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Alewife and Blueback Herring Status Review Report: Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and Blueback Herring (Alosa aestivalis) Revised September 2019 National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) gratefully acknowledges the commitment and efforts of the SRT (SRT) members and thanks them for generously contributing their time and expertise to the development of this status review report. Numerous individual fishery scientists and managers provided information that aided in preparation of this report and deserve special thanks. We wish to thank Ellen Keane, Carrie Upite, Justin Stevens, Dan Kircheis, David Gouveia, Jolvan Morris and Jean Higgins for information, data, and professional opinions. We would especially like to thank the peer reviewers: Dr. Kim de Musert, Dr. Joseph Hightower, and Dr. Jeffrey Hutchings This document should be cited as: NMFS. 2019. Status Review Report: Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and Blueback Herring (Alosa aestivalis). Final Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources. 160 pp. ii River Herring Status Review Team (SRT): Robert Adams- New York Department of Environmental Conservation Michael Bailey- USFWS, Central New England Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office Ruth Haas-Castro- NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center Kiersten Curti- NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center Ben Gahagan- Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries Ed Hale- Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife Tara Trinko Lake- NOAA Fisheries, Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office Bill Post- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources iii Executive Summary On August 5, 2011, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) petitioned NMFS to list alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) as threatened throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges. In the alternative, the petitioner requested that NMFS designate Distinct Population Segments (DPSs) of alewife and blueback herring as specified in the petition (Central New England, Long Island Sound, Chesapeake Bay, and Carolina for alewives and Central New England, Long Island Sound, and Chesapeake Bay for blueback herring). Under the ESA, if a petition is found to present substantial scientific or commercial information that the petitioned action may be warranted, a status review shall be promptly commenced (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(3)(A)). In response to the petition, NMFS published a positive 90-day finding on November 2, 2011, concluding that listing these species under the ESA may be warranted and initiated a status review (76 FR 67652). On August 12, 2013, NMFS determined that listing alewife and blueback herring as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) was not warranted (78 FR 48943). However, NMFS also noted that there were significant data deficiencies and committed to revisiting the status of both species in 3 to 5 years, a period after which ongoing scientific studies, including a river herring stock assessment update by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC), would be completed. The Natural Resources Defense Council and Earthjustice (the Plaintiffs) filed suit against NMFS on February 10, 2015, in the U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C, challenging the decision not to list blueback herring as threatened or endangered. The Plaintiffs also challenged the determination that the Mid-Atlantic stock complex of blueback herring is not a distinct population segment (DPS). On March 25, 2017, the court vacated the blueback herring listing determination and remanded the listing determination to NMFS (Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., et al. v. Samuel D. Rauch, National Marine Fisheries Services, 1:15-cv-00198 (D.D.C)). As part of a negotiated agreement with the Plaintiffs, NMFS committed to publish a revised listing determination for blueback herring. NMFS announced the initiation of an alewife and blueback herring status review in the Federal Register on August 15, 2017 (82 FR 38672, August 15, 2017). At that time, NMFS also opened a 60-day solicitation period for new scientific and commercial data on alewife and blueback herring to ensure that the status review was informed by the best available scientific and commercial information. A status review team (SRT) was tasked to conduct this review. To conduct this Status Review, the SRT considered a variety of scientific information from the literature, unpublished documents, and direct communications with researchers working on alewife and blueback herring, as well as technical information submitted in the petition and by the petitioners and others in response to the 90 day finding and 60- day solicitation for new scientific and commercial data. The SRT compiled the best available information on the species and conducted a qualitative risk assessment through evaluation of the demographic risks, threats, and overall extinction risk facing the species or distinct population segment (DPS). iv Based on a review of the best available information, the SRT identified the following four distinct population segments of alewife: ● Aw-Canada DPS the range includes Garnish River, Newfoundland to Saint John River, New Brunswick; ● Aw-Northern New England DPS- the range includes St. Croix River, ME to Merrimack River, NH; ● Aw-Southern New England DPS- the range includes Parker River, MA to Carll’s River, NY; and ● Aw-Mid Atlantic DPS- the range includes Hudson River, NY to Alligator River, NC. The SRT identified the following three distinct population segments of blueback herring: ● Bb-Canada- Northern New England DPS- the range includes Margaree River, Nova Scotia to Kennebec River, ME; ● Bb-Mid Atlantic DPS- the range includes Connecticut River, CT to Neuse River, NC; and ● Bb-Southern Atlantic DPS- the range includes Cape Fear River, NC. Guided by the results from the demographics risk analysis as well as threats assessment, the SRT members used their informed professional judgment to make an overall extinction risk determination for each species, now and in the foreseeable future. The SRT used a “likelihood analysis” to evaluate the overall risk of extinction. Each SRT member had 10 likelihood points to distribute among the following overall extinction risk categories: low risk, moderate risk, or high risk (see section 6.1.4 Overall Level of Extinction Risk Analysis). Alewife The mean scores based on the SRT members’ individual scores indicate that the level of extinction risk to the alewife rangewide is low, with 75 percent of the SRT members’ likelihood points allocated to the low risk category. The SRT allocated 22 percent of their likelihood points to the moderate extinction risk category. The SRT allocated 3 percent of their likelihood points to the high extinction risk category. SRT members attributed the high extinction risk points to concerns associated with the species’ complex anadromous fish life history, uncertainty in climate change and vulnerability, incidental catch, potential habitat modification (e.g. increased coastal development and water use), and concern about the adequacy of current and future regulatory mechanisms, including fisheries rangewide. Overall the SRT acknowledged that alewife are at historical low levels, but noted that improved fisheries management efforts in recent years have reduced fishing mortality rates in alewife stocks and that hundreds of habitat improvement projects have been completed in the past 20 years. Many relatively robust populations of alewife exist, and genetic data show connectivity among populations (genetic continuum along the coastline) despite regional groupings. v SRT members also applied the same likelihood point method to each alewife DPS. The mean overall risk scores for alewife in the Aw-Canada DPS correspond to a 77 percent likelihood of a low risk and 23 percent moderate risk of extinction. The mean overall risk scores for alewife in the Aw-Northern New England DPS correspond to a 74 percent likelihood of a low risk and 26 percent moderate risk of extinction. The mean overall risk scores for alewife in the Aw-Southern New England DPS correspond to a 69 percent likelihood of a low risk and 31 percent moderate risk of extinction. The mean overall risk scores for alewife in the Aw-Mid-Atlantic DPS correspond to a 70 percent likelihood of a low risk and 30 percent moderate risk of extinction. Blueback Herring For blueback herring rangewide, SRT members indicated that there was a 66 percent low risk of extinction, a 30 percent moderate risk of extinction, and a 4 percent high risk of extinction. SRT members attributed the high extinction points to concerns associated with the complex anadromous fish life history, uncertainty in climate change and vulnerability, incidental catch, potential habitat modification (e.g. increased coastal development and water use), and concern about the adequacy of current and future regulatory mechanisms, including fisheries rangewide. The SRT noted blueback herring have been subjected to habitat impacts for centuries and to considerable fishing pressure for many decades. The SRT also acknowledged that blueback herring are at historically low levels, but noted that improved fisheries management efforts in recent years have reduced fishing mortality rates for blueback herring stocks and that hundreds of habitat improvement projects have been completed in the past 20 years. While
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