbonate facies______-_-_-___-------_---------- 23 Greenalite. ________________________________ 6 Sideritic rocks of post-Precambrian age._______ 24 Glauconite____ _____________________________ 6 Sideritic iron-formation of Precambrian age____ 24 Chlorite (excluding chamosite) _______________ 7 Sulfide facies___________________________ 25 Minnesotaite.
  • Petrography, Mineralogy, and Reservoir Characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group in the East-Central Piceance Basin, Colorado

    Petrography, Mineralogy, and Reservoir Characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group in the East-Central Piceance Basin, Colorado

    Petrography, Mineralogy, and Reservoir Characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group in the East-Central Piceance Basin, Colorado U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1 787-G Chapter G Petrography, Mineralogy, and Reservoir Characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group in the East-Central Piceance Basin, Colorado By JANET K. PITMAN, CHARLES W. SPENCER, and RICHARD M. POLLASTRO A multidisciplinary approach to research studies of sedimentary rocks and their constituents and the evolution of sedimentary basins, both ancient and modern U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1787 EVOLUTION OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS-UINTA AND PICEANCE BASINS DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in tl is publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PR NTING OFFICE: 1989 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center Box 25425 Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pitman, Janet K. Petrography, mineralogy, and reservoir characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group in the East-Ce tral Piceance Basin, Colorado / by Janet K. Pitman, Charles W. Spencer, and Richard M. Pollastro. p. cm. (Evolution of sedimentary basins-Uinta and Piceance basins ; ch. G) (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 1787-G) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.3: 1787-G 1. Geology Colorado Piceance Creek Watershed. 2. Gas, Natural Colorado Piceance Creek Watershed. 3. Mesaverde Group. 4. Geology, Stratigraphic Cretaceous. I. Spencer, Charles Winthrop, 1930- . II.