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A Study of the Servant Class in South Ayrshire

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A Study of the Servant Class in South Ayrshire AYRSHIRE MONOGRAPHS 26 Servants in Ayrshire 1750–1914 Jean Aitchison Published by Ayrshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Ayr, 2001 Printed by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, Wiltshire 2 Ayrshire Monographs 26 Since retiring from teaching in Ayrshire, Jean Aitchison has pursued an interest in Scottish history, culminating in this monograph which is an edited version of the work undertaken for the degree of M.Phil. awarded by the University of Glasgow. Copyright © 2001 by Jean Aitchison All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. cover design by David McClure edited and typeset for the AANHS by Rob Close, Bill Layhe, David McClure and Stanley Sarsfield ISBN 0 9527445 5 4 Servants in Ayrshire 1750–1914 3 Contents List of Illustrations ....................................................................................4 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................5 Introduction ...............................................................................................6 Chapter 1: The Master–Servant Relationship .......................................11 The master–servant relationship as defined in law..................................11 The master–servant relationship as recommended by the Church...........18 The master–servant relationship in practice ............................................22 Chapter 2: Hiring and Firing ..................................................................28 Finding a Place by Word of Mouth..........................................................28 Feeing Fairs .............................................................................................30 Employment Agencies.............................................................................36 Newspaper Advertisements .....................................................................41 Termination of Employment....................................................................43 Chapter 3: Conditions of Service ............................................................47 Wages, Hours and Duties.........................................................................47 Accommodation ......................................................................................52 Food and Drink........................................................................................56 Clothing...................................................................................................60 Chapter 4: Population Changes ..............................................................74 Migration to another place of service ......................................................74 Emigration...............................................................................................77 Chapter 5: The Concerns of Everyday Life ...........................................82 Health Care, Retirement and Death.........................................................82 Savings and Insurance .............................................................................86 Poverty ....................................................................................................92 Crime and Punishment ............................................................................96 Leisure and Literacy..............................................................................101 Postscript.................................................................................................. 111 Appendix 1: Kirkdandie Fair................................................................113 Appendix 2: Employment Agencies ......................................................115 Appendix 3: Female Friendly Society Rules and Regulations............117 Appendix 4: Tables of Wages and Prices ..............................................122 Appendix 5: Servant Tax Returns.........................................................130 Index.........................................................................................................136 4 Ayrshire Monographs 26 List of Illustrations Illus. 1: Map of the County of Ayr, Sayer & Bennett, November 1777. ................. 8 Illus. 2: Cunninghame............................................................................................. 9 Illus. 3: Kyle. .......................................................................................................... 9 Illus. 4: Carrick. .................................................................................................... 10 Illus. 5: Extracts from Ayr Burgh Register of Incarcerations, Liberations and Arrestments and Loosings Thereof, 1767. (Ayrshire Archives, Ayr Burgh Records, B6/15/8) .......................................................................................... 13 Illus. 6: Demand for payment of duty, including Servant Tax, 1789; issued to Sir Thomas Miller of Barskimming. (Aberdeen University Archives, Special Collections, MS 2769/I/28)............................................................................ 17 Illus. 7: The Feeing Fair at Cumnock (undated). (Courtesy of the Baird Institute, Cumnock)....................................................................................................... 33 Illus. 8: Notes made by a mistress of Rozelle with a vacancy in her domestic staff (undated). (Ayrshire Archives, Hamilton of Rozelle and Carcluie Papers, SAC/DC/17/27/4/1) ....................................................................................... 37 Illus. 9: A reference supplied by a Registry. (Ayrshire Archives, Hamilton of Rozelle and Carcluie Papers, SAC/DC/17/27/6/4)......................................... 38 Illus. 10: Letter from the General Furnishing Establishment, Ayr. (Ayrshire Archives, Hamilton of Rozelle and Carcluie Papers, SAC/DC/17/27/3/9).... 39 Illus. 11: Extract from Aiton’s General View of Agriculture in the County of Ayr, 1811................................................................................................................ 47 Illus. 12: Ayr Advertiser, 6th March 1879............................................................. 50 Illus. 13: Account to Robert Burns from Robert Anderson, Shoemaker, Dumfries, 1788. (Courtesy of Peter Westwood) ............................................................ 63 Illus. 14: The staff of Kirkmichael House (undated). (Ayrshire Archives, Kennedy of Kirkmichael papers, ATD 64/11) ............................................................... 66 Illus. 15: A domestic servant on a home visit to her family living in a cottage in the Muirkirk area. (Baird Institute, Cumnock).................................................... 67 Illus. 16: Advertisement promoting the sale of clothes for servants which appeared in the Ayr Post Office General and Trades Directory for Ayr, Newton and Wallacetown (1912–1913). (Carnegie Library, Ayr) ..................................... 70 Illus. 17: Extract from the Army & Navy Stores Catalogue, March, 1908. (University of Glasgow Archives, HF6/9/2) .................................................. 71 Servants in Ayrshire 1750–1914 5 Acknowledgements I wish to express my thanks to the supervisor of the dissertation on which this monograph is based, Professor E.J. Cowan, for the great patience he has shown and the many helpful tips he has provided. My gratitude is also due to the staff of the following institutions who have so willingly helped me to locate books and documents held in their collections: University of Glasgow Archives University of Glasgow Main Library National Archives of Scotland, Edinburgh Carnegie Library, Ayr, Local History and Reference Departments Ayrshire Archives , Ayr The Mitchell Library, Glasgow Baird Institute, Cumnock Dick Institute, Kilmarnock McKechnie Institute, Girvan University of Paisley, Craigie Campus, Ayr Aberdeen University, Special Collections Department The Savings Bank Museum, Ruthwell, Dumfries I am grateful too, to the staff of the three Universities, Glasgow, Strathclyde and Stirling who provided training in Research Methods and to Anne Campbell who shared some of her professional knowledge of Scots Law with me. I wish to thank the many individuals who have lent me books or offered helpful advice when asked. These include Rob Close, Linda Fryer, Margaret Henderson, Alastair Hendry, Jean Hood, Debbie Jackson, Pat McCaig, David McClure and Peter Westwood. Finally I wish to thank my husband for the many ways in which he has made it possible for me to undertake this study. 6 Ayrshire Monographs 26 Introduction During the twentieth century, which has been dubbed ‘the people’s century’, there was a growing interest by both professional and amateur historians in how ordinary people lived. Marion Lochhead published The Scots Household in the Eighteenth Century1 which drew on source material from various parts of the country and dealt with people of different status levels, including a nine page chapter on ‘Kitchen and Servants’. This was followed by Marjorie Plant’s The Domestic Life of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century2, a well researched book, but again based on evidence from localities as far apart as Shetland and Dumfries or St Kilda and Montrose, and dealing with people from
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