Bibliography

Abdul-Aziz, A.-R. (2001). Bangladeshi migrant workers in ’s construction sector. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 16(1), 3–22. Abdullah, M. A. (1996). Vulnerable foreign workers: Evidence from Malaysia. Asian Profile, 29 (6), 503–519. Abdullah, M. A., & Chan, R. K. H. (2000). Foreign labour in the midst of Asian economic crisis: Early experiences from Malaysia, , and . Asian Profile, 28(6), 1–29. Abella, M. I. (1997). Sending workers abroad. Geneva: International Labour Organization. Abrar, C. R. (Ed.). (2000). On the margin: Refugees, migrants and minorities. Dhaka: RMMRU. Adams, R., de Haas, H., & Osili, U. O. (Eds.). (2009). Migrant and development: research perspectives. SSRC web anthology. New York: Social Science Research Council. ADB. (2006). Workers’ flows in . Manila: Asian Development Bank. Afsar, R. (2000). Rural-urban migration in : Causes, consequences and challenges. Dhaka: The University Press Limited. Ahmed, S. N. (1998). The impact of the Asian crisis on migrant workers: Bangladesh perspectives. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 7(2–3), 369–393. Ahmed, S. R. (2000). Forlorn migrants: An international legal regime for undocumented migrant workers. Dhaka: The University Press Limited. Aly, H. Y., & Shields, M. P. (1996). A model of temporary migration: The Egyptian case. Quarterly Review, 35(3), 431–447. Amankwaa, A. (1995). The world economic system and international migration in less developed countries: An ecological approach. International Migration, 33(1), 93–114. Amin, S. (1974). Modern migrations in Western Africa. In S. Amin (Ed.), Modern migrations in Western Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Amin, S. (1998). Family structure and change in rural Bangladesh. Population Studies, 52(2), 201–213. Ananta, A., & Arifin, E. N. (Eds.). (2004). International migration in Southeast Asia. Singapore: ISEAS. Anich, R., Crush, J., Melde, S., & Oucho, J. O. (Eds.). (2014). A new perspective on human mobility in the South. New York: Springer. APEC. (2003). Informal funds transfer systems in the APEC region: Initial findings and a framework for further analysis. Washington D.C: World Bank. Appleyard, R. (1989). Migration and development: Myths and reality. International Migration Review, 23(3), 486–499. Appleyard, R. (Ed.). (1998). Emigration dynamics in developing countries: : (Vol. II). Aldershot: Ashgate. Arango, J. (2000). Explaining migration: A critical view. International Social Science Journal, 52 (3), 283–296.

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 175 Md.M. Rahman, Bangladeshi Migration to Singapore, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3858-7 176 Bibliography

Arens, J., & Beurden, J. V. (1977). Jhagrapur: Poor peasants and women in a village in Bangladesh. London: Third World Publications. Arif, G. M. (2004). Effects of overseas migration on household consumption, education, health, labor supply in . In H. Oda (Ed.). International labor migration from South Asia (pp. 143–180). ASEDP 70, Tokyo: IDE. Asis, M. M. B. (1995). Overseas employment and social transformation in source communities: Findings from the . Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 4(2–3), 327–346. Asis, M. M. B. (2000). Imaging the future of migration and families in Asia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal., 9(3), 255–274. Asis, M. M. B. (2003). International migration and families in Asia. In R. Iredale, C. Hawksley, & S. Castles (Eds.), Migration in the Asia Pacific: Population, settlement and issues. Cheltenham: Edward Elegar. Asis, M. M. B., & Piper, N. (2008). Researching international labour migration in Asia. The Sociological Quarterly, 49, 423–444. Aziz, K. M. A. (1979). Kinship in Bangladesh. Dhaka: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Bakewell, O. (2009). South-South migration and human development: Reflections on African experiences. IMI Background paper for UNDP Human Development Report 2009. Oxford: University of Oxford. Bal, C. S. (2013). The politics of obedience: Bangladesh construction workers and the migrant labour regime in Singapore (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). Perth: Murdoch University. Baluja, R. F. (2003). Gender roles at home and abroad: The adaptation of Bangladeshi immigrants. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC. Baruah, N. (2006). The regulation of recruitment agencies: Experience and good practices in countries of origin in Asia. In C. Kuptsch (Ed.), Merchants of labour. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Bartlett, L. (2012). South-South migration and education: The case of people of Haitian descent born in the Dominican Republic. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 42(3), 393–414. Battistella, G. (Ed.). (2014). Global and Asian perspectives on international migration. Heidelberg: Springer. Battistella, G. & Asis, M. M. B. (2003). Unauthorized migration in Southeast Asia. Manila Scalabrini Migration Center. Battistella, G., & Conaco, C. G. (1998). The impact of labour migration on the children left behind: A study of elementary school children in the Philippines. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 13(2), 220–241. Belanger, D., & Rahman, M. (2013). Migrating against all the odds: International labour migration of women. Current Sociology, 61(3), 356–371. Belanger, D., & Wang, H. (2013). Becoming a migrant: Vietnamese emigration to East Asia. Pacific Affairs, 86(1), 31–50. Berg, E. J. (1961). Backward-sloping labor supply functions in dual economies—The African case. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75, 468–566. Bertocci, P. J. (1972). Community structure and social rank in two villages in Bangladesh. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 6, 28–52. Bever, S. W. (2002). Migration and the transformation of gender roles and hierarchies in Yucatan. Urban Anthropology, 31(2), 199–230. Birrell, B., & Perry, B. (2009). policy change and the international student industry. People and Place, 17(2), 64–80. Blackledge, A. (2001). The wrong sort of capital? Bangladeshi women and their children’s schooling in Birmingham UK. International Journal of Bilingualism, 5(3), 344–369. Blanchet, T. (2002). Beyond boundaries: A critical look at women labor migration and the trafficking within. Drishti research centre. Dhaka: USAID. Blau, P. M. (1974). On the nature of organizations. New York: Wiley. Bibliography 177

Bock, J., & Johnson, S. E. (2002). Male migration, remittances and child outcome among the okavango delta peoples of Botswana. In C. S. Tamis-Lemonda & N. Cabrera (Eds.), Handbook of father involvement multidisciplinary perspective (pp. 309–337). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate. Boer, L. (1981). Migration and social mobility in Bangladesh: The marginalization of peasant migration. The Journal of Social Studies, 13, 23–30. Boeri, T., Brucker, H., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (Eds.). (2012). Brain drain and brain gain: the global competition to attract highly skilled migrants. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Boswell, C. (2007). Theorizing migration policy: Is there a third way? International Migration Review, 41(1), 75–100. Bourbeau, P. (2011). The securitization of migration: A study of movement and order. London: Routledge. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York: Greenwood Press. Boyd, M. (1989). Family and personal networks in international migration: Recent developments and new agendas. International Migration Review, 23(3), 638–670. Brooks, R., & Waters, J. (2011). Student mobility, migration and the international of higher education. New York: Palgrave. Brown, R. P. C., & Ahlburg, D. A. (1999). Remittances in the South Pacific. International Journal of Social Economics, 26(1–3), 325–344. Buencamino, L., & Gorbunov, S. (2002). Informal money transfer systems: Opportunities and challenges for development finance. DESA Discussion Paper No. 26. New York: United Nations. Byerlee, D. (1974). Rural-urban migration in Africa: Theory, policy, and research implications. International Migration Review, 8, 543–566. Caldwell, J. C. (1969). African rural-urban migration: The movement to ’s town. Canberra: Australian National University Press. Cardona, R., & Simmons, A. (1975). Toward a model of migration in Latin America. In B. M. Du Toit & H. I. Safa (Eds.), Migration and urbanization. Mouton: The Hague. Carey, S., & Shukur, A. (1985). A profile of the Bangladeshi community in East London. New Community, 12(3), 405–417. Castles, S. (2001). International migration and the nation-state in Asia. In M. A. B. Siddique (Ed.), International migration in the 21st century (pp. 178–201). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Castles, S. (2002). Migration and community formation under conditions of . International Migration Review, 36(4), 1143–1168. Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (1998). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (2009). The age of migration: International population movement in the modern world (4th ed.). London: Guilford. Castles, S., & Wise, R. D. (2008). Migration and development: Perspectives from the South. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Chan, R. K. H., & Abdullah, M. A. (1999). Foreign labor in Asia: Issues and challenges. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Chew, S. B., & Chew, R. (1992). The Singapore worker: A profile. Singapore: Oxford University Press. Chew, S. B., & Chew, R. (1995). Immigration and foreign labour in Singapore. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 12(2), 191–200. Chiew, S. K. (1995). Citizens and foreign labour in Singapore. In O. J. Hui, C. K. Bun, & C. S. Beng (Eds.), Crossing borders: Transmigration in Asia Pacific. Singapore: Prentice Hall. Chua, B. H. (2003). Singapore: An instrument of social control. Race and Class, 44(3), 58–77. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S121. Comaroff, J. (Ed.). (1980). The meaning of marriage payments. London: Academic Press. 178 Bibliography

Crosby, F. (1979). Relative deprivation revisited: A response to Miller, Bolce, and Halligan. American Political Science Review, 73(1), 103–112. Dale, A., Fieldhouse, E., Shaeen, N., & Kalra, V. (2002). The labour market prospects for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women. Work, Employment and Society, 16(1), 5–21. Dannecker, P. (2004). Bangladeshi migrant workers in Malaysia: The construction of the ‘others’ in a multi-ethnic context. Asian Journal of Social Science, 33(2), 246–267. Dannecker, P. (2005). Transnational migration and the transformation of gender relations: The case of Bangladeshi labour migrants. Current Sociology, 53(4), 655–674. Dannecker, P. (2009). Migrant visions of development: A gendered approach. Population, Space and Place, 15, 119–132. Da Vanzo, J. S., & Morrison, P. A. (1981). Return and other sequences of migration in the . Demography, 18(1), 85–101. Debrah, Y. A. (Ed.). (2002). Migrant workers in Pacific Asia. London: Frank Cass Publishers. Debrah, Y. A., & Ofori, G. (2001). Subcontracting, foreign workers and job safety in the Singapore construction industry. Asia Pacific Business Review, 8(1), 145–166. de Haas, H. (2005). International migration, remittances and development: myths and fact. Third World Quarterly, 26(8), 1269–1284. de Haas, H. (2007). The impact of international migration on social and economic development in Moroccan sending regions: A review of the empirical literature. IMI Working Paper 3. Oxford: University of Oxford. Devasahayam, T. W. (2010). Placement and/or protection? Singapore’s labour policies and practices for temporary women migrant workers. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 15(1), 45–58. Doomernik, J., Gsir, S., & Kraler, A. (2005). Prospects on migration management: Opportunities and pitfalls. In H. Fassmann et al. (Eds.), International migration and its regulation. Canberra: Australian Academy of Sciences. Dumont, L. (1980). Homoe hierarchicus: The caste system and its implications. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Eade, J. (1997). Keeping the options open: Bangladeshis in a global city. In A. J. Kershen, (Ed.). London, the promised land? The migrant experience in a capital city (pp. 91–110). Avebury: Aldershot, Hants. Elaine, L.-E. H. (2008). Flexible citizenship or familial ties that bind? Singaporean transmigrants in London. International Migration, 46(4), 145–174. Elaine, L.-E. H. (2009). Constituting citizenship through the emotions: Singaporean transmigrants in London. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(4), 788–804. El Qorchi, M, Maimbo, S. M., & Wilson, J. F. (2003). Informal funds transfer systems: An analysis of the informal hawala system. IMF-World Bank Occasional Paper 222. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Emilio, A. P., Chenoa, F., & McQuiston, C. (2005). Migration and relationship power among Mexican women. Demography, 42(2), 347–372. Entzinger, H. (2000). The dynamics of integration policies: A multidimensional model. In R. Koopmans & P. Statham (Eds.), Challenging immigration and ethnic relations policies, comparative European perspectives (pp. 97–118). Oxford: Oxford university Press. Epstein, T. S. (1973). South : Yesterday, today and tomorrow: Mysore village. London: Macmillan. Erman, T. (1998). The impact of migration on Turkish rural women: Four emergent patterns. Gender and Society, 12(2), 146–167. Faeamani, S. U. (1995). The impact of remittances on rural development in Tongan villages. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 4(1), 139–156. Faist, T. (2000). The volume and dynamics of international migration and transnational social spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bibliography 179

Faist, T. (1997). The crucial meso-level. In T. Hammer, G. Brochmann, K. Tamas, & T. Faist (Eds.), International migration, immobility and development: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Oxford: Berg. Faist, T. (2008). Migrants as transnational development agents: An inquiry into the newest round of the migration–development nexus. Population, Space and Place, 14(1), 21–42. Faist, T. (2016). Cross-border migration and social inequalities. Annual Review of Sociology, 42, 323–346. Faraizi, A. H. (1993). Bangladesh: Peasant migration and the world capitalist economy. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. Fong, P. E. (1992). Absorbing temporary foreign workers: The experience of Singapore. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 1(3–4), 495–509. Fong, P. E. (1993). Labor migration to the newly-industrializing economics of , Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. International Migration, 31(2–3), 300–313. Foo, D. S. P. (1999). On foreign soil: A study of Bangladeshi workers in Singapore (Unpublished Honours thesis). Department of Sociology, Singapore: National University of Singapore. Gamburb, M. R. (1995). ’s army of housemaids: control of remittances and gender transformations. Anthropologica, 37(1), 49–88. Gamburd, M. R. (2000). The kitchen spoon's handle: Transnationalism and Sri Lanka’s migrant housemaids. New York: Cornell University Press. Gardner, A. M. (2010). City of strangers: Gulf migration and the Indian community in Bahrain. New York: Cornell University Press. Gardner, K. (1992). International migration and the rural context in Sylhet. New Community, 18 (4), 579–590. Gardner, K. (1995). Global migrants, local lives: Travel and transformation in rural Bangladesh. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Gillan, M. (2002). Refugees or infiltrators? The Bharatiya Janata Party and illegal migration from Bangladesh. Asian Studies Review, 26(1), 73–95. Gilley, J. (2010). Geographical imagination. In B. Warf (Ed.), Encyclopedia of geography (pp. 1222–1225). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Gindling, T. (2009). South-south migration: The impact of Nicaraguan immigrants on earnings, inequality and poverty in Costa Rica. World Development, 37(1), 116–126. Giugni, M., & Passy, F. (2006). Introduction: Four dialogues on migration policy. In M. Giugni & F. Passy (Eds.), Dialogues on migration policy. Oxford: Lexington Books. Goss, J., & Lindquist, B. (1995). Conceptualizing international labor migration: A structuration perspective. International Migration Review, 29(2), 317–351. Grasmuck, S., & Pessar, P. R. (1991). Between two islands: Dominican international migration. Berkeley: University of California Press. Gribble, C. (2008). Policy options for managing international student migration: The sending country’s perspective. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(1), 25–39. Gunatilleke, G. (Ed.). (1992). The impact of labor migration on households: A comparative study in seven Asian countries. Tokyo: UNU Press. Hadi, A. (1999). Overseas migration and the welling-being of those left behind in rural rommunities of Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 14(1), 43–58. Hadi, A. (2001). International migration and the change of women’s position among the left-behind in rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Population Geography., 7(1), 53–61. Hammar, T. (Ed.). (1985). European immigration policy: A comparative study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hammar, T., Brochmann, G., Tamas, K., & Faist, T. (Eds.). (1997). International migration, immobility and development: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Oxford: Berg. Haque, C. E. (1984). Labor migration from Bangladesh to the Middle East: Development or dependency? In M. M. Khan & J. P. Thorp (Eds.), Bangladesh: Society, politics and bureaucracy. Dhaka: Center for Administrative Studies. 180 Bibliography

Harbison, S. F. (1981). Family structure and family strategy in migration decision making. In G. F. De Jong & R. W. Gardner (Eds.), Migration decision making: Multidisciplinary approaches to micro-level studies in developed and developing countries. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Hashemi, S. M., & Morshed, L. (1997). Grameen bank: A case study. In G. D. Wood & I. A. Sharif (Eds.), Who needs credit? Poverty and finance in Bangladesh. London: Zed Books. Hatton, T. J., & Williamson, J. G. (1998). The age of mass migration—causes and economic impact. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hernandez-Leon, R. (2005). The migration industry in the Mexico-U.S. migratory system. Working Paper CCPR 049. California Center for Population Research, Los Angeles: University of California. Hewison, K., & Young, K. (Eds.). (2006). Transnational migration and work in Asia. New York: Routledge. Hill, J. K. (1987). Immigrant decisions concerning duration of stay and migratory frequency. Journal of Development Economics, 25, 221–234. Hill, M., & Lian, K. F. (1995). The politics of nation building and eitizenship in Singapore. Routeledge: London & New York. Hicks, G. L. (Ed.). (1993). Overseas Chinese remittances from Southeast Asia 1910–1940. Singapore: Select Books. Hoffmann-Nowotny, H. J. (1973). Soziologie des Fremdarbeiterprob- lems: eine theoretische und empirische Analyse am Beispiel der Schweiz. Stuttgart: Enke. Hoffmann-Nowotny, H. J. (1983). A sociological approach toward a general theory of migration. In M. M. Kritz, C. B. Keely, & S. M. Tomasi (Eds.), Global trends in migration theory and research on international population movements (pp. 64–83). New York: Center for Migration Studies. Hollifield, J. F. (2000). The politics of international migration: How can we ‘bring the state back in’? In C. B. Brettel & J. F. Hollifield (Eds.), Migration theory: Talking across disciplines (pp. 137–185). New York and London: Routledge. Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior. New York: Harcourt. Hoodfar, H. (1997). The impact of male migration on domestic budgeting: Egyptian women striving for an Islamic budgeting pattern. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 28(2), 73–98. Hossain, A. A. M. (1986). The international labor migration to the Middle East: The impact and consequences for the social structure of a sender country: the case of Bangladesh (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation). Riverside: University of California. Huang, S., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2003). The difference gender makes: State policy and contract migrant workers in Singapore. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 12(1–2), 75–97. Hugo, G. J. (1981). Village community ties, village norms, and ethnic and social networks: A review of evidence from the Third World. In G. F. De Jong & R. W. Gardner (Eds.), Migration decision making: Multidisciplinary approaches to micro-level studies in developed and developing countries. New York: Pergamon Press. Hugo, G. J. (1998). The demographic underpinnings of current and future international migration in Asia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 7(1), 1–25. Hugo, G. J. (2002). Effects of international migration on the family in . Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 11(1), 13–46. Hugo, G. J. (2003). Migration and development: A perspective from Asia. IOM Migration Research Series No. 14. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Hui, W.-T. (1992). Singapore’s immigration policy: An economic perspective. In L. Low & M. H. Toh (Eds.), Public policies in Singapore: Changes in the 1980s and future signposts. Singapore: Times Academic Press. Hui, W.-T. (1997). Regionalization, economic restructuring and labor migration in Singapore. International Migration, 35(1), 109–130. Hui, W.-T. (1998). The regional economic crisis and Singapore: Implications for labor migration. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 7(2–3), 187–219. Bibliography 181

Hui, W.-T. (2002). Foreign manpower policy in Singapore. In K. A. Tee, L. K. Lian, H. W. Tat, B. Rao, & C. M. Kng (Eds.), Singapore economy in the 21st century: Issues and strategies. Singapore: McGraw Hill. Hujo, K., & Piper, N. (Eds.). (2007). South-south migration: Challenges for development and social policy. Development, 50(4), 19–25. Hujo, K., & Piper, N. (Eds.). (2010). South-south migration: Implications for social policy and development. Geneva: Palgrave Macmillan and United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Inden, R., & Nicholas, R. (1977). Kinship in Bengal culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Iredale, R., Hawksley, C., & Castles, S. (Eds.). (2003). Migration in the Asia Pacific—population, settlement and citizenship issues. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Ishida, A., & Hassan, M. D. S. (2000). The case of Bangladeshi workers in Malaysia’s manufacturing sector. International Migration, 38(5), 100–115. , A. K. M. A. (1974). A Bangladesh village: Conflict and cohesion. Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing Company. Islam, M. (1988). Overseas migration from rural Bangladesh: Effect on some Agrarian relations in the sending communities. Migration, 88(3), 5–28. Islam, M. (1991). Labor migration and development: A case study of a rural community in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Political economy, 11(2), 570–587. Islam, M. (1995). Bangladeshi migration: An impact study. In Robin Cohen (Ed.), The cambridge survey of world migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jacob, Andra. (2015). Migrant’s houses as places and objects of cultural consumption and status display. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, 6(1), 309–325. Jahangir, B. K. (1979). Differntiation polarization and confrontation in rural Bangladesh. Dhaka: Center for Social Studies, University of Dhaka. Johnson, S., & Rogaly, B. (1997). Microfinance and poverty reduction. London: Oxfam and ActionAid. Jones, A., Sharpe, J., & Sogren, M. (2004). Children’s experiences of separation from parents as a consequence of migration. Caribbean Journal of Social Work, 3(1), 89–109. Jones, S. (2000). Making money off migrants: The Indonesian exodus to Malaysia. Hong Kong: Asia 2000 Ltd & University of Wollongong. Jensen, E. G. (1987). Rural Bangladesh: Competition for scarce resources. Dhaka: University Press Limited. Joppke, C. (1999). Immigration and the nation-state: The United States, Germany and Great Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Joppke, C., & Ewa Morawska, E. (Eds.). (2003). Toward assimilation and citizenship immigrants in liberal nations-states. Houndmills: Palgrave. Kabeer, N. (2000). The Power to choose: Bangladeshi women and labour market decisions in London and Dhaka. London: Verso. Kadioglu, A. (1994). The impact of migration on gender roles: Findings of field research in . International Migration, 32(4), 533–560. Kanaiaupuni, S. M., & Donato, K. M. (1999). Migradollars and mortality: The effects of migration on infant survival in Mexico. Demography, 36(3), 339–353. Keohane, R. O. (1986). Reciprocity in international relations. International Organization, 40(1), 1–27. Khaled, L. (1995). Migration and women’s status: The Jordan case. International Migration., 33 (2), 235–251. Khanum, S. M. (2001). The household patterns of a Bangladeshi village in England. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(3), 489–504. Khondker, H. H. (1995). Politics, disaster and refugees: The Bangladesh case. In J. H. Ong et al. (Eds.), Crossing borders: Transmigration in Asia Pacific. Singapore: Prentice Hall. 182 Bibliography

Khonkder, H. H. (2008). Bengali-speaking families in Singapore: Home, nation and the Wworld. International Migration, 46(4), 173–197. Kibria, N. (2008). Muslim encounters in the global economy: Identity developments of labor migrants from Bangladesh to the Middle East. Ethnicities, 8(4), 518–535. King, R., & Knights, M. (1994). Bangladeshis in Rome: A case of migratory opportunism. In W. T. S. Gould & A. M. Findlay (Eds.), Population migration and the changing world Order. Chiehester: England. Knights, M. (1996). Migration in the new world order: The Case of Bangladeshi migration to Rome (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Sussex: University of Sussex. Koc, I., & Isil, O. (2004). International migrants’ remittances and welfare status of the left-behind families in Turkey. International Migration Review., 38(1), 78–112. Koh, A. (2003). Global flows of foreign talent: Identity anxieties in Singapore’s ethnoscape. Sojourn, 18(2), 230–256. Kong, L. (1999). Globalization and Singaporean transmigration: Reimagining and negotiating national identity. Political Geography, 18(5), 563–589. Koslowski, R. (Ed.). (2005). International migration and the globalization of domestic politics. London: Routledge. Krokfors, C. (1995). Poverty, environmental stress and culture as factors in African migration. In J. Baker & A. T. Aina (Eds.), The migration experience in Africa. Nordiska Afrikainstituter: Uppsala. Kuhn, R. S. (1999). The logic of letting go: Family and individual migration from rural Bangladesh (Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis). Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. Kuhn, R. S. (2003). Identities in motion: Social exchange networks and rural-urban migration in Bangladesh. Contribution to Indian Sociology, 37(1–2), 281–311. Kuptsch, C. (Ed.). (2006). Merchants of labour. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Kurien, P. A. (1994). Non-economic bases of economic behavior: The consumption, investment and exchange patterns of three emigrant communities in Kerala, India. Development and Change, 25(4), 757–783. Lam, T., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2004). Negotiating ‘home’ and ‘national identity: Chinese-Malaysian trans-migrants in Singapore. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 45(2), 141–164. Lee, H. H. T. (1999). The uses of money among migrant workers: A sociological synthesis of money and migration (Honours Thesis). Department of Sociology, Singapore: National University of Singapore. Lee, S. (2010). Development or despair? The intentions and realities of south-south migration. Encuentro, 87, 6–25. Leong, C. H. (2007). Singapore dream or Singapore dreaming? A socio-psychological analysis on the migration discourse in Singapore. Paper presented at the Workshop on Mobile City Singapore, March 1–3, 2007. Singapore: Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. Levitt, P., & Glick-Schiller, N. (2004). Conceptualizing simultaneity: Theorizing society from a transnational field perspective. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1002–1039. Liang, Z., & Zhang, T. (2004). Emigration, housing conditions, and social stratification in China. International Migration Review, 38(2), 686–708. Lian, K. F., & Rahman, M. M. (2006). International labor recruitment: Channeling Bangladeshi migrants to East and Southeast Asia. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 21(1), 85–107. Lian, K. F., Rahman, M. M., & Alas, Y. B. (Eds.). (2016). International migration in Southeast Asia—Continuities and discontinuities. Singapore: Springer. Lindquist, J. (2010). Labour recruitment, circuits of capital and gendered mobility: reconceptu- alising the Indonesian migration industry. Pacific Affairs, 83(1), 115–127. Lindstrom, D. P. (1996). Economic opportunity in Mexico and return migration from the United States. Demography, 33(3), 357–374. Bibliography 183

Lindstrom, D. P., & Lauster, N. (2001). Local economic opportunity and the competing risks of internal and US migration in Zacatecas, Mexico. International Migration Review, 35(4), 1232– 1256. Liu-Farrer, G. (2009). Educationally channelled international labour mobility: contemporary student migration from China to . International Migration Review, 43(1), 178–204. Lopez, S. L. (2010). The remittance house: Architecture and migration in rural Mexico. Building and Landscapes, 17(2), 33–52. Low, L. (1994). Migration and Singapore: Implications for the Asia Pacific. Asia Pacific Migration Journal, 3(2–3), 251–263. Low, L. (1995). People movement in the Asia Pacific: Perspective from Singapore. International Migration Review., 29(3), 45–64. Low, L. (2002). The political economy of policy in Singapore. In Y. A. Debrah (Ed.), Migrant workers in Pacific Asia. Great Britain: Frank Cass Publishers. MacDonald, J. S., & MacDonald, L. D. (1974). Chain migration, ethnic neighborhood formation, and social networks. In C. Tilly (Ed.), An urban world (pp. 226–236). Boston: Little, Brown & Co. Mahmood, R. A. (1991). Bangladesh returned migrants from the Middle East: Process, achievement, and adjustment. In G. Gunatilleke (Ed.). Migration to the Arab World: Experience of returning Migrants. Tokyo: United Nations University. Mahmood, R. A. (1992). Bangladeshi returned migrants from the Middle East: Process, achievement, and adjustment. In G. Gunatilleke (Ed.), The impact of labor migration on households: A comparative study in several Asian countries. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. Mahmood, R. A. (1994). Adaptation to a new world: Experience of Bangladeshis in Japan. International Migration, 32(4), 513–532. Mahmood, R. A. (1998). Bangladeshi clandestine foreign workers. In R. Appleyard (Ed.). Emigration dynamics in developing countries, Volume II: South Asia. Singapore: Ashgate. Maimbo, S. M., Adams, R. H., Jr., Aggarwal, R., & Passas, N. (2005). Migrant labor remittances in South Asia. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Marcus, A. P. (2009). Brazilian immigration to the United States and the geographical imaginations. The Geographical Review, 99(4), 481–498. Marmora, L. (1999). International migration policies and programmes. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Martin, P. (1996). Labor contractors: A conceptual overview. Asia and Pacific Migration Journal, 5(2–3), 201–218. Martin, P., Abella, M., & Kuptsch, C. (2006). Managing labor migration in the twenty-first century. New Heaven: Yale University Press. Massey, D. S., Alarcon, R., Durand, J., & Gonzalez, H. (1987). Return to Aztlan: The social process of international migration from western Mexico. California: University of California Press. Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3), 431–466. Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1994). An evaluation of international migration theory: The North America Case. Population and Development Review, 20(4), 699–751. Massey, D. S., & Parrado, E. A. (1994). Migradollars: The remittances and savings of Mexican migrants to the United States. Population research and Policy Review, 13(1), 3–30. Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, E. (1998). Worlds in motion—Understanding international migration at the end of the millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 184 Bibliography

Melde, S., Anich, R., Crush, J., & Oucho, J. O. (2014). Introduction: The south-south migration and development nexus. In R. Anich, J. Crush, S. Melde, & J. O. Oucho (Eds.), A new perspective on human mobility in the South. Heidelberg: Springer. Meyers, E. (2000). Theories of international immigration policy—A comparative analysis. International Migration Review., 34(4), 1245–1282. Meyers, E. (2002). The causes of convergence in western immigration control. Review of International Studies, 28(1), 123–141. Mines, R. (1984). Network migration and Mexican rural development: A case study. In R. C. Jones (Ed.), Patterns of undocumented migration: Mexico and the United States (pp. 136–158). New Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld. Momsen, J. H. (Ed.). (1999). Gender, migration, and domestic service. London: Routledge. Moses, J. W. (2009). Leaving poverty behind: A radical proposal for developing Bangladesh through emigration. Development Policy Review, 27(4), 457–479. Naved, R. T., Newby, M., & Amin, S. (2001). The effects of migration on marriage of female garment workers in Bangladesh. International Journal of Population Geography., 7(2), 91–104. Noor, A. R. (2005). Shaping the migrant institution: The agency of Indonesian domestic workers in Singapore. In L. Parker (Ed.), The agency of women in Asia (pp. 182–216). Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. Noor, F. A. (2013). Islam on the move: The Tablighi Jama’at in Southeast Asia. : Amsterdam University Press. OECD. (2010). International migration outlook. Paris: OECD Publishing. Ofori, G. (1997). Foreign construction workers in Singapore. Working Paper SAP 2.57 /WP106. Geneva: International Labour Office. Ofori, G., & Debrah, Y. A. (1998). Flexible management of workers: A review of employment practices in the construction industry in Singapore. Construction Management and Economics, 16(4), 397–408. Olberg, D. (1995). The theory of heroic defeats: A mixed motivation approach. Sociological Theory, 13(2), 178–195. Osmani, S. R. (1986). Bangladesh. In G. Gunatilleke (Ed.), Migration of Asian workers to the Arab World. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. Orozco, M. (2013). Migrant remittances and development in the global economy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc. Pang, E. F. (1976). Migration, public policy and social development in Singapore, mimeographed paper commissioned by Friedrich Ebert-Stiftung for a project on Migration and Social Development in ASEAN countries. Pang, E. F. (1979). Public policy on population, employment and immigration. In P. S. J. Chen & J. T. Fawcett (Eds.), Public policy and population change in Singapore. New York: The Population Council. Pang, E. F. (1991). Labour migration in Singapore: Policies, trends and implications. Regional Development Dialogue, 12(3), 22–36. Pang, E. F. (1992). Absorbing temporary workers: The experience of Singapore. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 1(3–4), 495–510. Pang, E. F. (1994). An eclectic approach to turning points in migration. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 3(1), 81–91. Pang, E. F., & Lim, L. (1982). Foreign labour and economic development in Singapore. International Migration Review, 16(3), 548–576. Papademetriou, D. G., & Martin, P. L. (Eds.). (1991). The unsettled relationship: Labor migration and economic development. London: Greenwood Press. Parker, L. (Ed.). (2005). The agency of women in Asia. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic. Passas, N. (1999). Informal value transfer systems and criminal organizations: A study into so-called underground banking networks. The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice. Bibliography 185

Pattana, K. (2005). The ‘ghosts’ of transnational labor migration: Death and other tragedies of Thai migrant workers in Singapore. In B. P. Lorente, N. Pipper, S. Hsiu-Hua, & B. S. A. Yeoh (Eds.), Asian migrations: Sojourning, displacement, homecoming and other travels, Asia Trends 3. Singapore: Singapore University Press. Pedraza, S. (1991). Women and migration; The social consequences of gender. Annual Review of Sociology, 17, 303–325. Pellerin, L. A. & Stearns, E. (2001). Status honor and the valuing of cultural and material capital. Poetics, 29, 1–24. Pertierra, R. (Ed.). (1992). Remittances and returnees: The cultural economy of migration in Ilocos. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. Pflegerl, J., Khoo, S.-E., Yeoh, B. B. S. A., & Koh, V. (Eds.). (2003). Researching migration and the family. Singapore: Asian Meta Centre. Phillips, J., & Massey, D. S. (2000). Engines of immigration: Stocks of human and social capital in Mexico. Social Science Quarterly, 81(1), 33–48. Pieri, Z. (2015). Tablighi Jamaat and the quest for the London mega mosque: Continuity and change. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Piore, M. J. (1979). Birds of passage: Migrant labor and industrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Piper, N. (2003). Bridging gender, migration and governance: Theoretical possibilities in the Asian context. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 12(1–2), 21–48. Piper, N. (2004). Rights of froreign workers and the politics of migration in South-East and East Asia. International Migration, 42(5), 71–97. Piper, N. (2005). Rights of foreign domestic workers: Emergence of transnational and transregional solidarity? Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 14(1–2), 97–119. Piper, N. (2006). Migrant worker activism in Singapore and Malaysia: Freedom of association and the role of the state. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal., 15(3), 359–380. Piper, N. (2008). Feminisation of migration and the social dimensions of development: the Asian case. Third World Quarterly, 29(7), 1287–1303. Piper, N. (2009). The complex interconnections of the migration-development nexus: A social perspective. Population, Space and Place, 15(2), 93–101. Piper, N. (2010). Migration and social development: Organisational and political dimensions. In N. Piper & K. Hujo (Eds.), South-south migration: Implications for social policy and development (pp. 120–157). Basingstoke: Palgrave macmillan. Poon, A. (2003). Maid visible: Foreign domestic workers and the dilemma of development in Singapore. Crossroads, 17(1), 1–28. Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 1–24. Portes, A. (2009). Migration and development: Reconciling opposite views. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(1), 5–22. Portes, A., & Borocz, J. (1989). Contemporary immigration: Theoretical perspectives on its determinants and modes of incorporation. International Migration Review, 13(3), 606–630. Portes, A., & Sensenbrenner, J. (1993). Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action. American Journal of Sociology, 98, 1320–1350. Portes, A., & Walton, J. (1981). Labor, class and the international system. New York: Academic Press. Pryer, J. (1992). Purdah, patriarchy, and population movement: Perspectives from Bangladesh. In S. Chant (Ed.), Gender and migration in developing countries (pp. 139–153). London: Belhaven Press. Puri, S., & Ritzema, T. (1999). Migrant worker remittances, micro-finance and the informal economy: Prospects and issues. Social Finance Unit Working Paper No. 21. Geneva: International Labour Office. Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 186 Bibliography

Radcliffe, S. A. (1991). The role of gender in peasant migration: Conceptual issues from the Peruvian Andes. Review of Radical Political Economics, 23(3–4), 129–147. Rahman, A. (1986). Peasants and classes: A study in differentiation in Bangladesh. London: Zed Books Ltd. Rahman, M. M. (2000). Emigration and development: The case of a Bangladeshi village. International Migration, 38(4), 109–130. Rahman, M. M. (2003). Bangladeshi workers in Singapore: A sociological study of temporary labour migration to Singapore (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). Department of Sociology. Singapore: National University of Singapore. Rahman, M. M. (2008). Management of foreign manpower. In L. K. Fee & T. C. Kiong (Eds.), Social policy in post-industrial Singapore. Brill: Leiden. Rahman, M. M. (2012). Understanding Asian migration policy. In M. M. Rahman & A. K. M. A. Ullah (Eds.), Asian migration policy South, Southeast and East Asia (pp. 19–41). New York: Nova. Rahman, M. M. (2013). Gendering migrant remittances: Evidence from the Bangladesh. International Migration, 51(SI), e156–178. Rahman, M. M., & Bélanger, D. (2012). Gendered use of remittances: The case of rural Bangladesh. In I. Sirkeci & J. Cohen (Eds.), The remittance crisis: What will happen (pp. 81–90). Washington D.C: World Bank. Rahman, M. M., & Lian, K. F. (2005). Bangladeshi migrant workers in Singapore: The view from inside. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 20(1), 63–89. Rahman, M. M., & Lian, K. F. (2009). Gender and the remittance process: Indonesian domestic workers in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia. Asian Population Studies, 5(2), 103–127. Rahman, M. M., & Lian, K. F. (2012). Toward a sociology of migrant remittances in Asia: Conceptual and methodological issues. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(4), 689–706. Rahman, M. M., & Kiong, T. C. (2013). Integration of new immigrants in Singapore: A transnational inclusion approach. Asian Ethnicity, 14(1), 80–98. Rahman, M. M., & Ullah, A. K. M. A. (Eds.). (2012). Asian migration policy: East Asia, Southeast Asia and Southeast Asia. New York: Nova. Rahman, M. M., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2008). The social organisation of Hundi: The remittance transfer from East and Southeast Asia to Bangladesh. Asian Population Studies, 4(1), 5–29. Rahman, M. M., Yong, T. T., & Ullah, A. K. M. A. (Eds.). (2014). Migrant remittances in South Asia—Social, economic and political implications. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Rahman, M. M., & Yong, T. T. (Eds.). (2015). International migration and development in South Asia. London and New Work: Routledge. Rai, R. (2004). Sepoys, convicts and the bazaar contingent: The emergence and exclusion of Hindustani pioneers at the Singapore frontier. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 35(1), 1–19. Rai, R. (2014). Indians in Singapore, 1819–1945: Diaspora in the colonial port-city. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Ratha, D., & Shaw, W. (2007). South-south migration and remittances. World Bank Working Paper No. 102. Washington, D. C.: World Bank. Rozario, S. (1992). Purity and communal boundaries. London: Allen & Unwin. Rudnick, A. (1996). Foreign labor in Malaysian manufacturing: Bangladeshi workers in the textile industry. Kuala Lumpur: INSAN. Ruhs, M. (2002).Temporary foreign worker programmes: Policies, adverse consequences, and the need to make them work. CCMS Working Paper No. 56. San Diego: The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California-San Diego. Russell, S. S. (1986). Remittances from international migration: A review in perspective. World Development, 14(6), 677–696. Bibliography 187

Ruppert, E. (1999). Managing foreign labor in Singapore and Malaysia: Are there lessons for GCC countries? Policy Research Working Paper WPS 2053. Washington. D.C.: The World Bank. Saith, A. (1989). Macroeconomic issues in international labour migration—A review. In R. Amjad (Ed.), To the gulf and back (pp. 28–54). Geneva: ILO. Sana, M., & Massey, D. S. (2005). Household composition, family migration and community context: Migrant remittances in four countries. Social Science Quarterly, 86(2), 509–528. Sandhu, K. S. (1969). Some aspects of Indian settlement in Singapore. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 10(2), 193–201. Schiff, M. (2010). Small state regional cooperation, South-South and South-North migration, and international trade. Policy Research Working Paper No. 5297. Washington, D. C.: World Bank. Semyonov, M., & Anastasia, G. (2005). Labour migration, remittances and household income: A comparison between Filipino and Filipina overseas workers. International Migration Review, 39(1), 45–69. Seol, D.-H., & Skrentny, J. D. (2009). Why is there so little migrant settlement in East Asia. International Migration Review, 43(3), 578–620. Seol, D.-H. (2005). Global dimensions in mapping the foreign labour policies of Korea: A comparative and functional analysis. Development and Society, 34(1), 75–124. Siddique, S., & Shotam, N. P. (1982). Singapore’s little India: Past, present and future. Singapore: Singapore National Printers Pte. Ltd. Siddiqui, T. (2001). Transcending boundaries: Labor migration of women from Bangladesh. Dhaka: University Press Limited. Sjaastad, L. A. (1962). The costs and returns of human migration. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 80–93. Skeldon, R. (1997). Migration and development: A global perspective. Harlow: Longman. Skrentny, J. D., Chan, S., Fox, J., & Kim, D. (2007). Defining nations in Asia and : A comparative analysis of ethnic return migration policy. International Migration Review, 41 (4), 793–825. Smit, R. (2001). The impact of labor migration on African families in South Africa: Yesterday and today. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 32(4), 533–548. Stahl, C. W. (1984). Singapore’s foreign workforce: Some reflections on its benefits and costs. International Migration Review, 18(1), 37–50. Stahl, C. W. (1986). International labor migration: A study of the ASEAN countries. New York: Center for Migration Studies. Stark, O. (1984). Rural-to-urban migration in LDCs: A relative deprivation approach. Economics Development and Cultural Change, 32(3), 475–486. Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Stark, O., & Bloom, E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. American Economic Review, 75(2), 173–178. Stark, O., & Levhari, D. (1982). On migration and risk in LDCs. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 31(1), 191–196. Straubhaar, T. (1988). On the economics of international labor migration. London: Verlag Paul Haupt Bern und Stuttgart. Straubhaar, T., & Vădean, F. P. (2005). International migrant remittances and their role in development. In OECD Migration, remittances and development. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sullivan, G., Gunasekaran, S., & Siengathai, S. (1992). Labour migration and policy formation in a newly industrialized country: A case study of illegal Thai workers in Singapore. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 9(1), 66–84. Swanson, J. C. (1979). Emigration and economic development: The case of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder: Westview Press. 188 Bibliography

Tam, V. C. W. (1999). Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong and their role in childcare provision. In J. H. Momsen (Ed.), Gender, migration, and domestic service. London: Routledge. Tan, E. S. (2005). Globalization, nation-building and emigration: The Singapore case. In B. P. Lorente, N. Pipper, S. Hsiu-Hua & B. S. A. Yeoh (Eds.). Asian migrations: Sojourning, displacement, homecoming and other travels. Singapore: Singapore University Press: Singapore. Tan, E. S., & Chiew, S. K. (1995). Emigration orientation and propensity: The Singapore case. In J. H. Ong, C. K. Bun, & C. S. Beng (Eds.), Crossing borders: Transmigration in Asia Pacific. Singapore: Prentice Hall. Taylor, J. E. (1986). Differential migration, networks, information and risk. In O. Stark (Ed.), Migration theory, human capital and development (pp. 147–71). Greenwich, Conn.: L JAI Press. Taylor, J. E. (1995). Micro economy-wide models for migration and policy analysis: An application to rural Mexico, Development Centre, Paris: OECD. Taylor, J. E., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Massey, D. S., & Pellegrino, A. (1996). International migration and national development. Population Index, 62(2), 181–212. Thieme, S., & Wyss, S. (2005). Migration patterns and remittance transfer in : A case study of Sainik Basti in Western Nepal. International Migration, 43(5), 59–98. Thorp, J. (1978). Power among the farmers of Daaripalla: A Bangladesh village study. Chicago: University of Chicago. Titus, M. J. (1978). Inter-regional migration in Indonesia as a reflection of social and regional inequalities. Tijd- schrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 69(4), 194–204. Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138–148. Todaro, M. P. (1976). International migration in developing countries: A review of theory, evidence, methodology and research priorities. A WEP Study. Geneva: International Labor Office. Todaro, M. P., & Maruszko, L. (1987). Illegal migration and US immigration reform: A conceptual framework. Population and Development Review, 13(1), 101–114. Toh, R. (1993). Foreign workers in Singapore. Singapore: Singapore Institute of Labour Studies. Udovitch, A. (1970). Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2008). The price of migration from Bangladesh to distant lands: Narratives of recent tragedies. Asian Profile, 36(6), 639–646. Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2010). Rationalizing migration decisions: Labour migrants in East and Southeast Asia. London: Ashgate. Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2012). Divergence and convergence in the nation state: The roles of religion and migration. New York: Nova Science. Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2013). Exposure to remittances: Theoretical and empirical implications for gender. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 14(3), 475–492. Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2014). Refugee politics in the Middle East and North Africa: Human rights, safety and identity. London: Palgrave McMillan. Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2015). Foreign domestic helpers (FDH) in Hong Kong: A study on premarital pregnancies. In L. K. Fee, M. M. Rahman, & Y. Alas (Eds.), International migration in Southeast Asia—Continuities and discontinuities. Holland: Springer. Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2016). The political economy of migration, remittance and development. New York: Palgrave McMillan. Ullah, A. K. M. A., & Huque, A. S. (2014). Asian immigrants in North America with HIV/AIDS: Stigma, sulnerabilities and Hhman rights. Singapore: Springer. Ullah, A. K. M. A., Mallik, H. A., & Maruful, I. K. (2015). Migrants and workers fatalities. New York: Palgrave McMillan. Bibliography 189

Ullah, A. K. M. A., & Panday, P. K. (2007). Remitting money to Bangladesh: What do migrants prefer? Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 16(1), 121–136. Ullah, A. K. M. A., & Rahman, M. M. (2012). Introduction: Migration policy in East and Southeast Asia. In M. M. Rahman & A. K. M. A. Ullah (Eds.), Asian migration policy: South, East and Southeast Asia. New York: Nova science. UN-DESA. (2013). International migration report 2013. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. van Doorn, J. (2002/4). Migration, remittances and development. In Migrant workers, labour education, No. 129. Geneva: International Labour Office. Wallerstein, I. (1974). The modern world system I: Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world economy in the sixteenth century. New York: Academic Press. Walker, A., & Brown, R. P. C. (1995). From consumption to savings? Interpreting Tongan and Western Samon sample survey data on remittances. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 4(1), 89–117. Wee, V., & Sim, A. (2004). Transnational networks in female labour migration. In A. Ananta & E. Nurvidya Arifin (Eds.). International migration in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Weiner, M. (1993). Introduction: Security, stability and international migration. In M. Weiner (Ed.), International migration and security (pp. 1–35). Boulder: Westview. Wilcke, C. (2011). Domestic plight: How Jordanian laws, officials, employers and recruiters fail abused migrant domestic workers. New York: Human Rights Watch. Wong, D. (1996). Foreign domestic workers in Singapore. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 5 (1), 117–138. Wong, D. (1997). Transience and settlement: Singapore’s foreign labor policy. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 6(2), 135–168. Wong, D. (2000). Men who build Singapore: Thai workers in the construction industry. In S. Chantavanich, A. Germershausen, & A. Beesey (Eds.), Thai migrant workers in East and Southeast Asia, 1996–1997 (pp. 58–105). Chulalongkorn: Asian Research Center for Migration. Wood, C. H. (1981). Structural changes and household strategies: A conceptual framework for the study of rural migration. Human Organization, 40(4), 338–344. Wood, G. D. (1994). Bangladesh: Whose ideas, whose interests?. Dhaka: University Press Limited. Yahya, F. B., & Kaur, A. (2010). Competition for foreign talent in Southeast Asia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 15(1), 20–32. Yap, M.-T. (1999). The Singapore state’s response to migration. Sojourn, 14(1), 198–212. Yap, M-T. (2001). Recent economic, labour market and migration developments in Singapore. In International migration in Asia: Trends and policies. Paris: OECD. Yeoh, B. S. A. (2004). When the light of the home is abroad: Unskilled female migration and the Filipino family. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 25(2), 198–215. Yeoh, B. S. A. (2007). Singapore: Hungry for foreign workers at all skill levels. Washington D.C: Migration Policy Institute. Yeoh, B. S. A., & Huang, S. (1999). Singapore women and foreign domestic workers: Negotiating domestic work and motherhood. In J. H. Momsen (Ed.), Gender, migration, and domestic service. London: Routledge. Yeoh, B. S. A., & Huang, S. (2003). Foreign talent in our midst: New challenges to sense of community and ethnic relations in Singapore. In A. E. Lai (Ed.), Beyond rituals and riots: Ethnic pluralism and social cohesion in Singapore. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press for Institute of Policy Studies. Yeoh, B. S. A., & Khoo, L.-M. (1998). Home, work and community: Skilled international migration and expatriate women in Singapore. International Migration, 36(2), 159–186. Yeoh, B. S. A., & Kong, L. (1996). The notion of place in the construction of history, nostalgia and heritage in Singapore. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 17(1), 52–65. 190 Bibliography

Yeoh, B. S. A., Graham, E., & Boyle, P. J. (2002). Migrations and family relations in the Asia Pacific Region. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 11(1), 1–11. Yeoh, B. S. A., Huang, S., & Devasahayam, T. W. (2004). Diasporic subjects in the nation: Foreign domestic workers, the reach of law and civil society in Singapore. Asian Studies Review, 28(1), 7–23. Yeoh, B. S. A., Huang, S., & Gonzalez, J., III. (1999). Migrant female domestic workers: Debating the economic, social and political impacts in Singapore. International Migration Review, 33(1), 114–136. Yeoh, B. S. A., Huang, S., & Willis, K. (2000). Global cities, transnational flows and gender dimensions: The view from Singapore. Journal of Social and Economic Geography, 91(2), 147–158. Yeoh, B. S. A., Peggy, T., & Huang, S. (Eds.). (2002). Gender politics in the Asia-Pacific region. London: Routledge. Yoo, K-S., Lee, J. J. H. & Lee, K-Y. (2004). A Comparative study on labour migration management in selected countries, A UNPAN (United Nations Online Network in Public Administration) in the Asia Pacific. Seoul: Korea Labour Institute. Zachariah, K. C., Mathew, E. T., & Rajan, S. I. (2001). Social, economic and demographic consequences of migration on Kerala. International Migration, 39(2), 43–71. Zafirovski, M. (1999). What is really rational choice? Beyond the utilitarian concept of rationality. Current Sociology, 47(1), 47–113. Zlotnik, H. (1995). Migration and the family: The female perspective. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 4(2–3), 253–271. Zolberg, A. R. (1999). Matters of state: Theorizing immigration policy. In D. S. Massey (Ed.), Becoming American, American becoming. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Index

A Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Agony, poem, 116 Training (BMET), 13, 169 ‘All in the family’, principle of, 11, 139 Business enterprise for migrant wives, 153–155 Asia–Asia migration corridor, 2, 10 dhadon, 153, 154 Asian migration policies, 27–28 recipients and channels of remittances, 155t Attiyo (relatives), 83 Australian ‘neo-corporatist’ model, 31 C Automatic teller machines (ATM), 128 Canadian ‘human capital’ model, 31 Awami League (AL), 113 Certificate of Employment Agencies (CEA), 47 Chain migration, 81 B Channelling Bangladeshi migrants to Bangladesh Association of International Singapore, 79 Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA), 88 economic aspect of recruitment, 90–100 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT), 92, 93 migrant network sphere, 82 Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), 113 formation and operation of, 84–87 Bangladesh Overseas Employment Services network-assisted migration, 82–84 Limited (BOESL), 87–88, 169 networks and institutions, interplay Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee between, 80–82 (BRAC), 153 other side of social capital, 103–104 Bangladesh–Singapore migration corridor, 79, reciprocity and migration, 100–103 82, 86 recruitment sphere, 87 Banglar Kantha (newspaper), 114, 120 recruitment structure, 87–89 Bangsho (lineage), 57 Chhotolok (poor people), 58 Baralok (rich/good people), 58 Chhotomanush (small people), 58, 75 Bari (homestead), 5, 11, 12, 18, 21–23, 53, 56, Circular migration, 34 57, 58, 59, 60, 61f, 62, 63–67t, 68, 69, 70, Commissioner of Labour, 110 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 83, 86, 87, 92, 93, 126 Compassion and Relief for Emergencies Basic Skills Certificate (BSC), 45 (CARE) fund, 119 Becoming a migrant, 9, 161 Construction sector, migrants working in, 34, Bengali Sarbojonin Society, 112 106, 126 Bengali-speaking Hindus, 112 ‘Contact Singapore’ network, 42 Bhalo kaz (good work), 75 Contemporary intra-regional migration, 53 Bhalomanush (good people), 58, 76 Contract migrant worker programs, 2 Bidesh (foreign country), 68, 72–75, 78. Controlling demand for migrants, 32–33 See also Geographical imagination mechanisms to regulate, 33 ‘Broad model’ of rational choice, 4 Conventional education, diminishing role of, Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 76–78 106 cultural expectations, 76–77 importance of bidesh, 78

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 191 Md.M. Rahman, Bangladeshi Migration to Singapore, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3858-7 192 Index

Conventional education, diminishing role of Dhikr (remembrance of Allah), 112 (cont.) Diasporic community, 18 perspectives of migration, 77 Dibashram, self-help organization, 118, 120, work of educated people, 77 171 CoreTrade scheme, 106 Dowries, 73, 156t, 157 Credit cards, 128 Durga puja, religious festival, 112, 171 Credit unions, 128 Cuff Road food program, 119 E Cultural consumption and status display, Economic conditions, impacts of migration on, 151–153 145–149 emigration and housing conditions, 151, migrant vs non-migrant families, 147–148, 151f 147t, 148t labour migration, 152 sources of incomes, 149, 149t migrants vs nonmigrants, housing and Munshiganj district, 145 household appliances, 153t waterlogging, 145, 145f, 146f new social identities, 152 Economic costs Culture of honour, 74, 166 of migration, 93, 100, 139, 169 Customer Management Department, 117 of recruitment, 90 Education, impacts of migration on, 150, 173 D Educational attainment, 76, 77, 167 Debit cards, 128 Educationally channelled labour policy, 37–38 Demand-driven system, 29, 31–32, 47, 164 Eid-al-adha, religious event, 111–112 Demographic structure, impacts of migration Eid-al-fitr, religious event, 111 on, 140–145 Emigration process, 3–4, 161 migrant baris, 140 Employment agencies, 44, 47 studies on migration in Employment Agencies Act, 44, 47 Bangladesh, 141t, 142t Employment Inspection Department, 117 Botswana, 141t Employment of Foreign Manpower Act Costa Rica, 143t (EFMA), 44 Dominican Republic, 143t Employment of Foreign Workers Act, 48 East and Southeast Asia, 141t Employment Pass (EP), 38, 39t, 41 Egypt, 142t EntrePass, 39t Indonesia, 142–143t Esthanio (from the same locality), 83, 84 Jordan, 143t Ethnicized migration policy, 37 Kerala, 144t Nepal, 144t F Nicaragua, 143t Fair Consideration Framework (FCF), 42 Mexico, 143t Family dynamics, 139 Pakistan, 141t dhadon, 153–155 Philippines, 141t, 144t generational dynamics, 157–159 South Africa, 144t homes in migrant baris, 151–153 South Pacific, 144t impacts of migration Sri Lanka, 142t on demographic structure, 140–145 Tonga, 141t on economic conditions, 145–149 Trinidad and Tobago, 143t on education, medical care, and food Turkey, 143t consumption, 150 Yucatan (Mexico), 141t outward and upward social mobility, Dependency ceiling, 46–47 155–157 Dependent’s pass, 40t Family members, 22, 40t, 82 Desh (country), 15, 72, 149 Family remittances, 3 Dhadon, 153–155 Female migrants, 17, 35, 36, 90 informal channels, 155 ‘Feminization of migration’ in Asia, 30 migrant wives’ business, 154 Fieldwork in Bangladesh, 21–23, 127, 163 money-lending business, 153 focus on the bari, 22–23 Index 193

labour migration, 21 Gusthi (patrilineage), 56, 57, 58 migration motivation and outcomes, 22 Munshiganj, major migrant source district, H 22f, 23, 23f Hawala, informal funding system, 128–129, Fieldwork in Singapore, 20, 163 130 Financial cost of migration, 85–86, 91–93, 92t, ‘The hidden cost of migration’ system, 92, 169 93t, 94–99t, 103 Hindu migrants, 111, 112 Five-Cent Coin, poem, 115 Housing Development Board (HDB), 107, Flow of capital 108–109 in economic cost of migration, 90f Housing facilities for foreign workers, 108, 170 in recruitment fees of migration, 90f Housing in migrant-sending communities, 152 Food consumption, impacts of migration on, Humanitarian Organization for Migration 150, 173 Economics (HOME), 118, 119, 171 Foreign Domestic Worker Association for Hundi system, 130–131, 155 Skills Training (FAST), 45 Hundiwala (hundi operator), 130 Foreign Manpower Management Division (FMMD), 43, 44, 117, 171 I Foreign student policies in Singapore, 37–38 Iftar party, 111 Foreign worker levy scheme, 46 Ikhlas-i-niyat (reforming one’s life), 112, 113 Foreign worker programs, 2, 31 Ikram-i-muslim (treatment of fellow Muslims A Foreigner’s Pain, poem, 116 with honour and deference), 112, 113 Foremen, 108, 170 Ilm (gaining knowledge), 112 ‘For the sake of the family’, principle of, 11, Imam, 111, 112 139 Immigration policy, 27 Freedom to religious practice, 121, 171 broader features of, 32 controlling demand, 32–33 G educationally channelled labour policy, Gardner, Katy, 72 37–38 Gender-differentiated patterns of recruitment, ethnicized migration policy, 37 91 gendered migration policy, 35–37 Gendered migration policy, 35–37 recruitment industry, 34 intra-regional migration, in Asia, 35 state concerns and policy measures for legal protection, 36 irregular migration, 34–35 levy, 36–37 transience and disposability, 33–34 medical surveillance, 36 nature of, 31–32 Generational dynamics, 157–159 Immigration research in Singapore, 28–31 benefits from migration, 159 demand-driven system, 29 Gurailian migrant community, 158 feminization of migration, 30 intergenerational dynamics, 157 labour-importing country, 31 migration outcomes, 158 non-resident population distribution, 29f women’s roles, 157 residents and non-residents, 28 Geographical imagination, 72–75 total population, 29t desh and bidesh, 72 In this Sojourn, poem, 115 inspirational factor, 75 Individual migrants, 2, 5, 154, 162 positive image of Singapore’s products, 74 Institute of Technical Education (ITE), 107 Sylhet people, 73 Integration of immigrants and emigrants into Tangail people, 73 the Singapore society, 50–52 Ghar (home), 56 emigration of Singapore nationals, 50 Global Migrants, Local Lives (Gardner) national integration models, 52 (1995), 72 non-residents, residents and overseas Gold ornaments, 74, 166 Singaporeans, 51f Grameen Bank, 153 Overseas Singapore Unit, 52 Gurail village, 56, 60, 77–78 transnational migrants, 51 194 Index

Integration of immigrants and emigrants into M the Singapore society (cont.) Macro-level economic theories of labour transnational inclusion concept, 51, 52 migration, 80 transnationalism, 52 Malaysia, labour migration to, 16 International labour migration, 31, 166 Managing foreigners, administrative and legal International Labour Organization (ILO) study, frameworks for, 43–44 82 efficacy, 43 International migration, 1, 6, 19, 23, 27, 59, FMMD, core functions of, 44 150, 152 migration policy, 43 as status symbol, 166 Mandha kaz (bad work), 75, 76 Involuntary migration, 16 Man-Year Entitlement (MYE) allocation IPA (In-Principle Approval), 85 system, 47 Irregular migration, 32 Marine sector, migrants working in, 106–107 prevention of, 48 Medical care, impacts of migration on, 150, state concerns and policy measures for, 173 34–35 Medical insurance, 110, 150, 171 Medical surveillance, policy towards, 36 J Merchants of labour, 81, 82 Jamaat-e-Islami, political party, 113 Micro-level theories of labour migration, 80 Jumu’ah salaat (Friday prayer), 111, 171 Middle East migration, 14–15 Jurong Town Corporation (JTC), 107 Migrant baris, 60, 62, 63t, 68–69, 70, 140, 148 homes in, 151–153 K Migrant-broker-initiated recruitment, 91 Kalimah (believing in the oneness of Allah), Migrant-focused organizations, 117–121 112 FMMD, 117 Kartoba (duty), 57 HOME, 118 Khutbah (sermon or oration), 111–112 MWC, 119 SBS, 120 L TWC2, 118–119 Labour brokers, 100 Workmen’s Compensation Act, 120 Labour migration, 6, 8–9, 10, 14, 18, 21, 24 workplace grievances, 117 economic and non-economic impact of, 15 Migrant institutions, 79, 81 Labour migration, social imperatives of, 53 Migrant networks, 11, 79, 169 conventional education, diminishing role formation and operation of, 84–87 of, 76–78 Migrant poetry, 20, 114–117 geographical imagination, 72–75 Agony, 116 migration, remigration, and cultural notion A Foreigner’s Pain, 116 of work, 75–76 Five-Cent Coin, 115 social organizations in Bangladeshi village, In this Sojourn, 115 55–57 Lamp Post, 114–115 social status A Small Piece of Land bought by a claiming, 57–60 Foreigner, 116–117 relative, 60–72 Worker, 115 Lamp Post, poem, 114–115 Migrant remittances, 124, 139, 149, 150, 172 Letter of consent, 40t Migrant Workers’ Centre (MWC), 118, 119, Living situations, in Singapore, 107–109 171 construction industry workers, 109 Migration, remigration, and the cultural notion housing facilities for foreign workers, 108 of work, 75–76 worker dormitory, 108 notion of work Londoni migration, 15 among Gurailians, 75 Long-term visit pass, 40t of younger generation, 76 Low-skilled foreign workers, 43, 47 prestige to individuals, 75 Low-skilled migrant workers, 2, 164 Migration as social process, 9–13 Index 195

conceptualizing temporary migration of chain migration, 81 labour as, 10f concept of decision-making at bari level, 12 merchants of labour, 81, 82 facilitators in migration process, 11 migrant institution, 81 motivations for migration, 10 migrant network, 80 recruitment policy in Singapore, 12 economic theories of labour migration, 80 remittance, 13 engines of immigration, 81 social claim, 11 mid-level concepts, 81 social threat, 11 private recruiting agencies, 81 spheres of migration, 9–10 structuration theory, 81 Migration decision-making, 163 Newly industrialized economies (NIEs), 69 at bari level, 12 Nicho gusthi (low lineage), 58 Migration–family relationship, 173 Non-resident foreign manpower, classes of, 38 Migration industry, 11, 81, 82 employment pass (EP) and special (S) pass Migration institutions, 81, 82 for professional and skilled, 41–42 Migration mania, 15 work permit (WP) for semi-skilled, 42–43 Migration policy, 4, 24, 31, 164 Non-resident population in Singapore, 28, 29f, ethnicized, 37 49 gendered, 35–37 Noya bari family study, 60 medical surveillance, 36 paying levy, 36–37 O reasons for, 35–36 Outward and upward social mobility, 155–157 Migration process, 5, 9, 20, 86, 87, 161 dowries, 157 Migration securitization drive, 35 marriages by migration status, 156, 156t Militant political activism, 112, 113 status symbol, 155 Ministry of Manpower (MOM), 41, 43, 108, wedding opportunity, 156 110, 164 Overseas employment, securing, 91 Mobile remittance transfers, 173 Overseas Singapore Unit (OSU), 52 Mohsin, Abdul Khaeer Mohammed, 114, 120 MoneyGram services, 130 P Money transfer operators (MTOs), 14, 128, Para (neighbourhood), 56, 57 129, 131 Paribar (family), 56 Mosques in Singapore, 113 Path dependence, 102 Mulas, 130 Personalized Employment Pass (PEP), 38, 39t Munshiganj, 21, 145 Placement fees, 90 migrant bari in, 23f, 61f, 94–99t Planning and Organization Development waterlogging in, 145, 146f Department, 117 Muslim migrants, 111, 112, 113, 171 Processing sector, migrants working in, 107 Professional and skilled migrants, pathways of, N 49, 50f National Environment Agency (NEA), 107 Professionals, 38, 39t National Population and Talent Division Public Utilities Board (PUB), 107, 170 (NPTD), 28 National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), 119 R Neoclassical economic theory, 8 Raffles, Sir Stamford, 28 Neoclassical macroeconomic model, 7 Rationalization of migration decision making, Network-assisted migration, social bases of, 17 82–84 Reciprocity and migration, 100–103 co-residence and mutual assistance, 83 characteristics in, 100 friendship ties, 83 fulfilment of responsibility, 101 kinship networks, 82 remittance, 102 symbolic ties, 84 role of reciprocity in migration process, Networks and institutions, interplay between, 102t 80–82 social and symbolic ties, 103 196 Index

Recruiting agencies, 34, 81, 87, 88, 169 Remittance transfer channels, 127–131 Recruitment, 4, 12 debit and credit cards, 128 economic aspect of, 90–100 distribution network, 129–130 economic costs of recruitment, 90, 90f, hawala and hundi, 130–131 91 main issues, 127–128 gender difference, 91 money transfer operators, 128 recruitment process, 90, 90f, 91 MoneyGram services, 130 for a rural family, 91 remittance service providers, 129 and migration, 100–103. See also Researching Bangladeshi migration, 13–18 Reciprocity and migration bari perspective on migration, 18 financial cost of migration, 92t, 93t, BMET, 13 95–99t discrimination, 18 (GCC), 100 economic and non-economic impact, 15 human capital, 93 involuntary migration, 16 Recruitment fees, 90, 91, 169 Londoni migration, 15 Recruitment industry, 34 migration to the Middle East, 15 Recruitment of Bangladeshi migrants in MTOs, 14 Singapore, 89f 1997 Asian financial crisis, 17 Recruitment structure, 87–89 patterns of labour migration, 14 BMET, 87 perception of overseas migration, 16 BOESL, 87–88 permanent migration, 15 demand letter, 88 remittances, men vs women, 18 Dhaka’s difficulties, 89 stigmatization, 18 migrant networks, 87 theoretical model of migration, 17 recruiting agencies, 87, 88, 89 workers in Malaysia, 16, 17 recruitment of Bangladeshi migrants in Research methodology, 19 Singapore, 89f fieldwork in Bangladesh, 21–23 Religious life, in Singapore, 111–114 fieldwork in Singapore, 20 Awami League, 113 Residents, 28 Chinese New Year’s Eve, 113 Responsibility of employers, 47–48 durga puja, 112 Eid prayers, 111 S Internal Security Act, 114 Salaat (prayer), 111, 112 MUIS (the Islamic Religious Council of Samaj (society/community), 56 Singapore), 112 Sarbojonin (public) durga puja, 112 Ramadan, 111 Saver-investors, 138, 172 salaat, 111 Saver-rentiers, 138, 172, 173 Singapore Markaz, 113 Secondary School Certificate (SSC), 126 Tablighi Jamaat, 112–113 Self-perpetuating migration, 167 Remittance, 13 Semi-skilled foreign manpower. See purchasing land by, 116 alsoSemi-skilled foreign workers prices, 131 work permit for, 42–43 process, 3–4, 161 Semi-skilled foreign workers, 45 Remittance receiving, context of, 133 approved source countries and sectors of recipients of remittances, 133–134 economy, 45–46 remittance control, 134–135 dependency ceiling, 46–47 use of remittances employment agencies, 47 household’s perspective, 137–138 foreign worker levy scheme, 46 migrant worker’s perspective, 136–137 MYE allocation system, 47 Remittance-sending, context of, 132–133 pathways of, 50f patterns of earnings, savings, and remitting, prevention of irregular migration, 48 132t responsibility of employers, 47–48 Index 197

selection of migrant workers, 45 people’s perceptions, 60 termination of work permit, 48 relative deprivation theory, 60 Semi-skilled migrants, 50f, 164, 165 socio-demographic profiles, migrant Shikit manuser kaz (work of educated people), bari, 68f 77 Social worlds of migrants in Singapore, 105 Singapore–Bangladesh remittance corridor, living situations, 107–109 129 construction industry workers, 109 Singapore Bangladesh Society (SBS), 118, housing facilities for foreign workers, 120, 171 108 Singapore Civil Defense Force (SCDF), 107 worker dormitory, 108 Singapore Markaz, 113 medical care, 110 Singapore National Employers’ Federation migrant-focused organizations (see (SNEF), 119 Migrant-focused organizations) Skilled and semi-skilled workers, 39–40f migrant poetry (see Migrant poetry) Skilled migrants, pathways of, 49, 50f religious life, 111–114 Skills Evaluation Certificates (SEC), 45, 106 Awami League, 113 Skills Evaluation Test (SET), 107 Chinese New Year’s Eve, 113 A Small Piece of Land bought by a Foreigner, durga puja, 112 poem, 116–117 Eid prayers, 111 Social capital, other side of, 103–104 Internal Security Act, 114 Social mobility, outward and upward, 155–157 MUIS, 112 dowries, 157 Ramadan, 111 marriages by migration status, 156, 156t salaat, 111 status symbol, 155 Singapore Markaz, 113 wedding opportunity, 156 Tablighi Jamaat, 112–113 Social organizations in Bangladeshi village, working conditions, 106–107 55–57 construction sector, 106 first-time migrants, 55 permit types, 106 ghar, 56 processing sector, 107 lineage, 57 Skills Evaluation Test (SET), 107 self-employed migrants, 55 worker types, 106 social identity, 57 Workmen’s Compensation Act, 107 spatial and social groupings, 56 South–North migration, 1 wage-employed migrants, 55 South–South migration, 1, 4, 161 Social status Spatial and social groupings in rural claiming, from traditional tools to new Bangladesh, 54t tools, 57–60 Special (S) pass, 38, 39t, 41 competition, 57 Spheres of migration, 9–10 international migration, 59 Status claims, 11, 24 Noya bari, 60 Structuralist theories of migration, problems out-migration, 59 with, 7 preserving bari’s prestige, 58 Supervisors, 108 social classification, 58 Supply-driven system, 31 status-consciousness, 57 Symbolic ties, 84, 102–103 uccho gusthi vs nicho gusthi, 58 relative, 60–72 T access to bidesh, 68 Tablighi Jamaat, 112, 113 bari cooperation, 72 Tafrigh-i-waqt (to spare time for his work), 112 causes of migration, 60 Target income theory, 7 diverse destination countries, 70f, 71 Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha (TMSS), migrant bari in Munshiganj, 61f, 62, 130 62–67t, 69f Trainees and students, 38, 40t migrant network theory, 70 Transience and disposability, 33–34 newly industrialized economies, 69 circular migration, 34 198 Index

Transient Workers Count Too (TWC2), Worker remittances, 3 118–119, 171 Working conditions, in Singapore, 106–107 Transnational inclusion, 51, 52, 165 construction sector, 106 Transnationalism, 51, 52 permit types, 106 Two-step migration, 37 processing sector, 107 Skills Evaluation Test (SET), 107 U worker types, 106 Uccho gusthi (high lineage), 58 Workmen’s Compensation Act, 107 Union parishad (local government body), 53, Workmen’s Compensation Act, 107, 120, 170 74, 83, 84, 158 Work Pass Division, 43, 44 Upazila (administrative unit), 53, 83, 84 Work permit (WP), 33, 38, 39t Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), 107, for semi-skilled foreign manpower, 42–43 170 termination of, 48 World Bank’s Remittance Prices Worldwide, V 131 Valuable goods, 74 World systems theory, 6

W X Wedding opportunity, 156 Xenophobia, 31 Well-being Department, 117 Western Union money transfer service, 130 Y Worker dormitory, 108 Yew, Lee Kuan, 28