Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} The Search For Authenticity; An Existential Analytic Approach To Psychotherapy by James F.T. Bugenta James F. T. Bugental, PhD. Celebrating the Work of a Founding Existential-Humanistic Psychologist. About Jim. James F. T. Bugental died peacefully at age 92 at his Petaluma, California home on September 18th 2008. Jim was a leading psychotherapist and a founding father, with Abraham Maslow and others, of humanistic psychology or “the third force” (in contrast to psychoanalysis and behaviorism). Jim was also the creator, along with Rollo May, of existential-humanistic psychotherapy. Jim was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, on Christmas day 1915. He moved frequently as a child, living for various periods in Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and California. Jim’s upbringing proved challenging due to frequent moves, and the personal and financial setbacks of his parents. Jim earned his doctorate from the Ohio State University in 1948 where he was influenced by Victor Raimy and George Kelly. His dissertation, “An Investigation of the Relationship of the Conceptual Matrix to the Self-concept” (1948), expressed his early interest in authenticity and identity. After a brief time on the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) faculty in psychology, Jim resigned in 1953 to found the first group practice of psychotherapy, Psychological Service Associates, with Alvin Lasko. The group added Tom Greening in 1958, and subsequently Gerard Haigh, Bill Zielonka, Harris Monosoff, and others. A men's encounter group evolved from this core, which included Jim Clark, Bob Tannenbaum, and Art Shedlin from UCLA, and this group continued meeting for decades until 2006. The publication of Rollo May's Existence in 1958 was pivotal in Jim's career and influenced him and his colleagues to develop existential psychotherapy further. They brought May to Los Angeles for a training seminar, and Jim's germinal book The Search for Authenticity (1965) grew out of these encounters. With Abraham Maslow and others, Jim was a cofounder of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology (see the tributes to him in the Fall, 1996 issue) and the Association for Humanistic Psychology in 1961, and his landmark American Psychologist article in 1963—“Humanistic Psychology: A New Breakthrough” (18, 563-567)-- presented the fundamental assumptions of humanistic psychology to the discipline. He was a leader of the historic Old Saybrook Conference in 1964 where personality psychologists such as Henry A. Murray and Gordon Allport, met with Maslow, Rogers, May, Bugental, and others to formalize the field of humanistic psychology. Jim was elected a fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1955, and was the first recipient of the APA's Division of Humanistic Psychology Rollo May Award. He also was president of the California State Psychological Association, the Los Angeles Society of Clinical Psychology, and the Association for Humanistic Psychology (serving as its first president in 1962). Among Jim's many valuable contributions to psychology and psychotherapy are his other books, Challenges of Humanistic Psychology (1967) (and its updated, co-authored version The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology , 2001), The Search for Existential Identity (1976), Psychotherapy and Process (1978), The Art of the Psychotherapist (1987), and Psychotherapy Isn’t What You Think (1999). With the advent of The Search for Authenticity, Jim inspired a new generation to consider and apply the existential approach first translated and popularized in America by Rollo May. While May elaborated existential-humanistic theory and social analysis, Jim stressed their living application to practice. Among Jim’s signal contributions are his articulations of therapeutic presence, the various “presses” or valences that optimize therapeutic presence, and the challenge to translate therapeutic presence into an authentic and responsible life. Presciently, Jim’s ideas about therapeutic effectiveness are echoed in recent literature on this subject which emphasizes personal dimensions of therapy over those of technique (e.g., see Wampold’s review of “Existential-Integrative Psychotherapy” in PsycCritiques, February 6, 2008). Following Jim’s first marriage to Mary Edith, which ended in divorce, he met his second wife, Elizabeth, when giving a lecture in 1965 at Immaculate Heart College in Hollywood. Elizabeth was at the time chairperson of the Theater Arts Department and a member of the Immaculate Heart community. After a brief involvement with a commune-style living arrangement in the 1960’s, Jim and Elizabeth settled into the San Francisco Bay area. In the following years, Jim presented his work at over 250 universities, colleges, hospitals, and clinics. He received the 1991 Pathfinder Award of the Association for Humanistic Psychology and an honorary degree in 1993 from Saybrook Graduate School, where he was a central figure. In the 1980’s and ‘90’s, Jim facilitated many courses and workshops for his growing student audience. In 1980, he directed a 9-month-long mentorship program at the Humanistic Psychology Institute (now Saybrook Graduate School), in which Rollo May, Irvin Yalom, and Maurice Friedman were featured guests. Soon after, he and his wife Elizabeth founded a low-cost counseling center in Santa Rosa, California called “Interlogue,” and in the mid-1980’s he created a series of intensive trainings called the “Art of Psychotherapy Program.” Numerous trainees emerged from these various tutorials, including Myrtle Heery, Kirk Schneider, Orah Krug, and Nader Shabahangi, who went on to co-found, at Jim’s instigation, the Existential-Humanistic Institute (EHI) and the International Institute for Humanistic Studies (IIHS). In more recent years, Jim’s work has been extended to a new generation with the publication of an edited collection by Kirk Schneider titled Existential-Integrative Psychotherapy (2008) and a forthcoming APA monograph by Kirk Schneider and Orah Krug called Existential-Humanistic Therapy . Jim was a great and bold spirit—his many writings and teachings are cherished widely, and the field of psychology is much the richer for his efforts. Jim is survived by his wife Elizabeth, daughters Karen and Jane, son, James Owen, and brother, Robert. Psychobiography of James Bugental. James Bugental refined the meaning and practice of humanistic psychology to the very essence of living in the moment. He was known as one of the founders of Existential Humanistic Psychology, also referred to as Third Force Psychology, which provided an alternative to traditional psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories. Simply put, James Bugental lived his approach to therapy. He stated, (1999), ”Psychotherapy is not what you think; it is about how you live with yourself right now” (p. 1). Developmental History. Bugental was born in 1915 in Indiana. The Depression affected his family who, like so many others, experienced joblessness. For a time, his family lived with his grandmother while his father looked for work in Chicago. In an interview with Victor Yalom later on in life, he described this childhood as forcing him to be more independent than he might have otherwise been. Bugental reflected that those hard years without an intact family or home demanded that he become a separate person. He earned a degree at West Texas Teachers College in 1940, winning a fellowship at George Peabody College in Nashville, Tennessee. There he graduated with a M.A. in Sociology and began his studies for a Ph.D. As World War II ramped up, an opportunity became available for a full- time assistant as a professor of psychology and the acting director of the Veterans Guidance Center at Georgia School of Technology. Drafted into the army in 1945, Bugental was assigned to Lawson Army General Hospital in Atlanta as a psychologist. At the same time he read Carl Roger’s book C ounseling and Psychotherapy, which had a profound influence on his future ideas about “person-centered” psychology. After the war, he received a Ph.D. from Ohio State University, and went on to become a teacher and a researcher in the field of psychological interviewing at UCLA. Between 1953 and 1969 he was a founding partner in Psychological Services Associates, a private clinical practice located in Los Angeles. This private practice offered not only professional support but also an opportunity to compare notes with his colleagues. According to Bugental, there was so little literature available that “all the books on psychotherapy, including psychoanalysis, could fit onto one bookshelf” (Yalom, p. 13). To further the dialogue and education between professionals Bugental and his partners started the Los Angeles Society of Clinical Psychologists in Private Practice. He went on to serve as the first President of the Association of Humanistic Psychology, the California State Psychological Association, and was a founding member of the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center. During the 1960’s through the 1970’s, Bugental was a spokesman for and a teacher of humanistic psychology, and was especially active in local, state and APA professional and academic activities. He published extensively to promote his view of the value of inner awareness. A sample of his best known titles include The Search for Authenticity, Psychotherapy and Process, The Art of the Psychotherapist , and his final book, Psychotherapy Isn’t What You Think. James Bugental suffered a stoke five years before his death, which cost him much of his memory, including some of his cognitive abilities. Ironically, his condition embodied his message. “ Without the content of a past or the mental ability to construct a purposeful future to orient him, he was forced–blessed– to find his bearings in the process of the passing present moment” (Bradford & Sterling, 2009, p. 317). He continued to live and teach his message of being present in the moment with kindness and humor until his death in 2008. The Practice of Presence in Therapy. James Bugental promoted a humanistic existential psychology that stood for human dignity and continual capacity for growth. His approach to psychotherapy incorporated the humanness of both counselor and client. Introducing the idea of the psychotherapist’s subjectivity or presence , he practiced actively being aware of the moment in an experiential way. As stated in Psychotherapy Isn’t What You Think (Bugental, 1999): From Freud on we have been governed by the myth of historic determinism. This implied emphasis on the need to discover what happened in the past has brought us to todays information centered approach. In so much of our work as therapists we tend to get caught up in collecting and disbursing information about the client… What is advanced here is that therapists need to give greater attention to what is, in fact, actual. This means the subjective experience of the client in the moment (p. 258). Before, and especially after Bugental’s stroke, his personal presence, attentiveness, and concern were vital to his work. When reviewing some of his video clips, what comes across is his humility in the face of his client’s journey. In assessing the scope of James Bugental’s work, it’s hard to separate the charisma of the man from the therapy offered. The Search for Authenticity. James Bugental believed the search for authenticity is an ongoing process for the construction of identity. Awareness through psychotherapy involves choice, or “mindfulness.” Bugental identified the process as a fight for life, as the courage to be true to oneself. Bradford (2009) described it as follows: To let go of the habitual moorings of a diminished or inflated or despised self is not always easy, even for those of us desperate to change. To seek authenticity is nothing less than to prepare to die to who we have heretofore taken ourselves to be (p. 321). Two fundamentally opposite statements drive Bugental’s theory of existentially based psychology. The first is that we are complete as we are, that we have all we need within us to reach our potential. The second is that we are also incomplete as we are, if we block those potentialities. The energy between those two paradoxical points of view creates the opportunity and momentum for change. Simply said, he takes these opposites and at the point they meet, it becomes the catalyst for self-awareness. Contemporary Influences. James Bugental was greatly influenced by the writings of Carl Rodgers while serving as a psychologist in the army. Rodgers approach to therapy (Olsen, Hergenhahn, 2011) “involved empathy, unconditional regard, and genuineness are the necessary ingredients for personal growth” (p.457). Bugental identified with this humanistic psychology and its concern with creating conditions that allow humans to reach their full potential. It was Rollo May with both his friendship and writings that influenced James Bugental the most. He admired May enough that he submitted at least two of his books to him for criticism. He commented in his own writings on May’s thoughts on intentionality, choice, will, and responsibility. Bugental openly pointed out the similarities between his I-process and May’s concept of centeredness. As contemporaries from the 1950’s to the 1980’s; James Bugental, Rollo Reese May, Carl Rodgers, George Kelly and Abraham Maslow all contributed to and influenced each other in the field of humanistic existential psychology. Proclaiming that they had (deCarvalho, 1996) defended these existential views long before they had heard European existential philosophy, nevertheless, Kierkengaard, Jean-Paul Sarte and Heidegger had a deepening effect (p.48). The philosophy of Heidegger supports this. He introduced the term “Dasein”. Brittanica defines this as follows: It isn’t simply a synonym for “consciousness”, he maintained, but indicates the vital fact that human beings—and only human beings—truly exist, in the fullest sense, only when being-there for-themselves. Properly understood, self-awareness leads to the authenticity of a life created out of nothing, in the face of dread, by reference only to one’s own deliberate purposes (para. 8). This further refined Bugental’s philosophy that authenticity arrives in the transitory moment of awareness. As Jim put it, (Bradford, 2009) “The journey is the goal” (p.324). Just as James Bugental had his influences, he was also largely shaped by his equal reactions. His views were in direct contrast to traditional Freudian psychoanalysis. Bugental did paid tribute to Freud for recognizing the role of unconscious motivation and the concept of resistance, but, like most of his colleagues (deCarvalho, 1996) questioned his concepts of the libido; the division of personality into id, ego, and superego; and the ideal of the therapist as a blank slate (p.47). As a founding member of the Association of Humanistic Psychology, Bugental rebelled against the (deCarvelho, 1996) mechanistic image of human nature and the academic sterility of behaviorism (p.45). He was particularly outspoken about Behaviorism; going so far as to say that (deCarvalho, 1996) “it carried the name of psychology by mere historical accident.“ Behaviorism (deCarvaalho, 1996) “chiefly served those who wanted to predict and control the behavior of other people for selfish purposes (p.46). Bugental proposed a humanistic goal for society, one that would enable people to increase their ability to control and predict their own experiences and lives, including resistance to unwanted control” (p.46). James Bugental championed self-directed control, consistently emphasizing the individual’s right to be trusted with action and choice. Religious Influences. Bugental was raised with various religious influences ranging to traditional Protestant denominations, to more unorthodox Christian Science and Unity churches. He was quoted in an interview With Victor Yalom (Yalom, 2009) that “The various kinds of religious, quasi-religious, semi- religious experiences I have been exposed to have helped me tremendously to experience the difference between the word, the information, and the living experience”(p.19). As a consequence, he found himself drawn to the ideas of Zen Buddhism, embracing this philosophy and incorporating into his practice the ideas of constant change, impermanence, and the practice of “mindfulness.“ History and Culture as Influence. The culture in America in the late 1960’s and the early 1970’s was nothing less than a revolution. As a nation we were examining our feelings about war, sexuality, women’s rights, prejudice, pollution and politics. We were caught between opposite viewpoints in almost every aspect of society. The possibility of a worldwide nuclear war coincided with the peace movement. Jim Crow laws were being enforced in the south while Martian Luther King gave his speech on equality and freedom. Everywhere the status quo was being questioned, and in the duality created, the search for inner awareness was being explored in every conceivable way. James Bugental reacted to the culture of the 1970’s with nothing less than a manifesto to save humanity. Roy Jose de Carvahlo (1996) in his Portrait of a Humanistic Psychologist states: Bugental linked the world’s macroproblems (such as threats of nuclear war, pollution, and depletion of natural recourses) to the behavioristic objectification of human beings and suggested the implementation of self-directed control as an alternative for survival and the creation of a synergic society. He believed that civilization was at a crucial juncture; we could destroy our world or set back the course of evolution by centuries (p.46). In his view of human nature, Bugental believed that with self-directed control through inner awareness, mankind was capable of rescuing their environment and civilization from disaster. California, where Bugental lived for most of his life, was on the forefront of everything alternative. Acupuncture, hypnosis, and herbal healing were influencing medicine just as he was influencing psychotherapy. The societal emphasis on searching within, living in the moment, and the search for personal expression clearly influenced his Humanistic practice of psychotherapy. James Bugental was a man of his time. Conclusion. As a founder of humanistic existentialist psychology, James Bugental reacted against traditional psychoanalysis to concentrate on the subjective experience of the living moment. He was not concerned with what was or what may be , but only with “the client’s actual in-the-moment experiencing” (Bugental, 1999, p.19). This intense on-on-one relationship between therapist and client in the now was his greatest contribution. While some of the research and writing were dense and hard to understand, I found some of his writing profoundly beautiful. The whole theory of existentialism is hard to grasp, fleeting at best, like chasing butterflies in the wind. Pondering that, I realized I understood. Life is not what you think. Life is. Life is going on…now. Life is impending even as I write And you read. Life is experiencing, but not experience. Life is not what you think…or what I think… Life is. (Bugental, 1999, p. 263) References. Bradford, K. G. & Sterling M. M. (2009). The Journey is the Goal: The Legacy of JamesF. T. Bugental. Journal Of Humanistic Psychology, 49, 316-328. Bugental, J., (1999). Psychotherapy Isn’t What you Think: Bringing the Psychotherapeutic Engagement Into the Living Moment . Phoenix, AZ: Zeig. deCarvalho, R. J. (1996). James F. T. Bugental: Portrait of a Humanistic Psychologist. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 36, 42-57. Tucker & Co., Inc. The Search For Authenticity; An Existential Analytic Approach To Psychotherapy by James F.T. Bugental. Hooray! You've discovered a title that's missing from our library. Can you help donate a copy? If you own this book, you can mail it to our address below. You can also purchase this book from a vendor and ship it to our address: When you buy books using these links the Internet Archive may earn a small commission. Benefits of donating. When you donate a physical book to the Internet Archive, your book will enjoy: Beautiful high-fidelity digitization Long-term archival preservation Free controlled digital library access by the print-disabled and public † Open Library is a project of the Internet Archive, a 501(c)(3) non-profit. The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology : Theory, Research, and Practice. The Second Edition of the cutting edge work, The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology, by Kirk J. Schneider, J. Fraser Pierson and James F. T. Bugental, represents the very latest scholarship in the field of humanistic psychology and psychotherapy. Set against trends inclined toward psychological standardization and medicalization, the handbook offers a rich tapestry of reflection by the leading person-centered scholars of our time. Their range in topics is far-reaching—from the historical, theoretical and methodological, to the spiritual, psychotherapeutic and multicultural. The new edition of this widely adopted and highly praised work has been thoroughly updated in accordance with the most current knowledge, and includes thirteen new chapters and sections, as well as contributions from twenty-three additional authors to extend the humanistic legacy to the emerging generation of students, scholars, and practitioners. Отзывы - Написать отзыв. Избранные страницы. Содержание. Другие издания - Просмотреть все. Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения. Об авторе (2014) Kirk J. Schneider, PhD, is a licensed psychologist and leading spokesperson for contemporary existential-humanistic psychology. He is an adjunct faculty member at Saybrook University, Teachers College, Columbia University, and the California Institute of Integral Studies. He is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, vice president and founding member of the Existential-Humanistic Institute, and the recent past editor of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology. Dr. Schneider has published more than one hundred articles and chapters and has authored or edited ten books—seven of which have been, or are soon to be, translated into Chinese. Schneider has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the Rollo May Award for “outstanding and independent pursuit of new frontiers in humanistic psychology” from the American Psychological Association, and the Cultural Innovator award from the Living Institute, Toronto, Canada. He was also awarded an honorary diploma by the East European Association of Existential Therapy. In 2010, Schneider delivered the opening keynote address at the first International Existential Psychology Conference in Nanjing, China and is slated as keynote speaker for the first World Congress of Existential Psychotherapy in London, United Kingdom, in 2015. J. Fraser Pierson, PhD, is a licensed psychologist, a National Certified Counselor, and a professor of psychology at Southern Oregon University, where she teaches a variety of upper division and graduate courses within the nationally accredited Mental Health Counseling program. Long inspired and informed by the humanistic and existential perspectives, Pierson’s scholarly interests include psychotherapist preparation and training, the transformation of women’s self and world view in relation to participation in adventurous sports, and personal meanings derived from profound experiences in the natural world. She has co-edited or contributed to numerous works, and regularly presents on topics pertaining to mental health counseling from an existential-humanistic perspective. She serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology. Dr. Pierson completed her doctoral work at the University of Georgia, and an APA approved internship at Student Counseling Services, Iowa State University. A psychotherapist, educator and clinical supervisor by profession, Pierson is a naturalist and mariner by avocation. James T. F. Bugental, PhD (1915-2008), was a professor emeritus and clinical faculty member at Stanford Medical School, and an emeritus and adjunct faculty member at Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center. He was a major spokesperson for the humanistic perspective since its coalescence into an influential movement in the field of psychology more than fifty years ago. Bugental served on the editorial review boards of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology, the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, The Humanistic Psychologist, and the American Journal of Psychotherapy. He authored numerous major publications, including The Search for Authenticity, The Search for Existential Identity, Psychotherapy Isn’t What You Think, The Art of the Psychotherapist, and Psychotherapy and Process: The Fundamentals of an Existential- Humanistic Approach. Bugental also published more than eighty articles in professional and technical journals, and contributed twenty-five original chapters in books edited by others. Translations of his work can be found in French, Finnish, Spanish, German, Dutch, Russian, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese. Approaching Terra Incognita with James F. T. Bugental: An Interview and an Overview of Existential-Humanistic Psychotherapy. The purpose of this article is to report on the existential-humanistic approach to psychotherapy advanced by James F. T. Bugental. A brief biography is presented, along with an overview of the method, followed by an interview conducted with Dr. Bugental in November of 2002. Included is a discussion of key concepts such as subjectivity, presence, and the living moment. The major goals of this approach are outlined, along with suggestions and contraindications for use. Directions for future research and consideration are offered. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Access options. Buy single article. Instant access to the full article PDF. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Subscribe to journal. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. Subscription will auto renew annually. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. References. Bugental, J. F. T. (1963). Humanistic psychology: A new breakthrough. American Psychologist , 18 , 563–567. Bugental, J. F. T. (1964). The third force in psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 4 , 19–26. Bugental, J. F. T. (1965). The search for authenticity: An existential-analytic approach to psychotherapy . New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc. Bugental, J. F. T. (1967). The challenge that is man. In J. F. T. Bugental (ed.), Challenges of humanistic psychology (pp. 5–11). New York: The Guilford Press. Bugental, J. F. T. (1976). The search for existential identity: Patient-therapist dialogues in humanistic psychotherapy . San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass. Bugental, J. F. T. (1978). Psychotherapy and process: The fundamentals of an existential-humanistic approach . New York: Random House. Bugental, J. F. T. (1986). Existential-humanistic psychotherapy. In I. L. Kutash & A. Wolf (Eds.), Psychotherapist's casebook (pp. 222–236). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bugental, J. F. T. (1987). The art of the psychotherapist . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Bugental, J. F. T. (1990a). Existential-humanistic psychotherapy. In J. K. Zeig & W. M. Munion (Eds.), What is psychotherapy?: Contemporary perspectives (pp. 189–192). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bugental, J. F. T. (1990b). Intimate journeys: Stories from life-changing therapy . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Bugental, J. F. T. (1991a). Lessons clients teach therapists. Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 31 , 28–32. Bugental, J. F. T. (1991b). Outcomes of an existential-humanistic psychotherapy: A tribute to Rollo May. The Humanistic Psychologist , 19 , 2–9. Bugental, J. F. T. (1992). The betrayal of the human: Psychotherapy's mission to reclaim our lost identity. In J. K. Zeig (Ed.), The evolution of psychotherapy: The second conference (pp. 155–164). New York: Brunner/Mazel. Bugental, J. F. T. (1999). Psychotherapy isn't what you think: Bringing the psychotherapeutic engagement into the living moment . Phoenix, Arizona: Zeig, Tucker & Company, Inc. Bugental, J. F. T. (2001). Closing statements. In K. J. Schneider, J. F. T. Bugental, & J. F. Pierson (Eds.), The handbook of humanistic psychology: Leading edges in theory, research, and practice (pp. 667–668). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Bugental, J. F. T., & Bracke, P. E. (1992). The future of existential-humanistic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy , 29 , 28–33. Bugental, J. F. T., & Bradford, G. K. (1992). What is betrayal in psychotherapy? The Psychotherapy Patient , 8 , 1–9. Bugental, J. F. T., & Bugental, E. K. (1986). Resistance to and fear of change. [Reprinted in F. Flach (Ed.). (1989). Stress and its management (Directions in Psychiatry Series No. 6 ) (Vol. 6, pp. 58–67). New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Bugental, J. F. T., & Kleiner, R. I. (1993). Existential psychotherapies. In G. Stricker & J. R. Gold (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 101–112). New York: Plenum Press. Bugental, J. F. T., & McBeath (1995). Depth existential therapy: Evolution since World War II. In B. Bongar & L. E. Beutler (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychotherapy: Theory and practice (pp. 111–122). New York: Oxford University Press. Bugental, J. F. T., & Sapienza, B. G. (1992). The three R's for humanistic psychology: Remembering, reconciling, reuniting. The Humanistic Psychologist , 20 , 273–284. Bugental, J. F. T., & Sterling, M. M. (1995). Existential-Humanistic psychotherapy: New perspectives. In A. S. Gurman & S. B. Messer (Eds.), Essential psychotherapies: Theory and practice (pp. 226–260). New York: The Guilford Press. Cain, D. J. (2002). Defining characteristics, history, and evolution of humanistic psychotherapies. In D. J. Cain (Ed.)& J. Seeman (Associate Ed.), Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice (pp. 3–54). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. deCarvalho, R. J. (1991). The founders of humanistic psychology . New York: Praeger. de Carvalho, R. J. (1996). James F. T. Bugental: Portrait of a humanistic psychologist. Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 36 , 42–57. Sapienza, B. G., & Bugental, J. F. T. (2000). Keeping our instruments finely tuned: An existential-humanistic perspective. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 31 , 458–460. Sarbit, B. (1996). James Bugental: Champion of subjectivity. Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 36 , 19–30. Sterling, M. M., & Bugental, J. F. T. (1993). The meld experience in psychotherapy supervision. Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 33 , 38–48. Walsh, R. A., & McElwain, B. (2002). Existential psychotherapies. In D. J. Cain (Ed.)& J. Seeman (Associate Ed.), Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice (pp. 253–278). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy . New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.