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Thiago Macek Gonçalves Zahn Integração morfológica no crânio e evolução da morfologia craniana em Feliformia (Carnivora: Mammalia) Skull morphological integration and evolution of skull morphology in Feliformia (Carnivora: Mammalia) São Paulo 2016 1 Thiago Macek Gonçalves Zahn Integração morfológica no crânio e evolução da morfologia craniana em Feliformia (Carnivora: Mammalia) Skull morphological integration and evolution of skull morphology in Feliformia (Carnivora: Mammalia) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências, na Área de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva. Orientador: Gabriel Henrique Marroig Zambonato São Paulo 2016 Ficha Catalográfica Zahn, Thiago Macek Gonçalves Integração morfológica no crânio e evolução da morfologia craniana em Feliformia (Carnivora: Mammalia). 246 páginas Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva. 1. Integração morfológica 2. Evolução fenotípica 3. Carnivora 4. Morfologia craniana 5. Feliformia I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva. Comissão Julgadora: _______________________ _______________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Prof(a). Dr.(a). Orientador(a) A quem trouxe; a quem levou; a quem acompanhou; a quem foi; a quem ficou; a todos que marcaram. Este trabalho não é fruto de um. A estes muitos. E aos carnívoros, esse grupo genial que me fez companhia durante todo o processo. Em homenagem a alguns de seus membros menos conhecidos desse lado do Atlântico Sul, reproduzo aqui uma lenda indiana sobre a avareza e as aparências, que tem como um de seus personagens principais um jovem mangusto (Urva auropunctata). The Loyal Mongoose In a certain town, there was once a Brahman named Devasharma. His wife mothered a single son and a mongoose. And as she loved little ones, she cared for the mongoose like a son, giving him milk from her breast, and salves, and baths, and so on. But she did not trust him, for she thought: “A mongoose is a nasty kind of creature. He might hurt my boy.” One day she tucked her son in bed, took a waterjar, and said to her husband: “Now, I am going for water. You must protect the boy from the mongoose.” But when she was gone, the Brahman went off himself to beg for food, leaving the house empty. While he was gone, a black snake came from its hole and, as fate would have it, crawled toward the baby’s cradle. But the mongoose, feeling him a natural enemy and fearing for the life of his baby brother, fell upon the vicious serpent halfway, battled him, tore him to bits and tossed the pieces far and wide. Then, delighted with his own heroism, he ran, blood trickling from his mouth, to meet the mother; for he wished to show what he had done. But when the mother saw him coming, saw his bloody mouth and his excitement, she feared that the villain must have eaten her baby boy, and without thinking twice, she angrily dropped the water-jar upon him, which killed him the moment it struck. There she left him without a second thought, and hurried home, where she found the baby safe and sound, and near the cradle a great black snake, torn to bits. Overwhelmed with sorrow because she had thoughtlessly killed her benefactor, her son, she beat her head and breast. At this moment the Brahman came home with a dish of rice gruel which he had got from someone in his begging tour, and saw his wife bitterly lamenting her son, the mongoose. “Greedy! Greedy!” she cried. “Because you did not do as I told you, you must now taste the bitterness of a son’s death, the fruit of the tree of your own wickedness. Yes, this is what happens to those blinded by greed.... Glück Solang du nach dem Glücke jagst, Bist du nicht reif zum Glücklichsein, Und wäre alles Liebste dein. Solange du um Verlorenes klagst Und Ziele hast und rastlos bist, Weißt du noch nicht, was Friede ist. Erst wenn du jedem Wunsch entsagst, Nicht Ziel mehr noch Begehren kennst, Das Glück nicht mehr mit Namen nennst, Dann reicht dir des Geschehens Flut Nicht mehr ans Herz, und deine Seele ruht. Hermann Hesse, Das Lied des Lebens: Die schönsten Gedichte Agradecimentos Há um enorme número de pessoas a quem devo agradecer pela ajuda e companhia antes e durante este trabalho. Como é possível e provável que eu acabe esquecendo parte delas, começo com um agradecimento e um pedido de desculpas a essas. Continuo então com os lembrados diretamente. Ao Prof. Dr. Gabriel Marroig, meu agradecimento pela possibilidade de fazer este mestrado depois de me ausentar da academia por alguns anos, recebendo-me como orientador junto a uma equipe fantástica e me dando a oportunidade de seguir trabalhando com carnívoros, grupo de meu interesse já há tempos. À Dra. Erika Hingst-Zaher, por me introduzir ao estudo dos carnívoros e à morfometria na iniciação científica e pelo apoio e amizade em vários momentos posteriores. À Prof. Dra. Denise Scheepmaker e ao Prof. Dr. Rui Murrieta, por expandirem minha compreensão sobre evolução e sobre ciência como um todo. Ao Fábio Machado (Lugar) e ao Guilherme Garcia (Pato), amigos de longa data e colegas de laboratório desde os tempos da IC, pelas inúmeras discussões, conversas, críticas e ideias (por vezes a um mar de distância), pelo grande apoio e pela companhia em vários momentos. Eu talvez não chegasse ao final sem vocês. À Anna Penna (Papete), companheira de mestrado, pelas conversas e companhia em vários momentos ao longo dos tempos de vida cigana. E aos demais colegas do LEM durante este mestrado - Ogro, Alex, Monique, Tafinha, Dani, Paulinha e Aninha, pelas risadas durante estes anos e pelas diversas conversas, dicas e contribuições sobre diversos aspectos do trabalho - dos teóricos aos burocráticos. I would like to thank all who kindly received me and helped me in the collections visited during the course of this work: Dr. Mário de Vivo, Juliana Gualda and Fábio Nascimento (MZUSP); Dr. João Oliveira and Sérgio Maia Vaz (MNRJ); Dr. Nancy Simmons and Eileen Westwig (AMNH); PD Dr. Frieder Mayer and Christiane Funk (ZMB); Dr. Frank Zachos and Alexander Bibl (NMW); Dr. Géraldine Veron (MNHN); Dr Jan Decher and Christian Montermann (ZFMK); Dr Petr Benda (NMP); Dr Robert Asher and Matthew Lowe (UMZC); PD Dr. Irina Ruf and Katrin Krohmann (SMF); and Pepijn Kamminga (Naturalis). This work would never be possible without your kind efforts to accommodate my visits in your schedules. I also extend my thanks to all who helped make me feel not only welcome, but actually home during my longer stays in Berlin: Christiane Funk, Steffen Bock, Heliana Dundarova, Linus Guenther, Simon Ripperger, Andreas Abele, Tali Magory, Emma Berdan, Sonja Calvus, Michael Pauli, and often other people whose names I unfortunately do not remember. Vielen Dank und alles Gute, ihr Lieben! Aos vários amigos, os de muito tempo atrás (Garga, Chinês, Caio, Gil e vários outros), os dos tempos de faculdade (Carimbo, Sandra, Xans, Santa, Thais, Caio...), os dos tempos de consultoria, cujas ideias contribuíram na minha formação como biólogo e profissional (Adriana Akemi, Denise Sasaki, Alexandre Binelli, Natália Oliveira, Melissa Harkim...) e os relativamente mais recentes, mas imensamente queridos (Cassis, Pira, Sem Vergonha, Mica, Toshi, Ana, Henrique...). Agradeço a essa grande segunda família que ajuda a construir muito do que eu sou pelas conversas, cafés, emails, mensagens e, às vezes, pela compreensão da falta delas durante esses últimos tempos. À Pepsi, que desde a metade desse trabalho atrapalhou, alegrou e acalmou nos intervalos, e tem me lembrado bem de perto como os carnívoros são geniais. À minha estranha e querida família. À minha mãe, Glacy, pelo apoio irrestrito e incondicional (às vezes até exagerado!). Aos avós-pais que agora moram na memória, Therezinha e Dimas, que, das primeiras letras às primeiras contas, me ensinaram a dar os primeiros passos que me levariam adiante. Ao meu pai, Carlos Eduardo, pela inspiração e pelo apoio, ainda quando distante. Aos irmãos, Gui, Léo, Edu e Bió, pelas risadas, ideias e reflexões sempre que nos encontramos. E aos sobrinhos, à Fátima, ao Jeferson, à Agatha, ao outro Gui e a várias outras partes dessa "família colcha-de- retalhos". Agradeço também àqueles que fizeram possível a continuidade deste trabalho: a técnicos de computador compreensíveis e eficazes em Dublin, Berlim e São Paulo; e, seguindo a tradição da Pira, ao café, amigo sempre presente e reconfortante, ainda que tenha causado uma das visitas aos técnicos. Agradeço à FAPESP, pelo auxílio financeiro no país e durante as visitas a coleções europeias; e à CAPES, pelo auxílio financeiro durante o início deste trabalho. Por fim, à Laurita, que teve muitas vezes imensa paciência e participou de todas as etapas deste processo: a decisão de finalmente iniciá-lo, os meses de preparação, as ideias, as faltas de ideias, os tempos de ausência, reencontros, aventuras e desventuras além-mar, os desesperos e as alegrias, e que apesar das arestas esteve ao lado todo este tempo, ajudando a limpar os cacos dos erros do passado e usá-los para pavimentar juntos uma estrada adiante. Índice Conteúdo Índice ............................................................................................................................ 8 Capítulo 1 - Introdução Geral ...................................................................................... 11 Variação morfológica, Integração e Modularidade .................................................
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    Brain-size evolution and sociality in Carnivora John A. Finarellia,b,1 and John J. Flynnc aDepartment of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, 2534 C.C. Little Building, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; bMuseum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1529 Ruthven Museum, 1109 Geddes Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and cDivision of Paleontology and Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 Edited by Alan Walker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved April 22, 2009 (received for review February 16, 2009) Increased encephalization, or larger brain volume relative to body develop a comprehensive view of the evolutionary history of mass, is a repeated theme in vertebrate evolution. Here we present encephalization across 289 terrestrial species (including 125 an extensive sampling of relative brain sizes in fossil and extant extinct species) of Carnivora, providing an extensive sampling of taxa in the mammalian order Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears, weasels, fossil and living taxa for both major subclades: Caniformia and and their relatives). By using Akaike Information Criterion model Feliformia. selection and endocranial volume and body mass data for 289 species (including 125 fossil taxa), we document clade-specific Results evolutionary transformations in encephalization allometries. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) model selection recovered These evolutionary transformations include multiple independent 4 optimal models (OM) within 2 log-likelihood units of the encephalization increases and decreases in addition to a remark- highest score (Table 1). There is broad agreement among the ably static basal Carnivora allometry that characterizes much of the OM with differences primarily in estimates of allometric slopes.
  • North African Lion Fact Sheet

    North African Lion Fact Sheet

    North African Lion Fact Sheet Common Name: North African Lion, Barbary Lion Scientific Name: Panthera leo leo Wild Status: Extinct Habitat: Forests, hills, mountains, plains Country: Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Libya Shelter: Forests Life Span: Unknown Size: 10ft long Details Present in Roman history and Biblical tales, the Barbary Lion had a reputation as an enormous and vicious creature with a giant mane. Much of their personality and history are, however, exaggerated. This overblown persona made them targets for human hunters, looking to keep their ever expanding territories safe, leading to the extinction of the Barbary Lions. In the wild, they were social mammals who lived in prides, much like the lions of today. They resided in mountainous and hilly areas and often took shelter in forests. Being carnivorous predators, they relied on instinct and teamwork to take down prey such as gazelles. Their fate has often been tied to that of humans who had the ability to catch and control them. The decline of Barbary Lions remains to this day a curious topic for researchers, with efforts being made to locate the purest specimens. Cool Facts • Lions were used as tax payments or lavish gifts. This caused royal families of Morocco to house many Barbary Lions, which eventually made their way to zoos across the world. • These lions are believed to have gone extinct in the 20th century. This would make them one of the most recent extinctions • They are said to have fought gladiators in the Roman empire. The lions present in the Bible are also believed to be Barbary Lions • Many zoos have claimed to have "the last Barbary Lion", however DNA testing has shown these lions are often mixed with other species • Not limited to deserts and savannas, they were often found in forests near mountains • The last Barbary Lion is thought to have been shot in 1942, although some may have survived until the 1960s Taxonomic Breakdown Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Pantherinae Genus: Panthera Species: P.