GHANA Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Energy and Waste Sectors
ANALYTICAL REPORT REVIEW OF NATIONAL EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS IN GH-NDC UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT
Disaggregation of Energy Sector and Waste Sector Categories TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables 3 List of Figures 3 Abbreviations and Acronyms 4 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 SCOPE 5 3 ENERGY SECTOR 6 3.1 Sectoral disaggregated categories 6 3.1.1 Disaggregated key categories 3.1.2 Increasingly important disaggregated non-key categories 3.1.3 Emerging disaggregated sector categories not considered in the NDC-BAU that are likely to be key by 2030 3.2 Revised energy sector BAU emissions projection 9 3.2.1 The conventional BAU scenario 3.2.2 The accelerated economic growth (AEG) scenario 3.2.3 Comparison of the traditional BAU and AEG projection scenarios 3.3 Share of sectoral key disaggregated categories and important non-key categories of AEG projections 11 3.4 Projected mineral and metal industries non-energy process-related emissions and additional projected fossil-based energy-related emissions considered (not included in the AEG scenario) 12 3.4.1 Planned production of extractive industry under development 3.4.2 Electricity demand emissions and non-energy process-related emissions projection 3.4.3 The growing importance of the extractive industry in national BAU emissions 3.4.4 AEG electricity generation mix projections 3.5 Sectoral emission reduction strategies 17 3.5.1 Sectoral emission reduction strategies achieved and investments by 2019 3.5.2 On-going and planned Sectoral emission reduction strategies, 2020-2-2030 3.5.3 Potential key sources of Investment for the implementation of sectoral emission reduction actions 4 WASTE SECTOR 21 4.1 Sectoral disaggregated key categories and important non-key categories 21 4.2 Waste sector BAU emission projections 4.2.1 Waste resources with value-addition potential 4.2.2 4A1 and 4A2 BAU emission projections 4.3 Sector MAPs and emissions reduction projection 27 4.3.1 MSW management systems (SWMS) emission reduction projection parameters
4.3.2 Sector disaggregated key categories emission reduction actions and projections 5. SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES AND KEY STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTS 33 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 33 6.2 Recommendations 35 ANNEX 37 Annex 1a:2006 IPCC National GHG inventory Guidelines - Energy Sector Disaggregated Categories Annex 1b:2006 IPCC National GHG inventory Guidelines – Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Disaggregated Categories Annex 2: 2006 IPCC National GHG inventory Guidelines - Waste Sector Disaggregated Categories Annex 3: Energy Sector AEG Electricity Demand Emissions Projection (kt CO2) Annex 4: Non-Energy Process Emissions and Electricity Demand Emissions Projections (GIADEC programme) for the Extractive Industry (Mt CO2e) not included in the AEG Annex 5: Decarbonized electricity supply estimation to meet AEG demand projections Annex 6: Country-specific CO2 intensity of Natural Gas -Thermal power generation (tonne CO2 per MWh) Estimation, 2012-2014 Annex 7: Energy sector emission reduction strategies Annex 8: Energy Sector Stakeholders Annex 9: Waste Sector Stakeholders Annex 10: Grid Electricity Generation by Plant (GWh) and Total Installed Generation Capacity (MW)
2 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Energy sector disaggregated key categories, 2016 (Source NIR 4) 7
Figure 1: Comparison of BAU and AEG emissions projection of electricity demand for 2020-2030 10
Table 2: Emission contribution (tCO2) of energy sector key disaggregated categories and important non-key categories, from 2020-2030 11
Table 3 : AEG and GIADEC projected production of cement, iron and steel and aluminium (tonnes), 2020-2030 13
Table 4: Energy-related and non-energy process emissions projection for extractive industry, not included in AEG 14
Table 5: Electricity demand emissions and associated non-energy industrial process-related emissions from extractive industries under development (kt CO2-e) 15
Table 6a: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential 18
Table 6b: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential 19
Table 6c: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential 19
Table 7: Waste sector disaggregated key categories (2016) 22
Table 8: 4.A.1 and 4.A.2 BAU emission projection parameters 23
Table 9: Waste sector mitigation action parameters 28
Table 10: Revised sector mitigation actions and cumulative emission reduction potential by 2020 29
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Comparison of BAU and AEG emissions projection of electricity demand for 2020-2030 10
Figure 2: Energy sector AEG emission projections by key disaggregated categories and important non-key categories (2020-2030) 12
Figure 3: Non-energy process-related emissions and energy-related emissions projection under GIADEC initiatives not included in AEG 14
Figure 4: Historical and AEG electricity generation (GWh) mix 2010-2030 16
Figure 5: Carbon intensity (tCO2/MWh) trend with declining hydropower fraction, 2010-2030 17
Figure 6: Waste resource streams and potential 3 R-MINT under NESSAP 23
Figure 7: BAU emission projections of methane from SWDS without gas recovery 24
Figure 8: Trend of historical emissions and BAU emission projections (%) by type of degradable 3R waste resources 25
Figure 9: Trend of degradable waste resources’ (food, paper, textile wastes) share of historical emissions and BAU emission projections, 2000-2030 (MtCO2e) 25
Figure 10: Share of SWDS BAU emissions by disaggregated key categories and critical non-key category 26
Figure 11: Mitigation actions: Material balance of 3R-MINT waste resources 27
Figure 12: Annual SWDS emission reduction projection relative to business-as-usual from 2019-2030 30
Figure 13: Trend of weighted MCF of methane emission with increasing fraction of managed SWDS 31
Figure 14: Net emission reduction potential from 3R-composting plants’ mitigation actions relative to BAU 32
3 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AD Activity Data LEAP Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning AD-STPs Anaerobic Digester-Septage Treatment Plants LTNDP Long-term National Development Plan AEG Accelerated Economic Growth MAP Mitigation Action plans AFJ Aquaculture for Food and Jobs MINT Materials-in-transition AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use MESTI Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation ALU Agriculture and Land Use MM&E Ministry of Monitoring and Evaluation BAU Business as Usual MSW Municipal Solid Waste BUR Biennial Update Report MTDPs Medium Term Development Plans BRT Bus Rapid Transit MVC Manufacturing Value Chain CC Climate Change MW Megawatt COP Conference of the Parties MtCO2 Million tonne Carbon Dioxide CPESDP President’s Coordinated Programme of Economic and Social Development Policies NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions DFO Distillate Fuel Oil NCCP National Climate Change Policy DOC Degradable Organic Content NCs National Communications EFs Emission Factors NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions EPA Environmental Protection Agency NE Not Estimated FOLU Forestry and Land Use NESSAP National Environment Sanitation Strategy Action Plan GCF Green Climate Fund NIR National Inventory Report GDP Gross Domestic Product NG Natural Gas GEF Global Environment Facility NPP Ghana’s Nuclear Power Programme GIADEC Ghana Integrated Aluminium Development Corporation PaMs Policies and Measures GIP Ghana Infrastructure Plan PERD Planting for Export and Rural Development programme GH Ghana PFCs Perfluorocarbons GHG Greenhouse Gas PFJs Planting for Food and Jobs GNPP Ghana’s Nuclear Power Programme 1D1F One-District, One-Factory GVC Global Value Chain 1V1D One-Village-One-Dam GWh Giga Watt Hour RE Renewable Energy HDDVs Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles RFJ Rearing for Food and Jobs HFO Heavy Fuel Oil SDGs Sustainable Development Goals iNDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution SWDS Solid Waste Disposal Sites IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change TOR Term of Reference IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Units UNDP United Nations Development Programme IPPs Independent Power Producers UNFCCC United Nations Framework for Convention on Climate Change KCA Key Category Analysis USD Unites States dollars KIIs Key Informant Interviews WWTD Waste Water Treatment and Discharge LCDS Low Carbon Development Strategy 3Rs Reduce, Reuse and Recycle LCO Light Crude Oil LDDVs Light Duty Diesel Vehicles
4 1 INTRODUCTION
Ghana submitted its intended nationally determined contribution (GH-iNDC)1 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 21st September 2015. Pursuant to Articles 4.2 and 4.9 of the Paris Agreement, “Each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions that it intends to achieve. Parties that have submitted their NDCs shall provide the first update by 2020 and every five years thereafter. Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions.”
This report serves as an input for the preparatory work Ghana would undertake in 2020 to update its NDC which was submitted in 2015.
2 SCOPE
The energy sector and the waste sector NDC BAU projections have been revised based on the disaggregated key categories and disaggregated non-key categories identified by the authors and that are of particular importance in the respective sectors. In addition, energy-related and associated non-energy process-related emissions, which were not considered in the 2015 NDC projections that would result, during the NDC implementation period, from the extractive industry categories’ productive activities, have also been considered in the revised BAU projections.
The BAU projections have also been informed by the Ghana Infrastructure Plan (GIP) currently being developed and implemented (see Section 3.4). These emission projections are based on new and emerging projects, policies and measures (PaMs) to bridge the gap between resource endowment and resource use within the framework of the GIP to support national development efforts. These initiatives are deemed to contribute substantially to achieving the objectives of the government’s Ghana Beyond Aid policy. The projections also considered Ghana’s emissions reduction policies, programmes and projects as contained in its Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) and National Climate Change Master Plan documents.
The disaggregated sectoral categories considered are based on the NIR 4 Key Categories Analysis (2019). The contributions of the disaggregated key categories and important non-key categories to the BAU projections and the emissions reductions planned, implemented and ongoing have guided the identification of relevant public and private sector organizations that would be key to implementing individual category emission reduction plans, programmes and projects towards the realization of Ghana’s NDCs under the Paris Agreement.
The emission reduction contributions projected to be realized by the identified stakeholders shall be provided during the stakeholder consultation to engage and guide the private and public sector in the working group discussion and development of the plan to implement the individual mitigation actions.
1 https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Ghana%20First/GH_INDC_2392015.pdf
5 3 ENERGY SECTOR
In 2016, energy sector emissions accounted for 15.02 MtCO2e, representing 79 percent of total national emissions of 29.28 MtCO2e (excluding net emissions from Forestry and Land Use (FOLU)). Emissions increased by 10.9 percent relative to 2012 historical national emissions, which were the basis of the NDC BAU projections. The rising emission trend in the energy sector is driven by the increasing use of liquid fuels in transport and by thermal power generation for electricity production. Light crude oil was the dominant fuel for electricity generation until 2010, when natural gas joined the group of fossil fuels, due primarily to its cost effectiveness. The transport category accounted for 48 percent, followed by the energy industry (35 percent) and manufacturing and construction (7.2 percent).
The relatively low contribution of the energy industry, the manufacturing industry and construction to national emissions reflects very low exploitation and use of the country’s mineral resource endowments for national development. However, based on implementation of Ghana’s ambitious national energy infrastructure plan, the accelerated resource-based industrial development of the national economy’s manufacturing and construction sectors could alter the current situation. Those sectors could significantly increase energy-related emissions and associated non-energy process- related emissions, particularly from the metal and non-metallic mineral production categories, by 2030 (see Section 3.2).
3.1 SECTORAL DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES
The energy sector’s revised BAU and emission reduction projections have considered disaggregated key categories, increasingly important non-key categories and emerging categories. Both of the latter two could become key by trend/ level by 2030 based on their increasing importance under Ghana’s accelerated economic growth (AEG) agenda.
3.1.1 DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORIES
The 2006 IPCC national inventory guidelines’ energy sector disaggregation is provided in Annex 1a. The disaggregated key categories identified by the key category analysis (KCA) in 2016 NIR 4 and BUR 2 are summarized in Table 1. By level of contribution, they are:
• 1A3b-road transport and 1A3c-railways under 1A3-Transport; • 1A1ai-electricity generation (thermal power plants); • 1A2-maniufacturing and construction industry disaggregated categories; and, • 1A4b-residential energy-use.
6 3.1.2 INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT DISAGGREGATED NON-KEY CATEGORIES
In 2016, emissions from disaggregated non-key categories under 1B2-fugitive emissions in the oil and natural gas industry, particularly venting and flaring (see Table 1 and Annex 2), represented 0.2 percent of total national emissions. The small contribution of the oil and natural gas category is attributed to implementation of the national emission reduction policy on the capture, processing and use of natural gas. This is in accordance with Ghana’s zero-flaring and venting policy and the substitution of high-carbon intensity light crude oil (LCO) with natural gas in thermal power generation, as outlined in its LCDS and the NCC master plan.
Another important disaggregated non-key category discussed is 1A1c-manufacture of solid fuel (charcoal and wood fuel). Both remain the largest primary source of heating fuel in Ghana, accounting for 67 percent of primary energy in 2016, followed by crude oil (22.8 percent) and natural gas (3.5 percent)2. These solid fuels could be produced as renewable energy products that could help transform a predominantly non-renewable product (99.5 percent) into an increasingly renewable one. This could drive agroforestry for renewable biomass production within the charcoal value chain, offering emission reduction opportunities, and address relevant SDGs (See Section 3.5, MAP 8).
The disaggregated non-key categories under 1A4 – that is, commercial and institutional (1A4a) and residential (1A4b) - have also been considered based on ongoing energy efficiency and renewable technology transfer programmes offering significant emission reduction opportunities in the residential, industry and services sectors of the economy (see Table 1).
3.1.3 EMERGING DISAGGREGATED SECTOR CATEGORIES NOT CONSIDERED IN THE NDC-BAU THAT ARE LIKELY TO BE KEY BY 2030
The energy sector’s disaggregated categories under 1A2 Manufacturing and construction industry category (that is, 1A2a Ferrous metals - iron and steel from iron ore, and 1A2b non-ferrous metals - aluminium production from bauxite; 1A2c chemicals - ammonia and petrochemicals from oil and gas, and 1A2f non-metallic minerals - cement from limestone) were not included in the NDC-BAU in 2015. They could become key categories by 2030 and have also been integrated in the BAU projections. This is in consideration of Ghana’s increasing commitment to implement its AEG plan under the emerging policy, Ghana Beyond Aid.
The revised BAU emissions projection for the energy sector has also considered and accounted for disaggregated categories in industrial processes and product use (IPPU) associated with the emerging energy sector disaggregated categories. They could become key categories during the NDC implementation period, given their increasing importance under the AEG scenario. These include 2A1-Cement/clinker production, 2C1 Iron and steel production, and 2C3- Aluminium production (see Annex 1b and Section 3.4).
Table 1: Energy sector disaggregated key categories, 2016 (Source NIR 4)
STATUS BY EMISSIONS TREND/LEVEL LEVEL CONTRIBUTION
IPCC CATEGORY/ECONOMIC SECTORS GAS ASSESSMENT (MTCO2E) TO LEVEL, 2016 KEY CATEGORIES DISAGGREGATION
1A3 1A3b Road transport CO2 L, T 5.92 11.11%
1.A3bi Passenger cars
1.A3bii Light-duty truck
1.A3biii Heavy-duty & buses
1.A3biv Motorcycle
2 NIR 4, 2016 pg. 111 of 318
7 STATUS BY EMISSIONS TREND/LEVEL LEVEL CONTRIBUTION
IPCC CATEGORY/ECONOMIC SECTORS GAS ASSESSMENT (MTCO2E) TO LEVEL, 2016 1A1 1A1ai Electricity generation (thermal power plants) CO2 L, T 5.04 9.46%
1A1ai (a) Light crude oil (LCO)
1A1ai (b) Diesel (No.6 Fuel Oil)
1A1ai (c) Heavy fuel oil (HFO)
1A1ai (d) Distillate fuel oil (DFO)
1A1ai (e) Natural gas (NG)
1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction (existing) CO2 L, T 1.94 3.64%
1.A2a Iron and steel (scrap recycle)
Non-ferrous metals: aluminium production from 1 A 2b alumina imports
1.A2c Chemicals
1.A2d Pulp, paper & print
1.A2e Food processing, beverage & tobacco
1.A2i Mining & quarrying
1A3 1A3c Railways CO2 L, T 0.94 1.77%
1A4 1A4b Residential CH4 L, T 0.85 1.59%
IMPORTANT DISAGGREGATED NON-KEY CATEGORIES
1A1 1.A1ci Manufacture of solid fuel (renewable & non-renewable)
Woody biomass for charcoal production N O, 1.A1ci (a) 2 Non-key 0.096 0.18% (renewable and non-renewable) CH4 1A4 Other energy consumption categories/demand side
1 A 4a Commercial and Industrial CO2 Non-key 1.08 2.04%
1B Fugitive emissions
1B2 Oil and natural gas CO2 Non-key 0.024 0.05%
IMPORTANT DISAGGREGATED NON-KEY CATEGORIES
1A1 1.A1ci Manufacture of solid fuel (renewable & non-renewable)
Woody biomass for charcoal production N O, 1.A1ci (a) 2 Non-key 0.0963 0.18% (renewable and non-renewable) CH4
1A4 Other energy consumption categories/demand side
4 1 A 4a Commercial and Industrial CO2 Non-key 1.08 2.04%
1B Fugitive emissions
5 1B2 Oil and natural gas CO2 Non-key 0.024 0.05%
3 Section 3.6.5.1.1.3 Manufacture of solid fuels (1. A1ci), NIR 4 (2016) page 138. 4 Section 3.6.5.4.1 Overview of fuel consumption and emissions in “other sectors”, NIR 4 (2016), page 155. 5 Section 3.7.1.1 Emissions from Oil and Natural gas (1.B2), NIR 4 (2016), page 158.
8 STATUS BY EMISSIONS TREND/LEVEL LEVEL CONTRIBUTION
IPCC CATEGORY/ECONOMIC SECTORS GAS ASSESSMENT (MTCO2E) TO LEVEL, 2016
EMERGING DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES LIKELY TO BE KEY BY 2030
Manufacturing industries & construction (on-going and planned under 1A2 AEG & GIP) Ferrous metals: iron and steel production from 1 A 2a CO iron ore 2 Non-ferrous metals: aluminium production from 1 A 2b CO bauxite and alumina 2 Chemicals: ammonia and fertilizer from natural 1 A 2c CO gas 2
1 A 2f Non-metallic minerals: cement from limestone CO2
3.2 REVISED ENERGY SECTOR BAU EMISSIONS PROJECTION
The revised energy sector BAU projection is based on both the conventional business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and an accelerated economic growth (AEG) scenario for 2010-2030. The projections take 2010 as their base year. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) simulation tool has been used for the revised BAU and AEG scenario projections. This methodology is built on the Energy Commission’s energy sector modelling programme. The LEAP model has been used to simulate plausible AEG energy demand emission scenarios (see Annex 3).
Preliminary estimates of the electricity supply requirements to meet the AEG demand projections have been conducted consistent with the LCDS objectives to decarbonize activities throughout the entire economy (see Annex 5). The results indicate the country’s future electricity supply requirements to achieve the AEG and the transition from the current energy basket to a mix of hydropower, natural gas, renewable energy and nuclear power by 2030. The substitution of natural gas for light crude oil (LCO), penetration of renewable energy (RE), and integration of nuclear power are key strategic mitigation actions that can help to decarbonize the AEG, via equivalent ambitious emission reduction actions to meet Ghana’s nationally determined commitments under the Paris Agreement.
3.2.1 THE CONVENTIONAL BAU SCENARIO
The conventional BAU scenario is normally based on historical trends (2010-2015) and progress in implementing sectoral PaMs and the socioeconomic policy goals outlined in the MTDPs. The energy sector PaMs that drive energy demand include: (a) achieving universal access to the national electricity grid by 2020; and, (b) increasing power generation capacity to 5,000 MW by 2020 to meet the energy demand, responding to Ghana’s projected socioeconomic development indicators by 2030, namely:
• population expected to increase from 24.7 million in 2010 to 38 million in 2030, at an average annual rate of 2.17 percent6 ; • urbanization projected to increase from 50.9 percent in 2010 to 65.0 percent in 2030, at an average annual rate of 1.2 percent; and
• GDP projected to increase at an average annual rate of 7.1 percent, from US$ 32.2 billion (current prices) in 2010 at to US$ 126.9 billion (current prices) in 2030 7.
3.2.2 THE ACCELERATED ECONOMIC GROWTH (AEG) SCENARIO
The AEG scenario is premised on implementation of the government’s additional PaMs to achieve the Ghana Beyond Aid vision outlined in the assessment report. They are based on the GIP8, a companion document to the draft Long-term National Development Plan (LTNDP, 2020-2040) and the President’s Coordinated Programme of Economic and Social
6 Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Population Projection, October 2014. 7 In the Ghana Long Term National Development Plan (2018-2057) concept paper 2016, real GDP in 2030 would be US$ 29.73 billion. The average annual growth rate of 7.1 percent from 2010 to 2030 for the BAU scenario is also in line with the Ministry of Finance’s 2017-2019 average annual growth rate of 7.4 percent (with oil) and 5.6 percent (without oil) (20th April 2017 letter, referenced MOF/RSD/ADMIN/03/17). 8 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/new-ndpc-static1/CACHES/PUBLICATIONS/2017/10/24/Presentation1.pdf 9 Figure 1:Comparison of BAU andAEGemissionsprojectionof electricitydemandfor 2020-2030 3.2.3 MILLION TONNES OF CO2
30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 AEG scenarioisdiscussedinSection3.3. The share of emissions from electricity demand for the disaggregated key and important non-key categories under the sector AEGemissionprojectionissubstantiallyhigherthanthetotal NDCemission,projectedat73MtCO2-ein2015. scenario maycontribute83.7MtCO2 emissions,comparedtotheBAU sectoraltotalof47.8MtCO2, by2030. Theenergy Figure 1comparesemissionprojectionsundertheBAU andAEGscenarios.Theresultsindicatethatthesectoral economic developmentactors,bothstateandnon-state, duringthe2020NDCupdateandsubsequent implementation. the NCCmasterplanforemissionsreduction.Itisintendedtoformbasisbuildingnationalconsensusamongall the basis for decarbonizing the national economy under the AEG, in accordance with the LCDS, to meet the LCDS and process-related CO2 emissions relative to the traditional BAU in achieving the Ghana Beyond Aid vision. It also provides This revisedBAU andAEGprojectionsapproachhighlightsthechallengesofprojectedenergynon-energy not consideredduringformulationoftheNDCin2015. emissions associatedwiththeindustrialsectordevelopmentwouldbesignificant(seesection3.4).Theseissueswere of Ghanapursuesimplementationitsextractiveindustrydevelopmentframework,theprojectedprocess-related are inadditiontofossil-basedelectricitydemandemissionsthemineralandmetalindustries.AsGovernment and heatsourcetodrivethechemicalreactionsinvolvedinmetallurgicalprocesses. related CO2emissionsfromthemetalindustry, ontheotherhand,resultfromuseofcarbonasaprocessreactant the calcination of carbonate compounds, during which a metallic oxide is formed and CO2 is released. clinker production) and metal industries (iron and steel and aluminium production). Mineral industry emissions result from The revisedBAU projectionreferstoindustrialprocess-relatedCO2emissionsfromthemineral(limestoneminingand and steeldevelopmenttheintegratedaluminiumclinker/cement industries. and Jobs and Aquaculture for Food and Jobs (AFJ); and, crucially, the energy intensive extractive industry, namely iron including thestrategicanchorinitiatives,One-District-One-Factory(1D1F),One-Village-One-Dam (1V1D),PlantingforFood the GhanaEnergyandTransport InfrastructureFrameworks;theflagshipindustrialdevelopmentinitiativesandprojects, Development Policies (CPESDP)for2017-2024 COMPARISON OF THE TRADITIONAL BAU AND AEG PROJECTION SCENARIOS 11 10 9
2020 Emissions Section4.1 pg.4.8 nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_2_Ch2_Mineral_Industry.pdf 2020 NDCs. Industrial processes sector (metalproductioncategory),IPCC 2006 guidelines,Volume 3:IndustrialProcesses andProductUse, Chapter 4:MetalIndustry Industrial processessector(mineralproduction category),IPCC2006guidelines,Chapter4:MetalIndustryEmissionsSection 2.1 pg.2.6 Section 4:FinalAssessmentReport: Potential driversoffutureemissionsandcorrespondingemissionreductionopportunities thatmustbereflectedinthe 33.4 48.2 2021 34.4 50.3 2022 https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_4_Ch4_Metal_Industry.pdf Accelerated EconomicGrowth 35.6 52.4 2023 36.8 54.9 2024 9 . TherevisedprojectionsundertheAEGscenarioarethusdrivenby 38.0 57.6 2025 YEAR 10 39.4 65.8 Business asUsual 2026 40.8 69.7 2027 42.4 69.0 11 Both process-related emissions Bothprocess-relatedemissions 2028 44.1 73.7 2029 10 The process- https://www.ipcc- 45.9 78.6 2030 47.8 83.7 3.3 SHARE OF SECTORAL KEY DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES AND IMPORTANT NON-KEY CATEGORIES OF AEG PROJECTIONS
Figure 2 shows the trend in share of emissions from electricity demand for the disaggregated key and important non- key categories from 2020-2030. Table 2 also summarizes the key disaggregated categories with identifiable activities occurring and those that would occur in Ghana during NDC implementation (2020-2030).
The analysis of the AEG projections indicates the economic sectors that would drive emissions and also provide technology transfer and emission reduction opportunities. Cumulative sectoral emissions from 2020 to 2030 are estimated at 684 MtCO2, with annual emissions increasing by 73.8 percent, from 48.181 MtCO2 (2020) to 83.720 MtCO2 (2030).
Residential energy demand will contribute 24.5 percent of cumulative emissions by 2030, followed by the road transport disaggregated categories, with passenger cars (20.3 percent) and the expanding railway category sharing 10.8 percent. Residential solar PV systems using mini-wind energy instead of electricity to charge batteries would be a significant emissions reduction action in the on-going national rooftop solar programmes. Vehicle fuel efficiency, mass public transport and introduction of electric vehicles would help transform the road transport sector and offer significant benefits in terms of emission reductions. Transitioning from LCO thermal power generation with NG-power generation, followed by nuclear energy by 2030, would achieve the decarbonization of energy-intensive extractive industries.
Table 2: Emission contribution (tCO2) of energy sector key disaggregated categories and important non-key categories, from 2020-2030
CUMULATIVE % SHARE OF EMISSIONS CUMULATIVE ENERGY SECTOR KEY AND IMPORTANT NON-KEY CATEGORIES 2020 2025 2030 2020-2030 EMISSIONS 1A2 Manufacturing and Construction Industries 2,004 8,731 17,567 88,446 12.6%
1A2a Iron and steel 14.8 3,022 7,403 30,072 4.3%
Integrated aluminium industry (excluding GIADEC (see 1A2b 6.4 2,75 6,298 26,676 3.8% Section 3.4))
1.A2i Mining & quarrying 1,184 1,661 2,249 18,251 2.6%
Other 799 1,293 1,617 13,447 1.9%
1A3 Transport 17,11 24,096 31,330 261,407 37.1%
1.A.3b Road transport 13,813 17,290 18,716 181,494 25.8%
1.A3bi Passenger cars 10,212 12,843 16,049 142,575 20.3%
1.A3bii Light duty diesel vehicles (LDDVs) truck 1,665 1,958 2,295 21,636 3.1%
Phased 1.A3biii Heavy duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) & buses 1,630 2,151 13,554 1.9% out
1.A3c Railways 3,117 6,475 12,054 76,087 10.8%
Others 185 331 560 3,826 0.5%
1A4 Other 15,249 15,692 16,107 172,581 24.52%
1.A4b Residential 15,242 15,682 16,090 172,464 24.50%
Others 6.24 10.22 16.34 117.11 0.02%
TOTAL (ALL CATEGORIES) 48,181 65,810 83,720 683,927
11 3.4.1 3.4 important non-key categories (2020-2030) Figure 2:Energysector AEGemissionprojectionsby key disaggregated categories and
Mt C02e 1A2 ManufacturingandConstructionIndustries
40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 Ghanaian government’s industrialdevelopment programmeasoutlinedinthe1D1FpolicyandGhanaBeyondAidvision. alumina plants(SeeAnnex4).Table 3providesanoverviewoftheAEGandGIADECprojectedproductionbasedon production fromlimestone industrial processcategoriesthatareeitherunderdevelopmentand/orbeingimplemented.Theyinclude2A1:Cement non-energy process-relatedCO2eemissionsnotincludedintheAEGandNDC, havebeenestimatedfortheemerging The CO2emissionsassociatedwithelectricitydemandfromthe2million-tonneintegratedaluminiumindustry, aswell INCLUDED IN THE AEG SCENARIO) FOSSIL-BASED ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONS CONSIDERED (NOT PROCESS-RELATED EMISSIONS AND ADDITIONAL PROJECTED PROJECTED MINERAL AND METAL INDUSTRIES NON-ENERGY PLANNED PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY UNDER DEVELOPMENT 13 12
2020 programme.html iron-steel-factory-commissioned-at-kpone.html news/president-mahama-inaugurates-cement-factory-in-wr.html Cement of42.5R,42.5Nand32.5Rgrades peryearatBokoro, intheAhantaWest DistrictnearTakoradi. story/156638/savanna-diamond-cement-launches-new-ghana-plant.html Commissioning ofUS$8m60,000-tonne capacityironandsteelfactoryunder1D1F. 0.44Mta cement factory inBuipe, inthenorthern regionofGhana.ThenewUS$90mprojectwasofficiallyinaugurated 2021 2022 12 ; 2C1:Ironandsteelproductionfromironore 2023 // https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/sod-cut-for-80m-steel-factory-under-1d1f- 2024 1A3 Transport 2025 YEAR 12
The $50millioninvestmentproducesone milliontonnesofPortland Limestone https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-80m- 2026 1A4 OtherEnergydemand/consumptioncategories 13 ; and2C3:Aluminiumsmelterfrombauxite- 2027 https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general- 2028 https://www.cemnet.com/News/ 2029
2030
Table 3 : AEG and GIADEC projected production of cement, iron and steel and aluminium (tonnes), 2020-2030
IPCC DISAGGREGATED CATEGORY 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2A1 CEMENT PRODUCTION
Limestone mining 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100
Clinker production 839 839 839 839 839 839 839
2C1 IRON AND STEEL
Iron production 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,667 10,333 12,000
Pig iron production 3,000 3,600 4,200 5,200 6,200 7,200
Steel production 2,400 2,880 3,360 4,160 4,960 5,760
Steel milling production 205 225 245 266 286 2,706 3,216 3,727 4,557 5,388 6,218
2C3 INTEGRATED ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY
Bauxite mining 1,422 1,458 1,494 1,530 1,566 1,602 1,638 1,674 1,710 1,746 1,782
Alumina production 510 522 534 546 558 570 582 594
Aluminium production 120 160 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
GIADEC projected aluminium production 200 200 800 800 1,600 1,600 1,800 (not included in AEG)
3.4.2 ELECTRICITY DEMAND EMISSIONS AND NON-ENERGY PROCESS-RELATED EMISSIONS PROJECTION
Based on the average electricity requirement of 15.5MWh per tonne of aluminium for pre-baked cathode pot operation, the current aluminium technology, the total natural gas baseload electricity demand for the aluminium smelters for an additional 1,800kt in addition to VALCO (200kt) is estimated at 27,900 GWh (4,000 MW) by 2030. Based on the derived CS-NG-thermal power supply carbon intensity (755tCO2/GWh), energy-related emissions are estimated at 21.06 MtCO2 (derived baseline power generation efficiency of 32 percent)14 (see Annex 6).
The industrial process non-energy process-related emissions from important non-key categories as at 2015 are: 2A1: Cement production from limestone; 2C1- Iron and steel production from iron ore (22.104 MtCO2); and, 2C3: Aluminium production from alumina - are estimated in Table 4. The three categories under development could potentially contribute a total of 53.30MtCO2 in energy and non-energy process-related emissions in 2030. Figure 3 gives the non-energy process-related emissions and additional energy related-emissions from use of NG-based power for GIADEC aluminium production initiatives. These categories, which were not considered in the NDCs, could potentially become key categories during the NDC implementation period.
14 Volume 2: Energy, Table 1.3 (2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories) https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_ Volume2/V2_1_Ch1_Introduction.pdf
13 GIADEC initiatives notincludedinAEG Figure 3:Non-energyprocess-related emissionsandenergy-related emissionsprojectionunder included inAEG Table 4:Energy-related andnon-energyprocess emissionsprojectionfor extractive not industry 1A2b 2C3 2C1 2A1 CATEGORY DISAGGREGATED Mt C02e 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 2C1, 2C3) (1A2b, 2A1, emissions industry extractive Total projected) (GIADEC production aluminium emissions: related Energy- emissions related process- Non-energy PFC-C PFC-CF CO Production Aluminium Making Steel Iron and Production Clinker Cement / 2 2020 2 F 4 6 0.97 MtCO MtCO MtCO MtCO MtCO2 MtCO MtCO MtCO UNITS 2021 Total (1A2b+2A1+2C1+2C3) NtCO Aluminium ProductionunderGIADEC- 1A2b Projectedelectricityemissions: 2C3 AluminumProduction 2C1 IronandSteel Production-MtCO 2A1 Cement/Clinker Production-MtCO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -e -e -e -e 2 -e initiatives(notincludedinAEG) 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.530 0.350 0.089 2020 2022
0.969 0.969 0.969 0.530 0.350 0.089 2021 2023
0.969 0.969 0.969 0.530 0.350 2022 0.08 2024
2.34 2 0.44 2 0.0889 2023 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.530 0.350 2025 YEAR
14 9.21 0.436 0.700 4.715 2024 0.178 1.061 2.34 2.37 1.94
2026 13.925 0.436 0.700 2025 11.58 177.6 .061 2.34 1.94 9.21 2027 25.696 2.652 0.436 0.444 2026 16.33 1.750 11.05 4.85 9.36 2028 27.538 2.652 0.436 0.444 2027 12.89 1.750 18.18 4.85 9.36 2029 43.847 0.436 0.799 2028 15.96 4.774 25.12 3.150 18.72 8.72 2029 0.44 9.69 21.06 22.10 53.30 2030 46.917 0.436 0.799 4.774 19.03 28.19 3.150 18.72 8.72 2030 53.297 3.500 0.888 5.304 32.23 0.436 21.06 22.10 9.69 3.4.3 THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY IN NATIONAL BAU EMISSIONS
The total electricity demand emissions projection (not covered in the AEG projection) and associated mineral and metal industries process-related emissions from the emerging extractive industry under development – that is, cement, iron and steel and integrated aluminium industry - is summarized in Table 5. The projected emissions suggest that the extractive industry could contribute 34.77MtCO2 in energy-related emissions and 32.23 MtCO2 in non-energy industrial process emissions to Ghana’s BAU emissions. This should be reflected in the 2020 update.
Table 5: Electricity demand emissions and associated non-energy industrial process-related emissions from extractive industries under development (kt CO2-e)
CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2020-2030 Energy and non- energy emerging 990.40 992.50 994.70 1,240.9 4,995.03 19,702.13 32,598.33 35,572.53 53,758.53 58,717.23 66,997.83 276,560.12 emissions (kt) Energy sector disaggregated categories (see Annex 1a)
1A2 Manufacturing and Construction Industries
Iron and 1A2a 14.80 16.70 18.70 20.90 23.10 3,021.70 3,640.20 4,264.80 5,300.60 6,346.60 7,403.40 30,071.50 steel (AEG)
Integrated aluminium industry 1A2b 6.40 6.60 6.80 250.80 256.70 2,755.20 3,261.80 3,769.40 4,610.80 5,453.50 6,297.60 26,675.60 (bauxite, alumina, aluminium)
GIADEC 1A2b aluminium 2,340.50 2,340.50 9,362.00 9,362.00 18,724.00 18,724.00 21,064.50 81,917.50 production
Energy emission 21.20 23.30 25.50 271.70 2,620.30 8,117.40 16,264.00 17,396.20 28,635.40 30,524.10 34,765.50 138,664.60 subtotal
Industrial processes disaggregated categories (See Annex 1b)
2A Mineral Industry
2A1 Cement / clinker - - - 436.33 436.33 436.33 436.33 436.33 436.33 436.33 3,054.32 production
2C Metal Industry
2C1 Iron and 9,210.00 11,052.00 12,894.00 15,964.00 19,034.00 22,104.00 90,258.00 steel
2C3 Aluminium production 969.20 969.20 969.20 969.20 1,938.40 1,938.40 4,846.00 4,846.00 8,722.80 8,722.80 9,692.00 44,583.20 (VALCO & GIADEC)
Non-energy process- 969.20 969.20 969.20 969.20 2,374.73 11,584.73 16,334.33 18,176.33 25,123.13 28,193.13 32,232.33 137,895.52 related emissions
The potentially significant increase in the AEG emissions projection does offer ambitious emission reduction opportunities in baseload energy generation options to limit emissions from implementation of extractive industry projects under the industrial development framework. These include nuclear energy (to avoid coal power production without carbon capture and storage technology) and industrial process optimization and energy efficiency mitigation technologies in integrated iron and steel production and integrated aluminium industry (including PFCs mitigation in aluminium smelting operations).
3.4.4 AEG ELECTRICITY GENERATION MIX PROJECTIONS
Annex 5 provides the electricity generation requirements to meet AEG electricity demand projections. The power generation mix was derived based on the following:
• Hydropower production capacity expansion is limited to 6,950 GWh from 2020, based on remaining limited exploitable hydropower resources;
• Renewable energy penetration rate will grow steadily to 10 percent of total electricity generation by 2030, in accordance with Ghana’s SE4ALL national plan and decarbonization of the electricity mix; 15 • Natural gas thermal generation will substitute LCO-power generation, with some plants maintaining dual-firing systems (NG and LCO) for generation security purposes;
• 1,000MW nuclear energy comes on stream by 2029 as part of electricity decarbonization programme, as Ghana continues to implement its energy and infrastructure frameworks with projected 50,000 MW power installation by 2040; and,
• The national average carbon intensity (MWh/t CO2) has been estimated using three-year NG-only electricity generation (GWh/y) from 2015-2017, the share of electricity generation emissions of the total national emissions for the period, and IPCC default NCV (net calorific value) of NG (Annex 6).
The electricity generation required to implement the AEG is estimated at 12,000MW by 2030 (additional capacity is approximately 7,600MW). Ghana’s electricity mix will shift substantially from hydropower production (37 percent) and thermal generation (63 percent) in 2018 to hydropower production (6.3 percent), thermal generation (77.2 percent), renewable energy (10 percent) and nuclear (6.5 percent). Figure 4 presents the electricity mix and carbon intensity trend, based on the baseline average generation efficiency of 30-32% of NG-fired thermal power plants.
Figure 4: Historical and AEG electricity generation (GWh) mix 2010-2030
Hydro GWh Thermal GWh RE-Solar GWh Nuclear 120,000
100,000 h) 80,000
60,000
40,000 ENERGY GENERATION (GW GENERATION ENERGY
20,000
0.00 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 YEAR
The carbon intensity of the increasing NG-baseload electricity generation peaks at 0.669 tCO2/MWh in 2021, from 0.252 tCO2/MWh in 2010 when the hydropower fraction was 68.8 percent (2010) and thermal power, 31.2 percent (see Annex 10 and Figure 5). It decreases gradually to 0.583 tCO2/MWh as solar penetration reaches 10 percent and nuclear integration reaches 6.5 percent. The increasing carbon intensity with NG-baseload power generation offers emission reduction opportunities to develop GCF projects that can generate the additional 7,500MW by 2030 by:
• Generating additional NG-thermal power (75,500 GWh) through: • retrofitting existing single-cycle thermal power plants (30-32%) to combined cycle power plants with benchmark generation efficiency of 60-62% (see Section 3.5);15
• installation of new combined cycle power plants with benchmark generation efficiency of 60-62%. (see Section 3.5) ;
15 GE Power : Breaking the power plant efficiency recordhttps://www.ge.com/power/about/insights/articles/2016/04/power-plant-efficiency-record 16 3.5 Figure 5:Carbonintensity (tCO2/MWh) trendwithdeclininghydropower fraction, 2010-2030 3.5.1 PERCENT ENERGY c. b. a. • • 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%
investments intothe1,394-km railnetwork. Implementation oftheNationalRailway MasterPlantomodernizerailwaynetworknationwideby mobilizing$7.8 billion Increased annualinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergyfrom 2.9 MWin2013to42.7MW in2017;and, National GasMasterPlantobackit; Ramped-up investments$13.2billiontoexpandproduction,processinganduseofnatural gas,withadoptionofthe Development Strategy, thatseektounlocktheinvestment opportunitiesinmitigationactions sector investments,whichhaveincreasedsince2015toimplement aNationalClimateChangePolicy andLow Carbon emission reductioncommitmentsinitsNDC2015andthe country’s sustainabledevelopmentobjectives.Energy Ghana hasadoptedavarietyofnationalandsectormitigationpoliciestopromoteachievementthe 6.5 percentnuclear(7,200GWh). 10% RE(11,100 GWh), composedof75percentsolarPV(8,316GWh) and25percentother(2,773 GWh); and, SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES ACHIEVED AND INVESTMENTS BY 2019 16
2020 documents/193159 Section4.2Policies andmeasuresfortheachievementofemissiontargets Ghana’s SecondBiennialUpdateReport (BUR-2). 2021 % Hydro ; https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/gh_bur2_rev-2.pdf 2022 2023 % Thermal 2024 2025 YEAR % RE-Solar 17 2026 % Nuclear 2027 2028 Carbon intensity 16 include: https://unfccc.int/ 2029 2030 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800
CARBON INTENSITY 3.5.2 ON-GOING AND PLANNED SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES, 2020-2-2030
Ghana’s carbon emissions would increase substantially relative to the NDCs’ projection of 73 MtCO2e under the AEG scenario, which is aimed at achieving the Ghana Beyond Aid vision. The ambitious resource-based development during the NDC implementation period poses both greater emissions-related challenges and emission reduction opportunities, in accordance with its low-carbon development policies and strategies and Ghana’s emissions reduction master plan. The identified emission reduction strategies consistent with SE4All, LCDS, and the NCCP master plans for 2020, 2025 and 2030 are outlined in Annex 7. The individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions to decarbonize the energy sector (mitigation action plans), and associated GHG emission potentials17 are summarized in Table 6:
MAP-1: 1A1-category: decarbonizing the increasing baseload energy generation from 3,795 MW (2018) to 25,000MW (2030) as the contribution from hydropower sources declines and natural gas production capacity increases;
MAP-2: scaling-up low-emission factor renewable energy (RE) (on-grid and off-grid utility scale solar PV);
MAP-3: integrating no-carbon energy sources;
MAP-4: Category 1A2 - installing higher efficiency manufacturing and construction industrial plants;
MAP-5: Category 1A3b - decarbonizing road transport;
MAP-6: Category 1A3c - decarbonizing railway transport;
MAP-7: Category 1A4 - energy efficiency and sustainable consumption of residential energy; and,
MAP-8: Category 1 B - oil and natural gas and solid fuels fugitive emissions reduction.
Table 6a: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential
EMISSION REDUCTION/ MITIGATION DISAGGREGATED CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED ACTION PLAN EMISSION REDUCTION ACTION CATEGORIES CODES 2014-2017 (MAP) ktCO -E/YR 2 ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-1 1A1 Decarbonizing increasing baseload electricity generation (1A1) in energy industry
New natural gas thermal power plants at relatively 1.1 1A1ai NE higher prices - alternative to coal/LCO plants Existing single cycle to combined cycle power 1.2 1A1ai plants, raising baseline NG-fired efficiency of 30- 398.5 3.3 32% to 55-60% (old bench mark)
1.3 1A1ai Switch from LCO to natural gas NE
1.4 1A1ai Switch from fuel oil to natural gas NE
17 Mitigation Progress Tracker, Ghana’s Second Biennial Update Report (BUR 2), 2019 pgs. 25-27. https://unfccc.int/documents/193159; https://unfccc.int/ sites/default/files/resource/gh_bur2_rev-2.pdf
18 Table 6b: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential
EMISSION REDUCTION/ MITIGATION DISAGGREGATED CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED ACTION PLAN EMISSION REDUCTION ACTION CATEGORIES CODES 2014-2017 (MAP) ktCO -E/YR 2 ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-2 Scale-up low emission factor renewable energy (RE)
2.1 Solar PV-RE
2.1.1 Utility-scale renewables (PV/solar PVs, large grid) 27.8 39
2.1.2 Distributed solar PV/ solar home PVs 0.0
2.1.3 Hybrid solar/diesel mini-grid 0.0
2.1.4 Solar LED lamps 0.0
2.1.5 Solar street lights NE
2.2 Other RE
2.2.1 Mini hydro power connected to main grid 6.9 4
2.2.2 Mini hydro power off grid NE
2.2.3 Wind turbines, on-shore 0.0
MAP-3 Integrating no-carbon energy sources
3.1 New nuclear power plant NE
Table 6c: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential
EMISSION REDUCTION/ MITIGATION DISAGGREGATED CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED ACTION PLAN EMISSION REDUCTION ACTION CATEGORIES CODES 2014-2017 (MAP) ktCO -E/YR 2 ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-4 1A2 Installing higher efficiency manufacturing and construction industrial plants (1A2)
Lower energy-intensive primary iron and steel 4.1 1A2a NE production Decommissioning and replacing existing EAF 4.2 1A2a NE plants with more efficient unit operations Lower energy intensive aluminium smelter/ 4.3 1A2b NE production plants Lower energy-intensive cement/clinker 4.4 1A2b NE production plants
MAP-5 1A3b Decarbonizing road transport
5.1 1A3bi Bus rapid transit (BRT) 0.0
5.2 1A3bi Electric cars (Drive Electric Vehicle Initiative) 0.0
5.3 1A3b (i-iii) Switch from fuel oil to natural gas in industry 0.0
5.4 1A3b (i-iii) Vehicle fuel efficiency improvement NE
19 EMISSION REDUCTION/ MITIGATION DISAGGREGATED CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED ACTION PLAN EMISSION REDUCTION ACTION CATEGORIES CODES 2014-2017 (MAP) ktCO -E/YR 2 ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-6 1A3c Decarbonizing railway transport (1A3c)
6.1 1A3c Switch from fuel-oil to electric railway trains NE
MAP-7 1A4 Energy efficiency and sustainable consumption - residential energy
7.1 1A4b Residential lighting
7.1.1 Efficient domestic lighting-LEDs 0.0
7.1.2 Efficient lighting with LEDs replacing CFL 0.0
Steam boiler energy efficiency improvement 7.2 1A1aiii from baseline 70-75% to 85-90% (benchmark)
7.3 1A4b Residential heating efficiency
7.3.1 Efficient wood stoves 8757.9 1200
7.3.2 LPG stoves replacing wood stoves NE
7.3.3 Clean cooking/ Efficient cookstoves (domestic) NE
7.3.4 Clean cooking/ Efficient cookstoves (institutional) NE
Residential, commercial and industry cooling 7.4 1A4b efficiency under Kigali amendment
7.4.1 Efficient refrigerators 0.0
7.4.2 Efficient chillers in industry 0.0
Efficient air conditioning (Kigali Amendment 7.4.3 NE Response)
MAP-8 1B Oil and natural gas and solid fuels fugitive emissions reduction
8.1 1B2ai & 1B2 aii Reduced venting and flaring in oil production 64.3 2.8
8.2 1B2bi & 1B2 bii Reduced venting and flaring in natural gas 64.3 2.8
Renewable charcoal production (local 8.3 1B3 NE consumption)
8.4 1B3 Renewable charcoal production (export) NE
3.5.3 POTENTIAL KEY SOURCES OF INVESTMENT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION ACTIONS
Ghana is committed to using its increasing investment to leverage funds from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) to support implementation of sectoral mitigation projects. Additional resources are envisaged under the G-20 compact with Africa for Sustainable Economic Development. The Government of Germany has agreed to promote private investments in renewable energy and vocational training18.
18 Ghana’s Second Biennial Update Report (BUR-2), 2019 pgs. 25-27. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/gh_bur2_rev-2.pdf // https://unfccc.int/ documents/193159
20 4 WASTE SECTOR
In general, CH4 emissions from solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) are the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the waste sector. CH4 emissions from wastewater treatment and discharge may also be significant. Incineration and open burning of waste containing fossil carbon, e.g. plastics, are the most important sources of CO2 emissions in this sector (2006 IPCC GLs).
The waste sector contributed 3.2MtCO2e to Ghana’s national greenhouse gas emissions in 2016, representing 8 percent of the national total of overall national emissions of 42.2 MtCO2e.19 Waste sector emissions grew by 17 percent in 2016. In 2016, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment and discharge (4D) represented the largest share (57.98 percent) of total sector emissions, followed by solid waste disposal (36.47 percent), biological treatment of solid waste (3.06 percent), and incineration and open burning of waste (2.49 percent) (NIR 4, 2019).
4.1 SECTORAL DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORIES AND IMPORTANT NON-KEY CATEGORIES
The 2006 IPCC national inventory guidelines disaggregation of the waste sector is provided in Annex 2 key category analysis (KCA) in the 2o12 NIR 3. The report identified the aggregated 4A-SWDS and aggregated 4D -wastewater handling as key categories by Level and/or Trend assessment in the waste sector. In 2016, the NIR 4 and BUR 2 reports further disaggregated the categories (see Table 7). In response to UNDP’s request to the author to consider other important categories which may not be key at present, incineration has been identified as an important source of energy as the percentage of plastic in waste composition increases, making waste-to-energy resources and sources of non-biogenic CO2 emissions from plastics as fossil carbon significant.
19 https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ghanir.pdf
21 Table 7: Waste sector disaggregated key categories (2016)
WASTE SECTOR DISAGGREGATED KEY AND NON-KEY CATEGORIES
EMISSION REDUCTION/ CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED IPCC 2006 GUIDELINES DISAGGREGATION KCA ASSESSMENT GAS STATUS 2014-2017 ktCO -E/YR 2 ACHIEVEMENT
1.0 Disaggregated key categories
1.1 4A-1 SWDS, managed semi-aerobic CH4 L 0.924 1.73%
1.2 4A-2 Unmanaged SWDS CH4 T O.231 1.6%
1.3 4D-1 WWTD-domestic wastewater CH4 L 1.1295 2.43%
1.4 4D-1 WWTD-domestic wastewater N2O L 0.541 1.02%
2.0 Important disaggregated non-key categories
CH , 2.1 4B-1 Composting 4 Non-key 0.09720 0.18% NO2 Incineration with energy CH , 2.2 4C-1 4 Non-key 0.003 21 0.01% recovery NO2
4.2 WASTE SECTOR BAU EMISSION PROJECTIONS
This section estimates the BAU emissions of the disaggregated key categories and important non-key categories based on their potential emission reduction opportunities and response to relevant SDGs. The disaggregated key categories are 4A1, 4A2, 4D1 and 4B, the disaggregated non-key category that would become significant with an expected increase in recycling and composting plants required to produce fertilizer to meet Ghana’s need for Planting for Food (security) and Jobs (PFJs).
4.2.1 WASTE RESOURCES WITH VALUE-ADDITION POTENTIAL
The potential waste resources materials-in-transition (MINT) - that is, waste resource streams with potential added-value, valorisation and revenue generation under Ghana’s national environmental sanitation strategy action plan (NESSAP) – are shown in Figure 6. Indeed, the food waste resource stream in transition, which is a source of biodegradation, odour nuisance, and public-health related risks and hazards, is also a potential source of valuable organic materials for compost and fertilizer for agriculture.
The recovery, processing and reuse of this waste in agriculture, is a driver in developing low- emission municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems, while addressing very important SDGs: SDG 1-Zero Hunger; SDG 3-Health; SDG 6-Water and Sanitation; SDG 12-Responsible Consumption and production and SDG 13-Climate Action. Other 3R MINT materials with value-addition and emissions reduction potential include plastics, textile and paper that pr0vide opportunities for energy and material resource efficiency in recycling plants.
20 Section 6.9.2 Biological treatment of solid waste (4B), page 285, NIR (2019), https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ghanir.pdf 21 Section 6.9.3 Incineration and Open Burning (4C) page 285, NIR (2019), https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ghanir.pdf
22 Table 8:4.A.1and4.A.2BAU emissionprojectionparameters 4.2.2 Figure 6:Waste resource streamsandpotential 3R-MINTunderNESSAP 4.A.1: Semi-aerobic management 4.A.1: Managed withoutgascollection 4.A.1: Managed withgascollection SWDS handlingtypesandfractions Fraction ofMSWtoSWDS Collection efficiency MSW generation 4A- SWDS Population Per capitawastegeneration Year ITEM PERCENT ENERGY Population 6000 5000 2000 6500 5500 4000 2500 3000 4500 3500 7000 7500
1000 1500 500 category 4A-SWDS(CH4)aresummarizedinTable 7. BUR-2 andprojectedtheMSWcomposition.Thekey activitydata fortheBAU andemissionreductionprojectionfor shallow (<5m depth). Per capita waste generation was revised from 0.60 KPD in 2012 (LCDS, 2016) to 0.45-0.49 in to theNDCs.TheSWDSwascategorizedinto80percentsemi-aerobicmanagementand20unmanaged management systems in the BAU and emission reduction projections for 2012-2030 in developing sectoral contributions Ghana’s LCDS andBUR-2includedwasteresourcesrecycling,composting,incinerationSWDS under solidwaste 4.2.2.1 0 4A1 AND 4A2 BAU EMISSION PROJECTIONS 4.A.2: Unmanaged shallow 1990
1991 EMISSION PROJECTION PARAMETERS 1992
1993 Total MSW(kt) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total Non-SWD(kt) Millions KPD %SWDS % SWDS % SWDS % MSW % MSW kt UNIT %SWDS 2002 2003 2004
BASELINE LCDS/ FIRM 2005 2006 5,674 0.0%- 2012 0.0% 0.60 80% 80% 82% 15% 2007 2008 23 YEAR 2009 2010 MSW toSWMS(kt) NIR 4 2011 4,906 0.0%- 2016 0.0% 0.40 20% 80% 80% 82% 2012 2013 2014 2015 BUR-2 BAU PROJECTIONS 2016 2020 0.0%- 5,310 0.0% 90% 20% 80% 85% 0.47 2017 2018 2019 textile, plastics) (metal, food,paper, Total 3Rs MINT 2020 2021 2022 2025 0.0%- 4,786 0.0% 0.49 90% 20% 80% 95% 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 6,842 2030 0.0%- 0.0% 0.49 20% 80% 98% 98% 2028 plastic)-(kt) (inert +non-3R Non-3Rs MINT 2029 2030 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
POPULATION (MIL) Figure 7:BAU emissionprojectionsof methanefrom SWDSwithoutgasrecovery
CH4MtCO2e 2.200 0.200 0.800 2.000 0.400 0.600 1.200 1.800 1.000 1.400 1.600 which drivesdegradableorganiccontent(DOC)andmethanegeneration potential. by 2030. Waste inventoryin2020, 2025and2030wouldbecriticaltoestablishingchangesinwastecomposition, 38 percentto30andthefractionoftextilepaperincreasesby7-106-8percent,respectively, Additionally, variations in the waste composition projected would affect the emissions levels as food waste declines from waste generation increase, and a corresponding projected increase of72 percent of the amount disposedatSWDS. emissions under the BAU would thus be driven mainly by a projected population increase, a 5 percent per capita SWDS for2016-2030(seeTable 8)Thisimpliesthatthemethanecorrectionfactor(MCF)wouldnotchange. SWDS would belimitedtooperating20percentunmanagedshallowSWDSestimatedand80managed,semi-aerobic efficiency increasingfromabout82percentin2016to98by2030. However, solidwastedisposalhandling The emission estimate was based on the IPCC Waste Model (Annex 2). TheBAU parameters show solid waste collection unmanaged SWDSandunmanaged,semi-aerobicfor2012-2030withoutmethanefromgasrecovery. Figure 7showstheBAU emissionprojectiontrendbasedontheBAU emission parametersinTable 8,foramixed of ambitious emissionreductionintermsofsolidwastedisposal activities. increases overtheperiod.Paper andtextilerecoveryrecyclingcompostingwouldofferopportunities for textile contributionstotheSWDSemissionprofile. Foodwastecontinuestofallsignificantly, whilepaperandtextile degradable wasteresources(food,paperandtextile)for2016-2030. Figure9providestheprojectedfood,paperand Figure 8showsthepercentageshareofhistoricalandBAU emissions ofSWDSmethanebytypepotential3R 4.2.2.2 WASTE RESOURCE 0
2000
2001 TREND ANALYSIS OF SHARE OF SWDS BAU EMISSION PROJECTIONS BY TYPE OF 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 SWDS MtCO Net-Methane emission- 2007 2008 2009 2 -e 2010 2011 2012 2013 24 YEAR 2014 2015 2016
2017 Population Mil 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
2027 2028 2029 2030 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40
POPULATION (MIL) Figure 8: Trend of historical emissions and BAU emission projections (%) by type of degradable 3R waste resources Food - CH4 Paper - CH4 Textile - CH4
100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
Share of emissions by type of 3R degradable waste resources waste 3R degradable type of emissions by Share of 0% 2011 2017 2013 2014 2012 2018 2021 2015 2016 2019 2001 2010 2027 2007 2023 2024 2022 2028 2003 2030 2025 2004 2026 2029 2002 2008 2020 2005 2006 2009 2000
YEAR
Figure 9: Trend of degradable waste resources’ (food, paper, textile wastes) share of historical emissions and BAU emission projections, 2000-2030 (MtCO2e)
Food - CH4 Paper - CH4 Textile - CH4
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
waste resources waste 0.500
0 Share of emissions by type of 3R degradable type of emissions by Share of 2011 2017 2013 2014 2012 2018 2021 2015 2016 2019 2001 2010 2027 2007 2023 2024 2022 2028 2003 2030 2025 2004 2026 2029 2002 2008 2020 2005 2006 2009 2000 YEAR
25 4.2.2.3 4A DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORIES’ CONTRIBUTION TO SWDS-BAU EMISSIONS
Figure 10 shows the contribution of the disaggregated key categories (managed, semi aerobic and unmanaged shallow (<5m)) and non-key category (composting occurring during the period) to SWDS BAU emission projections. The transition from predominantly unmanaged shallow SWDS (MCF-0.4) to the managed, semi-aerobic classification with relatively higher MCF (0.5) in NIR 4 increased the weighted MCF of SWDS from 0.44 to 0.48. In addition to increased collection efficiency from 85 percent (2012) to population, this factor is expected to drive BAU emission projections from 0.752MtCO2e (2012) to 1.972MtCO2e, representing a 2.6-fold increase by 2030. This offers key ambitious emission reduction opportunities, identified in Ghana’s LCDS and highlighted in its BUR-2. They include:
• Increased collection efficiency from 85 percent to 98 percent; • Reduction of amount deposited at SWDS from 80 percent to 53 percent; • Phase-out of unmanaged and managed, semi-aerobic SWDS by 2030; • Investment in 24 engineered SWDS to treat 1.785Mt MSW with 40 percent methane gas capture facilities; and, • Investment in installation of 3R- plants to recover, recycle, and reuse 3R-MINT from 35 percent total MSW generated, delivering 1,278 Mt of compost by 2030.
Figure 10: Share of SWDS BAU emissions by disaggregated key categories and critical non-key category 4 A 1 Managed, 4 A 2 Unmanged, 4B- Composting Total emissions semi aerobic shallow<5m (MtCO2e) (Mt CO2e) (Mt CO2e) 2.500
2.000
1.500 MtCO2e 1.000
0.500
- 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
4 A 1 Managed, semi aerobic ( MtCO2e) 4 A 2 Unmanged, shallow<5m (Mt CO2e) 4B- Composting (MtCO2e) Total Emissions YEAR
26 4.3 SECTOR MAPS AND EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROJECTION
This section presents a summary of emission reduction opportunities under the mitigation actions identified in Ghana’s LCDS and highlighted in the BUR-2 under the key disaggregated categories 4.A.1, 4.A.2, 4.D.1 and the important non-key category 4B-composting that occurs at 3R solid waste resource plants. Figure 11 presents a detailed material balance for the baseline and specific mitigation actions identified in Ghana’s LCDS and highlighted in the BUR-2. The actions include:
• 4A1: collection efficiency increased from 85 percent to 98 percent, amount of MSW deposited at SWDS reduced from 80 percent to 53 percent, and 24 engineered managed SWDS built and operating to treat 1.785Mt MSW with 40 percent methane gas capture facilities;
• 4A2: unmanaged, and managed, semi-aerobic SWDS phased out by 2030 and replaced with managed sites only by 2030;
• 4B: 3R-plants to recover, recycle, and reuse 3R-MINT waste resources installed and operating in accordance with NESSAP principles from 0.11 percent (2012) to 35 percent total MSW generated, delivering 1,278 Mt compost and 0.48Mt plastics with added value by 2030; and,
• 4D: institutional human waste anaerobic digester-septage treatment plants (AD-STPs) with methane capture to phase out septic tank emissions directly to the atmosphere.
Figure 11: Mitigation actions: Material balance of 3R-MINT waste resources
27 4.3.1 MSW MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (SWMS) EMISSION REDUCTION PROJECTION PARAMETERS
The parameters of the individual mitigation actions in Table 9 have been quantified using the constructed detailed material balance provided in Figure 11. The material balance provided the basis for verifying the availability of the mitigation technologies’ requisite capacities for the managed SWDS with/without gas recovery, recycling and compost plants, and incineration. The emission reduction actions (see Table 10) are driven by the National Environment Sanitation Strategy Action Plan (NESSAP), the low-carbon development strategy (FIRM) and the NCC Master Plan.
Table 9: Waste sector mitigation action parameters
BASELINE MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION TARGETS ITEM UNIT DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES 2012 2016 2020 2025 2030
1 SWDS handling efficiency improvement
1.1 Reduced MSW amount deposited at SWDS % 80% 80% 78% 68% 53%
1.2 Increased collection efficiency % MSW 85% 85% 93% 98% 98%
2 Ambitious transformational SWDS technology deployment by disaggregated key categories
Increased managed SWDS w/gas 2.1 4A-1 %MSW 0.0% 0.0% 6% 12% 26% collection Decreased managed SWDS w/o %MSW 0.0% 0.0% 15% 29% 27% gas collection Phased-out managed, semi- %MSW 2% 2% 12% 34% 0% aerobic
2.2 4A-2 Phased out unmanaged SWDS %MSW 56% 20% 15% 10% 0%
Institutional human waste bio % institutional 2.2 4D-1 human waste digestion with biogas recovery treated and
3 Important disaggregated non-key categories
Increased recycling and compost 3.1 4B %MSW 0.11% 0.11% 10.0% 25.0% 35.0% Plant Relatively low penetration of 3.2 4C-1 %MSW 1.7% 1.7% 2.0% 2.5% 7.0% incineration with energy recovery
4.3.2 SECTOR DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORIES EMISSION REDUCTION ACTIONS AND PROJECTIONS
The relevant data for the mitigation actions for individual SWDS key categories 4A-1 and 4D are presented in the GACMO model (originally developed by UNEP-DTU) data set (see Table 10). It summarizes information on the individual actions used to estimate GHG emissions reduction for each key category and critical non-key categories. Table 10 provides an overview of potential GHG emission reductions under the LCDS, the NCCP master plan and NESSAP.
28 Table 10: Revised sector mitigation actions and cumulative emission reduction potential by 2020
Mitigation action Cumulative TOTAL cumulative emission Cumulative unit Penetration plant IPCC 2006 guidelines emission reduction Baseline Mitigation action capacity categories Baseline emission (2012- (2012- Emission projected 2030) 2030) reduction technologies 2012- Gas Net Net Net 2030 Total No of 2030 recovery emissions emissions emissions plants 2016 Sub- kt MtCO2e MtCO2e MtCO2e MtCO2e / MtCO2e / MtCO2e / WASTE SECTOR type 2020 2025 2030 2030 MSW/y /year /year /year year year year kt/y unit
1 Disaggregated key categories
4A Solid waste disposal on land
4A1 Managed Increased 5.4 230 t 3 waste managed MSW / disposal SWDS and day sites landfill gas (SWDS) collection and 24 752 25.269 27.343 10.937 16.406 -8.863 -8.863 utilization
200 t 7 14 MSW / day
4D1 Anaerobic Treatment digester and discharge septage of institutional treatment sources of plants human waste/ adopted in sewage NDC with biogas capture and use
2 Important disaggregated non-key categories
4B Biological treatment of solid waste
4 Solid waste Increased 500 t w 1 1 1 3 1,425 25.269 25.005 NA 25.005 -0.26 -0.26 B-1 composting composting Compost and other of MSW /day biological organic waste treatment resources
500 t w 1 2 2 5 2,380 25.269 24.902 NA 24.902 -0.37 -0.37 Compost /day
29 4.3.2.1 4A1 DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORY EMISSION REDUCTION PROJECTION CONTRIBUTION
The revised SWDS emission reduction projection is estimated for the transition from 4A2: Unmanaged shallow (<4m) (56 percent) and 4A1: Managed, semi-aerobic (44 percent) in 2012 to 100 percent 4A1: Managed SWDS in 2030. Of that, 49 percent would have integrated methane gas collection and use and 51 percent would be without gas collection. The emission reduction potential for this individual mitigation action relative to the BAU is given in Figure 12.
The total cumulative emission reduction by 2030 is estimated at 8.8 MtCO2-e. This could be achieved by establishing and operating a mix of total of 230t/day (three) and 200t/day plants (21) with total operating capacity of SWD 0.752 Mt/y by 2030. A more ambitious emission reduction option would involve increasing the managed sites from three plants to five by 2030, with total capacity of 2.380Mt MSW.
Figure 12: Annual SWDS emission reduction projection relative to business-as-usual from 2019-2030
Gas Recovery BAU Emissions Net Emission Total SWDS (Mt CO2e) (Mt CO2e) for transition to Transition to Managed SWDS Managed Sites t 2.500
2.000
1.500 MtCO2e 1.000
0.500
- 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
BAU Emissions MtCO2e Total SWDS Transition to Managed Sites MtCO2e Gas Recovery MtCO2e YEAR Net Emission for transition to Managed SWDS MtCO2e
30 The projected SWDS emission trends are consistent with the generally observed increase in methane emissions, with improved efficiency of collection and transition to managed, engineered SWDS. This is because the weighted MCF that determines the level of methane emission increases with penetration of managed systems (Figure 13) from 2012-2030. The installation of engineered SWDS without gas recovery thus results in emissions above the BAU.
The projected cumulative emissions from the phase-out of unmanaged and managed, semi- aerobic to fully-managed SWDS in 2030 is estimated at 27.343 MtCO2-e, compared to BAU emissions of 25.269 Mt CO2-e for the same 2012-2030 period (see Table 10). Improved SWDS management responds to relevant sustainable development goals SDG 3-Health, SDG 6-Water and Sanitation, and SDG 12-Responsible consumption and production. However, SDG 13-Climate action contribution to the NDC commitment is achieved only by integrating gas recovery, resulting in 10.937MtCO2-e cumulative emissions reduction from 27.343MtCO2-e to 16.406 MtCO2-e by 2030. Indeed, the most ambitious mitigation action would be to incorporate gas collection in all managed SWDS development to maximize the contribution of the 4A1 -SWDS category to the NDC commitment under the Paris Agreement.
Figure 13: Trend of weighted MCF of methane emission with increasing fraction of managed SWDS
Maximum Unmanaged Managed, semi- Managed Aggregate/ shallow weighted aerobic /weighted weighted MCF weigthed MCF MCF MCF 2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000 Methane Correction Factor Methane Correction 0.500
-
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Maximum Aggregate/weigthed MCF YEARUnmanaged shallow weighted MCF Managed, semi-aerobic weighted MCF Managed weighted MCF
4.3.2.2 4 B: COMPOSTING AND 3R-MINT RECYCLE EMISSION REDUCTION OPPORTUNITIES
The potential contribution of the waste sector to the NDC emission reduction commitment has been broadened to include composting under 4B biological treatment of solid waste as an important non-key category. This is based on the increasing adoption of SWDS recycling and compost plants to meet the organic fertilizer needs under the government’s PFJs policy. Composting facilities for organic fractions are a significant value-addition to the organic MSW load resources that could limit the amount of food waste disposed at managed SWDS and reduce equivalent emissions from such engineered landfill sites.
31 The net emissions contribution of the 4B category to the waste sector emissions reduction through composting 35 percent MSW by 2030 has been estimated by comparing SWDS BAU emissions and emissions from SWDS without the 35 percent MSW to compost, as well as emissions from methane and nitrous oxide from the compost. The revised mitigation action considered the recommended 3No 5oot/day plants with composting capacity of 1500 t/day (1.425 Mt MSW per year) by 2030 and an ambitious 5No 500t per day with total operating composting capacity of 2500t per day by 2030, equivalent to 2.38Mt MSW processing. The potential net emissions reduction (after accounting for composting emissions) relative to BAU by 2030 are 0.954 MtCO2-e for the BUR-target and 1.466 MtCO2-e for the revised ambitious target, representing 3.8 percent and 5.8 percent emission reduction respectively (see Figure 14).
Figure 14: Net emission reduction potential from 3R-composting plants’ mitigation actions relative to BAU
Ambitious compost- BUR-less ambitious BAU emissions Net emissions compost-net emissions W/O compost (Mt CO2e) (Mt CO2e) plants (Mt CO2e)
2.500
2.000
1.500 MtCO2e 1.000
0.500
- 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Ambitious compost-Net emissions / Mt CO2e YEAR BUR-less ambitious compost-net emissions / Mt CO2e BAU emissions W/O compost plants / Mt CO2e
32 5 SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES AND KEY STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTS
To facilitate the achievement of Ghana’s NDC goals for 2020 -2030 under an AEG scenario, a clearly defined iterative process for the collection and analysis of additional data and information and provisions for feedback must be put in place. This will allow key stakeholders (including government, private sector and non-governmental entities) to engage fully in helping to prepare new plans/updates of existing energy and waste sectors’ NDC implementation plans, including the allocation of sectoral emissions and reduction contributions/targets. This process should clearly demonstrate Ghana’s commitment to nationally appropriate and ambitious mitigation actions commensurate with the country’s AEG efforts to achieve Ghana’s Beyond Aid vision.
Annex 8 and Annex 9 provide a list of some of the key energy and waste sector stakeholders respectively. Other key stakeholders include government ministries, departments and agencies, and metropolitan, municipal and district assemblies.
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSIONS
ENERGY SECTOR
The AEG emissions projections approach has been used instead of the traditional BAU emissions projection methodology. The AEG envisages the country’s future development ambition under Ghana Beyond Aid, which is driven by the goal of bridging the gap between Ghana’s resource endowment and resource use industrialization envisaged under the national GIP frameworks. This approach is deemed to better reflect Ghana’s potential to meet its relevant SDGs, including SDG13 - Climate action, while offering emissions reduction opportunities consistent with the national LCDS and NCCP implementation master plan.
The existing disaggregated key categories as well as the increasingly important disaggregated non-key categories and emerging disaggregated non-key categories could become key by trend/level or both by 2030 under Ghana’s accelerated economic growth (AEG) agenda. Based on the NIR 4 (2016) and the AEG projected emissions from energy demand required for to implement Ghana’s future industrialization development agenda, which seeks to bridge resource endowment and resource use, some energy sector disaggregated key categories by level of contribution to national total emissions have been identified. They include: 1A3b-road transport and 1A3c-railways, 1A1ai-electricity generation (thermal power plants), 1A2-manufacturing and construction industry disaggregated categories, and 1A4b-residential energy-use. The following increasingly important categories could also become key by trend/level or both by 2030: 1A1ci-Manufacture of solid fuel (renewable and non-renewable charcoal); 1A4a Commercial Industrial energy end-use. Emerging categories that could become key as a result of on-going and planned mineral and metal industry programmes and projects under AEG are: 1A2- Manufacturing Industries and Construction categories (planned under AEG & GIP), specifically 1A2a-Ferrous metals: Iron and steel production from iron Ore; 1A2b -Non-ferrous metals: aluminium production from bauxite and alumina; and 1A2f-non-metallic minerals - cement from clinker and limestone (see Section 3, Table 1).
33 Revised projected energy sectoral emissions accounting for energy sector disaggregated categories that could become key by 2030 are significantly higher than total national BAU emissions projected in the 2015 NDC. The energy sector emissions projection based on the AEG scenario resulted in 83.7 MtCO2 energy-related emissions and an additional 32.23 MtCO2 from associated non-energy process-related emissions industrial process emissions, as well as 21.06 MtCO2 of energy emissions from GIADEC projected production that is not included in the AEG projections (see Figure 3). The AEG projection is significantly higher compared to the revised traditional sectoral BAU projection (47.8MtCO2) by 2030 (see Figure 1). This is because the AEG emissions projection considered the production profiles (see Table 3) of planned and ongoing programs and projects (see 3.4.1 footnote on page 17) in the extractive industry (1A2- Manufacturing and construction categories envisaged under the AEG and GIP frameworks (see Annex 1a).
Challenges related to activity data availability, data gaps and high uncertainties contribute to the exclusion of the extractive industry sector emissions projection from the NDC 2015. Important data gaps exist in GHG emissions-related activities that should be considered in the construction of the 2020 NDC BAU emission projections. They relate essentially to the planned and on-going implementation of the frameworks under the GIP and the President’s CPESDP (2017-2024), an Agenda for Jobs: Creating Prosperity and Equal Opportunity, developed in the assessment report. The activity data challenges and high uncertainty explain why they were excluded from the 2015 NDC.
Planned and on-going decarbonization and emission reduction programmes (transition to NG & integration of nuclear power) in baseload energy generation offer opportunities for ambitious LCD of on-going and planned energy-intensive extractive industries under the AEG. Electricity generation and supply required to meet baseload power for the extractive industries under the manufacturing and construction categories is projected to reach 110,890 GWh. This is composed of: 77.2% predominantly NG-thermal power plants given limited hydropower expansion; 10% renewable energy target under the SE4ALL programme; and, 6.5% nuclear power integration in 2030; and 6% hydropower. This implies that power generation will increase from 4,889MW in 2018 to 12,000MW in 2030, a 2.5-fold increase in energy production (see Annex 3).
On-going and planned decarbonization strategies in the national electricity generation system (see Section 3.5 Table 6a) could help achieve LCD of energy-intensive extractive industries. These strategies include switching from light crude oil (LCO) thermal power generation to combined cycle NG-thermal (CCGT) power generation with increasing natural gas production in Ghana (see Section 3.4.4 para 34). The transition could improve current country-specific average thermal power baseline efficiency estimated at 30-32 percent (see Annex 6) to a recently demonstrated benchmark efficiency of 62-65 percent for the additional projected 7000MW NG-thermal power plant. Other strategies include 10 percent renewable energy (RE) penetration (1800MW), followed by 1000MW nuclear energy by 2030. This is in keeping with the LCDS, with the aim of achieving the NDC commitments to the Paris Agreement.
Ghana has an opportunity to use its increasing investments in low-carbon intensity NG-baseload power generation to leverage GCF resources. This would help achieve reasonable power tariff rates for desired low carbon development for its on-going and planned extractive industries. The average national grid end-user tariff of 10-15 cents per kWh for the period 2009-2018 (Ghana Energy Statistics, 2019) is much higher than the economic rates of 5-7 cents per kWh for many extractive industry plants. However, Ghana has been making significant energy sector investments to decarbonize the energy sector. The increasing sectoral investments since 2015 in implementing a National Climate Change Policy and Low Carbon Development Strategy include ramp-up investments of $13.2 billion to expand the production, processing and utilisation of natural gas under the adopted National Gas Master Plan (see Section 3.5.1).
Thus, Ghana has the opportunity to leverage on-going and planned investments in low carbon intensity NG-baseload power generation for green climate funds (GCF) so as to achieve the desired power tariff rates for low carbon development of its emerging extractive industries (see Annex 1b and Section 3.4).
Solar and wind hybrid renewable energy (RE) in residential energy supply-side and energy efficiency measures in transport offer significant emission reduction opportunities. Residential energy demand will contribute 24.5 percent of cumulative emissions by 2030, followed by passenger cars (20.3 percent) in the road transport category and the expanding railway category at 10.8 percent. Residential solar PV systems with mini-wind energy to charge batteries instead of relying on electricity would be a major emission reduction
34 programme to foster ongoing national rooftop solar programmes. Improved vehicle fuel efficiency, mass public transport and introduction of electric vehicles would transform the road transport sector and reduce emissions significantly.
Ghana’s projected GHG emissions could substantially increase relative to the NDC projection of 73 MtCO2e under the adopted AEG scenario. This would require creating adequate facilitative and enabling environment to implement the ambitious sectoral mitigation action plans (MAPs). Ghana’s carbon emissions could increase substantially relative to the NDC projection of 73 MtCO2e under the AEG scenario, which is aimed at realizing the Ghana Beyond Aid vision. The ambitious resource-based development during the NDC implementation period does pose higher emissions-related challenges, but also provides emission reduction opportunities as outlined in the country’s mitigation action plans (see Section 3.5 Table 6a) in keeping with Ghana’s low-carbon development policies and strategies and Ghana’s NCC emission reduction master plan.
WASTE SECTOR
The waste sector’s revised BAU emissions projection identified disaggregated key categories and important non-key categories based on their potential for emission reduction opportunities and response to relevant SDGs, particularly SDG 6 - Water and sanitation and SDG 13 - Climate action. The disaggregated non-key category would become significant with the expected increase in recycling and composting plants required to produce fertilizer to meet Ghana’s need for the PFJs programme. The concept of MINT as waste resources has been highlighted as a key driver of value-addition and emission reduction in traditional waste management practices.
The disaggregated key categories include methane emissions from both managed (semi-aerobic) and unmanaged solid waste disposal sites, as well as methane and nitrous oxide emissions from waste water treatment and discharge activities. The very important disaggregated non-key categories within the sector identified are 4B-composting under biological treatment of solid waste and the increasing bio-digestion of institutional and commercial sewage generation for biogas production.
Biodegradable waste materials are sources of odour nuisance and public-health related risks and hazards. However, they remain important food waste resources stream in transition as potential source of valuable organic materials for compost and fertilizer production for agriculture. Composting facilities for organic fractions are a significant value- addition to the organic MSW load resources that could limit the amount of food waste disposed at managed SWDS and reduce equivalent emissions from such engineered landfill sites.
Phasing out of unmanaged and managed, semi aerobic with fully managed -engineered SWDS, which constitutes the key sectoral mitigation actions plans (MAPs) must include methane capture and use to increase Ghana’s emission reduction goal in the sector. The projected solid waste disposal site emissions trend is consistent with the generally observed increase in methane emissions, with improved efficiency of collection and the transition to managed, engineered SWDS. This is because the weighted methane correction factor that determines the level of methane emission increases with the penetration of managed systems from 2012-2030. Accordingly, projected cumulative emissions from the phase-out of unmanaged and managed, semi-aerobic to fully managed SWDS in 2030 is estimated at 27.3 MtCO2e, compared to BAU emissions of to 25.27 Mt CO2e for the same period of 2012-2030. The phasing out of unmanaged and managed, semi aerobic with fully managed engineered SWDS, which constitutes the key sectoral mitigation actions plans (MAPs), must include methane capture and use to increase Ghana’s emission reduction goal in the sector.
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are based on the conclusions outlined in Section 6.1. They are presented to facilitate the revision of Ghana’s NDC in 2020.
ENERGY SECTOR
An energy sector AEG scenario emissions projection should be developed and considered when the country’s NDC is revised in 2020. This recommendation is made following: (i) the Government of Ghana’s strong commitment to
35 implement the energy and transport infrastructure frameworks under the GIP developed in the assessment report; (ii) the enabling legislation passed by the Parliament of the 4th Republic; (iii) the national institutions’ arrangement to implement the extractive industry program under 1D1F and their indicative production plans; and, (iv) ongoing establishment of iron and steel industries and cement/clinker plants. The EPA and the Energy Commission should carry out this recommendation.
Based on their roles and responsibilities, the key stakeholders in the extractive industry - particularly the Ministry of Planning and Monitoring, Ghana Integrated Aluminium Development Corporation (GIADEC), Ghana Iron and Steel Development Authority (GISDA) and the Minerals Commission - should be mandated to provide the necessary activity data to address the existing data gaps and associated high uncertainties in the mineral and metal industries. This will improve confidence in the emissions accounting, based on approved implementation plans and programmes or other relevant documents, in order to calculate comprehensive 2020 NDC update BAU emission projections. The provision of data should be enforced/supervised by the EPA under the existing national climate action MRV system and the NDPC’s Annual Progress Report.
Through its Ministries of Energy and Petroleum and Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation, the Government of Ghana should ensure that the emission reduction opportunity offered by natural gas thermal power generation technologies, which can increase the current baseline efficiency of power plants from approximately 30-32 percent to 60-65 percent – constituting the new benchmark for combined cycle efficiency for economy-wide decarbonization - is leveraged with resources from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) to support implementation of Ghana’s unconditional NDC commitments under the Paris Agreement.
The EPA CC Unit and the NDPC, in conjunction with relevant stakeholders including the Energy Commission, should increase awareness among policymakers and decisionmakers at all relevant levels of government and the private sector, as appropriate, of opportunities for emission reduction and direct green investments in the economy’s energy sector. This initiative will help drive and sustain national will, commitment and buy-in to the natural gas master plan for base-load power generation in the medium term, the 10 percent renewable energy penetration and nuclear power generation in the country’s energy mix by 2030.
Through its Ministries of Energy and Petroleum and Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation, the Government of Ghana should facilitate and create an enabling environment to implement the sectoral decarbonization MAPs outlined (see Section 3.5) by the identified stakeholders (see Annex 8) in accordance with the SE4All, LCDS, and NCCP master plan implementation programmes.
WASTE SECTOR
Based on their respective roles and responsibilities, the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Environmental Protection Agency and MMDAs should work collaboratively to ensure that the policy to phase out unmanaged and managed, semi-aerobic and adopt fully managed SWDS must necessarily include methane capture and use in the development of all managed solid waste disposal sites.
While the emission reduction potential within the waste sector appears small, the relevant institutions and agencies identified above must make every effort to work together to ensure that the sector’s MAP is implemented comprehensively, as their outcomes yield multiple development benefits. These include achieving important sustainable development goals such as SDG 1 - Zero Hunger; SDG 3 - Good Health and well-being, SDG 6 - Water and sanitation; and SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production in the recovery, reuse and recycling of waste resource MINT, such as metal, plastics, textile and paper.
The Government of Ghana must drive and support the increasing adoption of SWDS recycling and composting plants to meet the organic fertilizer needs under the government’s PFJs policy, in accordance with the NESSAP principles as a major MAP. This will help to deliver about 1,278 Mt of compost and 0.48Mt of plastics by-products with added value by 2030.
36 ANNEX
ANNEX 1A:2006 IPCC NATIONAL GHG INVENTORY GUIDELINES - ENERGY SECTOR DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES
37 ANNEX 1B:2006 IPCC NATIONAL GHG INVENTORY GUIDELINES – INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE (IPPU) DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES
ANNEX 2: 2006 IPCC NATIONAL GHG INVENTORY GUIDELINES - WASTE SECTOR DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES
38 ANNEX 3: ENERGY SECTOR AEG ELECTRICITY DEMAND EMISSIONS PROJECTION (KT CO2)
IPCC Energy Sector Codes Categories 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Manufacturing and 1A2 2,003.88 2,113.72 2,226.55 2,593.65 3,002.16 8,731.29 10,022.54 11,324.63 13,389.68 15,470.33 17,567.44 Construction Industries
1A2a Iron and Steel 14.80 16.70 18.70 20.90 23.10 3,021.70 3,640.20 4,264.80 5,300.60 6,346.60 7,403.40
Iron Ore Mining 104.80 125.80 146.90 182.00 217.10 252.30
Pig Iron (primary) 2,492.60 2,993.40 3,495.00 4,330.50 5,167.30 6,005.50 Production
Steel Production 199.4 246.1 295.3 376.1 461.2 550.9
Steel Mills and 14.8 16.7 18.7 20.9 23.1 224.9 274.9 327.6 412 501 594.7 Fabrication
1A2b Integrated Aluminium 6.40 6.60 6.80 250.80 256.70 2,755.20 3,261.80 3,769.40 4,610.80 5,453.50 6,297.60 Industry
Bauxite Mining 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3
Alumina Production 243.8 249.5 255.2 260.9 266.7 272.4 278.1 283.8
Aluminium Production/ 2,492.60 2,993.40 3,495.00 4,330.50 5,167.30 6,005.50 VALCO
1.A2c Chemicals 12.36 13.77 15.18 16.59 17.99 19.4 21.08 22.75 24.43 26.1 27.77
1.A2d Pulp, Paper & Print 9.78 10.84 11.89 12.93 13.96 14.98 16.36 17.72 19.08 20.42 21.75
1.A2e Food Processing, 335.08 365.25 395.85 426.87 458.33 490.22 534.21 578.81 624 669.8 716.19 Beverage & Tobacco
1.A2f Non-metallic Minerals 254.92 254.92 254.92 254.92 254.92 254.92 254.92
Limestone Mining 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5
Clinker Production 233.42 233.42 233.42 233.42 233.42 233.42 233.42
1.A2i Mining & Quarrying 1,183.70 1,244.49 1,307.73 1,380.82 1,478.08 1,661.44 1,764.03 1,869.75 1,992.76 2,119.24 2,249.34
1.A2j Wood & Wood Products 114.52 120.65 126.89 133.23 139.68 146.23 155.02 163.95 173.03 182.25 191.63
1.A2k Construction 259.22 262.41 265.6 268.8 271.99 275.18 278.38 281.57 284.76 287.96 291.15
1.A2l Textiles & Leather 68.02 73.01 77.91 82.71 87.41 92.02 96.54 100.96 105.3 109.54 113.69
1A3 Transport 30,928.34 32,805.74 34,747.72 36,819.13 19,028.66 41,386.55 43,902.97 41,778.03 44,344.82 47,112.71 50,045.75
1.A3ai International Aviation Bunkers
1.A3aii Domestic Aviation 179.89 203.68 229.76 258.36 289.68 323.99 361.55 402.66 447.63 496.81 550.57
1.A.3b Road Transport
1.A3bi Passenger cars 10,212.15 10,715.19 11,212.06 11,731.75 2,274.88 12,842.51 13,435.29 14,053.86 14,687.73 15,360.54 16,048.56
1.A3bii Light-duty truck 1,664.95 1,719.95 1,776.76 1,835.39 1,895.83 1,958.07 2,022.10 2,087.89 2,155.41 2,224.62 2,295.48
1.A3biii Heavy-duty & 1,629.58 1,721.91 1,819.83 1,923.67 2,033.77 2,150.50 2,274.24 buses
1.A3biv Motorcycle 306.17 312.68 319.25 325.86 332.5 339.14 345.77 352.35 358.85 365.26 371.53
1.A3c Railways 3,117.38 3,656.90 4,256.11 4,921.01 5,658.20 6,474.88 7,378.93 8,378.99 9,484.51 10,705.81 12,054.20
1A3d Water-Borne Navigation
1.A3dii Domestic water- 5.37 5.7 6.05 6.42 6.82 7.24 7.69 8.18 8.7 9.25 9.84 borne navigation
Other Energy Demand/ 1A 4 15,248.73 15,347.74 15,439.77 15,522.61 15,607.02 15,691.95 15,777.97 15,865.74 15,944.26 16,028.63 16,106.59 Consumption Categories
1.A4a Commercial/ Institutional 6.24 6.9 7.62 8.42 9.28 10.22 11.25 12.36 13.58 14.9 16.34
1.A4b Residential 15,242.49 15,340.84 15,432.15 15,514.19 15,597.74 15,681.73 15,766.72 15,853.38 15,930.68 16,013.73 16,090.25
ANNUAL TOTAL (All Categories) 48,180.95 50,267.20 52,414.04 54,935.39 37,637.84 65,809.79 69,703.48 68,968.40 73,678.76 78,611.67 83,719.78
39 ANNEX 4: NON-ENERGY PROCESS EMISSIONS AND ELECTRICITY DEMAND EMISSIONS PROJECTIONS (GIADEC PROGRAMME) FOR THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY (MT CO2E) NOT INCLUDED IN THE AEG
Disaggregated Category Units 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
2A1 Cement /Clinker Production
Production kt 839.1 839.1 839.1 839.1 839.1 839.1 839.1
IEF (CO2) t/t 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52
Total Non- energy Mt CO2 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 process-related emissions
2A1 Cement /Clinker Production
Production
Pig Iron kt 3000 3600 4200 5200 6200 7200
Steel kt 3000 3600 4200 5200 6200 7200 Production
Implied Emission factors (IEFs-CO2)
Blast Furnace- t/t 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 IEF-CO2
OHF-Steel Making-IEF t/t 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 CO2
EAF-IEF-CO2 t/t 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Non-Energy Process Emissions
Pig Iron kt 4050 4860 5670 7020 8370 9720
Steel Making kt 5160 6192 7224 8944 10664 12384
Total Non-energy process-related MtCO2 9.21 11.052 12.894 15.964 19.034 22.104 emissions
2C3 Aluminium Production
Production
VALCO kt 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
GIADEC kt 200 200 800 800 1600 1600 1800
Total kt 200 200 200 200 400 400 1000 1000 1800 1800 2000
Implied Emission factors (IEFs-CO2)
IEF-CO2 t/t 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
IEF-PFC-CF4 kg/t 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
IEF-PFC-C2F6 kg/t 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
GWP-CO2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
GWP-PFC-CF4- 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630
GWP-PFC-C2F6 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100
Non-Energy Process Emissions
CO2 kt 350 350 350 350 700 700 1750 1750 3150 3150 3500
PFC-CF4 kt 530.4 530.4 530.4 530.4 1060.8 1060.8 2652 2652 4773.6 4773.6 5304
PFC-C2F6 kt 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 177.6 177.6 444 444 799.2 799.2 888
Total Primary Mt Aluminium 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 1.94 1.94 4.85 4.85 8.73 8.73 9.69 CO2-e Emissions
TOTAL NON-ENERGY PROCESS-RELATED 0.969 0.969 0.969 4.715 2.37 11.58 16.33 18.18 25.12 28.19 32.23 EMISSIONS
1A2b NG-Energy-related emissions for GIADEC programme not included in AEG
Energy Supply MWh 3.100 3,100 12,400 12,400 24,800 24,800 27,900 projections
NG-IEF (CO2) tCO2/ 755 755 755 755 755 755 755 -3-year average GWh
Energy-related MtCO2 2.34 2.34 9.36 9.36 18.72 18.72 21.06 Emissions
TOTAL EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY MtCO2 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 4.715 13.93 25.67 27.54 43.85 46.92 53.30 EMISSIONS [not included in AEG)
40 ANNEX 5: DECARBONIZED ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ESTIMATION TO MEET AEG DEMAND PROJECTIONS
1A1- Energy 1A1a Other Installed and Industry Electricity Total Solar PV REs Projected Additional emissions Emissions Generation Hydro Thermal Electricity Total RE (75%) (25%) Nuclear Capacity Annual YEAR MW Generation % @85% Capacity Mt CO2 tCO2 GWh GWh % Total GWh % Total GWh % Total GWh GWh GWh Total Capacity Utilization
Historical electricity 2010 2.83 2,646,915 10,167 6,995 68.8% 3,172 31.2% 0.00% - - - - 2,165 - generation
2011 2.91 2,720,868 11,200 7,561 67.5% 3,639 32.5% 0.00% - - - - 2,170 -
2012 3.52 3,287,616 12,024 8,071 67.1% 3,953 32.9% 0.00% - - - - 2,280 -
2013 3.58 3,350,693 12,870 ,233 64.0% 4,637 36.0% 3 0.02% 2.3 0.8 - - 2,831 -
2014 3.47 3,247,499 12,963 8,387 64.7% 4,576 35.3% 4 0.03% 3.0 1.0 - - 2,831 -
2015 3.72 3,474,648 11,491 5,844 50.9% 5,647 49.1% 3 0.03% 2.3 0.8 - - 3,656 -
2016 5.15 4,813,389 13,023 5,561 42.7% 7,462 57.3% 27 0.21% 20.3 6.8 - - 3,795 -
2017 10.62 6,380,505 14,067 ,61 39.9% 8,451 60.1% 28 0.20% 21.0 7.0 - - 3,795 -
2018 12.27 7,722,895 16,246 6,017 37.0% 10,229 63.0% 33 0.20% 24.8 8.3 - - 4,398 -
AEG 2020 48.18 48,180,950 63,816 6,950 10.9% 56,547 88.6% 319 0.5% 239.3 79.8 - - 7,854 2,965 projections
2021 50.27 50,267,200 66,579 6,950 10.4% 58,963 88.6% 666 1.0% 499.0 166.4 - - 8,189 336
2022 52.41 52,414,040 69,423 6,950 10.0% 61,084 88.0% 666 2.0% 1,041.3 347.1 - - 8,484 295
2023 54.94 54,935,390 72,762 6,950 9.6% 63,629 87.4% 1,388 3.0% 1,637.1 545.7 - - 8,837 353
2024 57.64 57,637,840 76,342 6,950 9.1% 66,338 86.9% 2,183 4.0% 2,290.2 763.4 - - 9,21 376
2025 65.81 65,809,790 87,165 6,950 8.0% 75,857 87.0% 3,054 5.0% 3,268.7 1,089.6 - - 10,536 1,322
2026 69.70 69,703,480 92,322 6,950 7.5% 79,833 86.5% 5,539 6.0% 4,154.5 1,384.8 - - 11,088 552
2027 68.97 68,968,400 91,349 ,950 7.6% 78,004 85.4% 6,394 7.0% 4,795.8 1,598.6 - - 10,834 -
2028 73.68 73,678,760 97,588 6,950 7.1% 82,831 84.9% 7,807 8.0% 5,855.3 1,951.8 - - 11,504 670
2029 78.61 78,611,670 104,121 6,950 6.7% 80,600 77.4% 9,371 9.0% 7,028.2 7,200 6.9% 11,195 - 2,342.7
2030 83.72 83,719,780 110,887 6,950 6.3% 85,648 77.2% 11,089 10.0% 8,316.5 7,200 6.5% 11,896 701 2,772.2
Source of 1A1 Historical CO2 Emissions 2010-2016 (NIR 4,2019); Source of Historical power generation data, 2010-2018 (Energy Commission 2019 Energy Statistics)
ANNEX 6: COUNTRY-SPECIFIC CO2 INTENSITY OF NATURAL GAS -THERMAL POWER GENERATION (TONNE CO2 PER MWH) ESTIMATION, 2012-2014
PARAMETER UNITS 2012 2013 2014 3-YEAR CS- AVG
COUNTRY-SPECIFIC NG THERMAL POWER GENERATION -CO2-EMISSION FACTOR (TCO2/GWH)
1A1-Energy industry emissions (NIR 4) Mt CO2 3.52 3.58 3.47 3.52
1A1a NG-based ONLY electricity generation emissions (93.5% 1A1) tCO2 3,287,616 3,350,693 3,247,499 3,295,269
Total electricity generation GWh 12,024 12,870 12,963 12,619
NG-ONLY THERMAL GENERATION GWh 3,953 4,635 4,572 4,387
% NG ONLY THERMAL GENERATION % 32.9% 36.0% 35.3% 34.7%
Carbon intensity of the NG thermal generation tCO2/GWh 831.7 722.9 710.3 755 (Country specific)
COUNTRY-SPECIFIC NG -THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY
Total thermal energy generated Tj 14,231 16,686 16,459 15,792
NG-CO2 emission per energy generation by thermal plants tCO2/Tj 231 201 197 209
Net calorific value of NG tC/Tj 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
CO2 emission per energy generation @ 100% efficiency tCO2/Tj 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2
Tj @100% Average Thermal Energy Conversion Efficiency Efficiency/ 28% 32% 33% 31% (Country-Specific) Actual Tj
41 ANNEX 7: ENERGY SECTOR EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES
PLAN OF IMPLEMENTATION EMISSION REDUCTION/ MITIGATION DISAGGREGATED EMISSION REDUCTION SUB-TYPE (POI) AVOIDED CONTRIBUTION ACTION CATEGORIES ACTION UNIT ktCO -e/ 2014-2017 PLAN (MAP) CODES 2020 2025 2030 2 yr. ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-1 1A1 Decarbonizing increasing baseload energy generation (1A1) in Energy Industry
1.1 1A1ai New natural gas thermal MW 6,800 7,236 7,389 NE power plants at relatively higher prices- Alternative to Coal/LCO plants 1.2 1A1ai Existing single cycle to 100 MW 3.3 3.3 3.3 398.5 3.3 combined cycle power increase plants raising baseline NG -fired efficiency of 30-32% to 55-60% (old bench mark) 1.3 1A1ai Switch from LCO to natural 350MW 19.276 NE gas 1.4 1A1ai Switch from fuel oil to 1 MW 0 100 0 natural gas
MAP-2 Scale up Low Grid Emission Factor Renewable Energy sources
2.1 Solar PV-RE
2.1.1 Utility-scale renewables PV/ 1 MW 50 150 250 27.8 39 solar PVs, large grid 2.1.2 Distributed solar PV/ solar 50 W 50,000 100,000 200,000 0.0 home PVs 2.1.3 Hybrid solar/diesel mini-grid 40 kW from 5 50 138 0.0 solar 2.1.4 Solar LED lamps 1000 lamps 500 1000 2000 0.0
2.1.5 Solar street lights 0.05 MW 500 500
2.2 Other RE
2.2.1 Mini hydro power 1 MW 50 150 300 6.9 4 connected to main grid 2.2.2 Mini hydro power off grid 1 kW 50 NE
2.2.3 Wind turbines, on-shore 1 MW 20 50 150 0.0
MAP-3 Integrating No-carbon energy sources
3.1 New nuclear MW 1000 NE power plant
MAP-4 1A2 Installation of higher efficiency manufacturing and construction industrial Plants (1A2)
4.1 1A2a Lower energy-intensity NE primary Iron and steel production 4.2 1A2a Decommissioning and NE replacement of existing EAF plants with more efficient unit operations 4.3 1A2b Lower energy intensive NE aluminium smelter / production plants 4.4 1A2b Lower energy intensive NE Cement/Clinker production plants
42 PLAN OF IMPLEMENTATION EMISSION REDUCTION/ MITIGATION DISAGGREGATED EMISSION REDUCTION SUB-TYPE (POI) AVOIDED CONTRIBUTION ACTION CATEGORIES ACTION UNIT ktCO -e/ 2014-2017 PLAN (MAP) CODES 2020 2025 2030 2 yr. ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-5 1A3b Decarbonizing of Road Transport
5.1 1A3bi Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) 1 km BRT 55 100 200 0.0 line 5.2 1A3bi Electric cars (Drive Electric 1000 cars 0 0 0 0.0 Vehicle Initiative) 5.3 1A3b (i-iii) Switch from fuel oil to 100 TJ fuel 50 50 50 0.0 natural gas in industry use/year 5.4 1A3b (i-iii) Vehicle fuel efficiency improvement
MAP-6 1A3c Decarbonizing railway transport (1A3c)
6.1 1A3c Switch from fuel-oil to NE electric railway trains
MAP-7 1A4 Energy efficiency and sustainable consumption - Residential energy
7.1 1A4b Residential lighting
7.1.1 Efficient domestic lighting- 1000 Bulbs 2,500 5,000 7,000 0.0 LEDs 7.1.2 Efficient lighting with LEDs 1000 Bulbs 13,000 13,000 13,000 0.0 replacing CFL
7.2 1A1aiii Steam boiler energy efficiency improvement from baseline 70-75% to 85-90% (benchmark)
7.3 1A4b Residential heating efficiency
7.3.1 Efficient wood stoves 1000 stoves 100 500 2,000 8757.9 1200
7.3.2 LPG stoves replacing wood 1000 stoves 10 50 134 NE stoves 7.3.3 Clean cooking/efficient 500,000 500,000 1,200,000 NE cookstoves (Domestic) 7.3.4 Clean cooking/efficient 1,200 7,000 8,000 NE cookstoves (Institutional)
7.4 1A4b Residential, commercial and industry cooling efficiency under Kigali-amendment
7.4.1 Efficient refrigerators 1000 200 1,000 2,000 0.0 refrigerators 7.4.2 Efficient chillers in industry 1000 200 1,000 2,000 0.0 refrigerators 7.4.3 Efficient air conditioning 1000 Air 120.0 700.0 1,800.0 NE (Kigali-Amendment conditioners Response)
MAP-8 1B Oil and natural gas, and solid fuels Fugitive emissions reduction
8.1 1B2ai & 1B2 Reduced venting and flaring 1 MMSCF/ 118 200 200 64.3 2.8 aii in oil production day 8.2 1B2bi & 1B2 Reduced venting and flaring 1 MMSCF/ 118 200 200 64.3 2.8 bii in natural gas day 8.3 1B3 Renewable charcoal 100,000 94,017 93,947 100,877 NE production (local tonne consumption) charcoal/yr. 8.4 1B3 Renewable charcoal 100,000 59,550 100,000 78,000 Ne production (export) tonne charcoal/yr.
43 ANNEX 8: ENERGY SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS
SOLAR22
PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT TYPE CAPACITY 1 Greengen Sg Ghana Ltd P.O.Box. YK860, Kanda, Accra. 0207149021 GomoaFetteh, Gomoa 20MW Solar East, Central Region 2 Turkuaz Energy Limited Movenpick Ambassador Hotel, Emporium, Navrongo, Upper East 50MW Solar Independence Avenue Ridge. +233 (0) Region 302745555 [email protected] 3 Savanna Solar Limited P.O.Box AF491, Adenta, Accra. +233 (0) Kusawgu, Northern 150MW Solar 200792676 [email protected] Region 4 Volta River Authority Electro-Volta House, 28th February Road. Navrongo, Upper East 2MW Solar P.O.Box MB77, Accra (SITING PERMIT). +233 (0) Region 30266037 [email protected] 5 Energy Resources Projects P.O.Box GP 1791, Accra-Ghana. +233 (0) Prampram, Greater 10MW Solar Ghana 302979012 [email protected] Accra Region 6 Reroy Energy Ltd P.O. Box AN 8503, Accra North. +233 (0) Kpone, Greater Accra 50MW Solar 303305273 [email protected] Region 7 Atlas Business and Energy PMB 4 TUC Post Office Accra Ghana. +233 (0) Dawhwenya, Ningo- 10MW Solar PV Systems 302682417 [email protected] Prampram Greater Accra Region 8 Raana Energy Ghana Ltd P.O. Box KA 9244 Airport Accra. +233 (0) Buipe, Northern Region 100MW Solar PV 303234382 [email protected] 9 HEA Solar Limited Trade Fair Site, LA, P.O. Box T.F 549 Accra. +233 Sankana Nadowli 100MW Solar PV 302 963588 [email protected] District Upper West Region 10 Total Petroleum Ghana Limited Head Office, Total House, 25 Liberia Road, Zebilla, Upper East 20MW Solar Accra. P.O. Box 553, Accra, Ghana +233 (0) Region 302611530; emmanuel.opoku-minta@total- ghana.com 11 Total Petroleum Ghana Ltd Head Office, Total House, 25 Liberia Road, Tumu, Upper West 20MW Solar Accra P. O. Box 553 , Accra, Ghana Region 12 Fast Power Solutions H/N C 143 Tema (Community 3) P. O. Box CT Ningo-Prampram, 5MW Solar 2559, Cantonments Accra. 0204002015 Greater Accra Region. 13 Orion Energy Ghana Limited P.O. Box GP21060, GPO, Accra +233 (0) Tsopoli, Greater, Accra 75MW Solar 244828897, [email protected] Region 14 Savannah Accelerated P.O. Box TL883, Tamale; +233 (0) 302772000; Gushie, Northern 40MW Solar Development Authority (SADA) [email protected] Region 15 Savannah Accelerated P.O. Box TL883, Tamale; +233 (0) 302772000; Gushie, Northern 40MW Solar Development Authority (SADA [email protected] Region 16 Selexos Power Ghana Limited P.O. Box CT 3675 Cantonments-Accra, Ghana. Tarkwa, Western Region 30MW Solar +233 (0) 302763980 [email protected] 17 Scatec Solar Ghana Limited Upper Floor, 11 Lamb Street, Adabraka, Accra. Ningo, Greater Accra 50MW Solar +233 (0) 302264453 [email protected] Region 18 Volta River Authority Electro-Volta House,28th February Road. Lawra, Upper West 4MW Solar P.O.Box MB77, Accra +233 (0) 30 266037; Region [email protected] 19 Volta River Authority Electro-Volta House, 28th February Road. Lawra, Upper West 70MW Solar P.O.Box MB77, Accra; +233 (0) 30266037; Region [email protected] 20 Avior Energy Ghana Ltd HNo. U85, Tema Com. 8; P. O. Box KS 1227, Nante, Brong Ahafo 70MW Solar Tema. +233 (0) 205140518 kofi@aviorenergy. Region com 21 Wilkins Engineering Ltd P.O.Box KA 9314, Airport, Accra, +233 (0) Yendi, Northern Region 5MW Solar 302235671, [email protected] 22 Sun Investment Ghana Limited P.O.Box KN 239, North Kaneshie, Accra/Sege, Sege, Greater Accra 100MW Solar Greater Accra Region; +233 (0) 246218508; Region [email protected] 23 Alpha Power Ghana Limited P.O.Box ST 438, Accra. +233 (0) 202540542 Buipe, Nothern Region 100MW Solar [email protected]
22 http://www.energycom.gov.gh/files/ENERGY_STATISTICS--2019.pdf 44 PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT TYPE CAPACITY 24 Solaris Kage Ghana Ltd P.O.Box KN 2663 Kaneshie. Accra. +233 (0) Koforidua, Eastern 5MW Solar 547342081 [email protected] Region 25 Great West Solar House No. ;H/N F/2396, Labadi-Osu Road Sambu, Northern 50MW Solar PV P.O.Box 8962, Accra Region 26 Great West Solar House NO. ;H/N F/2396 Labadi- Osu Road Zabzugu, Northern 20MW Solar PV P.O.Box 8962, Accra Region 27 Great West Solar House No. ;H/N F/2396, Labadi-Osu Road Zabzugu, Northern 20MW Solar P.O.Box 8962, Accra Region 28 IEDG Ghana Limited HNO. A410/4 3RD Loop 7TH Sakumo Crescent, Tema, Greater Accra 20MW Solar Lartebiokorshie, Accra, Ghana P.O.Box LT 721, Region Lartebio 29 Umawa Arkolia West Africa P.O.Box KA 16261 KIA - Accra HNo. 37 Adabraka, Ahiasan/Kaasi, Ashanti 5MW Solar Amusudai Road Region 30 Ada Solar Energy Ltd P.O.Box 14916 North Accra. +233 (0) 283700000 Ada, Ada East District, 50MW Solar PV [email protected] Greater Accra Region 31 Energyone P.O.Box YK 1530 Kanda-Accra. +233 (0) Pakyi No.2 Amansie 157MW Solar PV 203301202 [email protected] West, Ashanti Region 32 Hermon Renewable Energy Plot 34 Kotobabi No. 2 Batsonaa-Accra, P.O.Box Shai Hills Greater Accra 40MW Solar PV Solutions Ltd TN 2127 Accra. +233 (0)302815824; vkhermon@ Region gmail.com 33 Global Innovative Consulting Ltd HNo. 18, Wood Lane, Ayigbe town, Tamale, Northern 50MW Solar PV Accra P.O.Box KN 464 Accra. +233 (0) Region 263999881/+233 (0) 27823335936 nsight@ bigroup.co.za 34 Whitecap Development Limited D68, C18 Salamander close Sakumono - Accra. Zoggu, Savelugu 100MW Solar PV P.O.Box AT 154 Achimota Accra. +233 (0) Nanton. Nothern Region 244777380 [email protected] 35 Kwamoka Energy Ghana Ltd P.O.Box KS 6416 Kumasi. +233 (0) 208110828; Kwamang, Jeduako, 50MW Solar PV [email protected] Asanti Region 36 Axcon Group Ltd HNO,92 Site C Danfa, Accra P.O.Box AN.263, Volta Region 20MW Solar Accra- North Ghana. 0277473839 37 Sanwar Blue Ray Ghana Limited P.O.Box NM 256 Nima-Accra Ghana Tel: Mankpan, Northern 1000MW Solar 0302241258. Number 1/24 Faanofa Link Region Kusuntu Line Kokomlemle, Accra 38 Meinergy Technology Limited P. O. Box CT 11045 Accra House/Plot Number: Onyandze, Central 20MW Solar Unnumbered House near OIC School, Travi Region Township Cantoment, Accra 39 Gushie Northern Solar Company F28/8b Fifth Circular Road Extension Labone Gushie, Northern 20MW Solar Limited Accra P. O. Box CT 6449 Cantonments, Accra Region Ghana. +233 (0) 302766832 40 Budimpeks Holdings Limited First Floor Central Block Pentagon University of Dawa, Greater Accra 15MW Solar Ghana - Accra. +233 (0) 20 451 1231 Region 41 Upwind Ayitepa Odam House C875A/3 Kanda Highway Ayitepa, Greater Accra 20MW Solar Extension, Accra. P. O. Box KA 9116, Accra. Region. Ghana 42 Green Electric Power Ghana P. O. Box CT 860 Cantoments, Accra Ghana. Tamale, Northern 40MW Solar +233 (0) 202077700. prince.owusu-yeboah@ Region gepg-gh.com 43 Tropical Power Ghana Limited PMB MD 2010 Madina, Accra. Old AOCL Akuse, Eastern Region 10MW Solar Building, after Kpong Power House, Torgome, Akuse. +233 (0)549940606 / +233 (0)544314619 [email protected] 44 Kajulu Energy Ghana Limited P.O.Box CT 3140 Cantonments, Accra, Ghana Gushie, Northern 50MW Solar No. 01/19 Madina Market. +233 (0)274 69 8511 Region [email protected] 45 Whitecap Development Limited P.O.Box AT 154,Accra, Ghana No. D68 Tampion Within 100MW Solar Community 18, Salamander Close, Tema. +233 Savelugu/Nanton (0) 24477 7380. [email protected] Municipality, Northern Region 46 Windiga IDC Energy Ltd Hse. No. 7 Oyarifa Street East legon, Accra Tilli, Upper East Region 20MW Solar P.O.Box AN 8204, Accra-North. +233 (0) 302 22 4612 +233 (0) 303 22 1171 47 Perfect Company Electricity Elite Apartment, Emmanuel Street, Shiashie East Adidome, central Tongu 25MW Solar PV Plant Limited Legon. P.O Box CT 11045, Cantonments Accra. District, Volta Region +233 (0) 247680590. eaughana.gmail/ hotmail. com/[email protected] 45 PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT TYPE CAPACITY 48 TFI Power Company Limited 48 Blohum 2nd Floor Dzorwulu Accra P.O. Box Mahe-Obom, Ga 60MW Solar KIA 117 Dangme District, Greater Accre Region Accra Ghana. +233 (0) 547007033 +233 (0) 302769559 [email protected] 49 Allied Power Ghana Ltd Locational Address H/N 564/3 Coconut Avenue- Bui hydro power plant 100MW Solar Accra. Postal Address P. O. Box GP20841 Accra, Ghana 50 Fast Power Solutions H/N C 143 Tema (Community 3) P. O. Box CT Ningo-Prampram, 5MW Solar 2559 Cantonments Accra Greater Accra Region 51 Wawa Energy Solutions Limited House No. 1 Kay Billie Klaer Academy, East Jawiah, Upper West 20MW Solar Legon Accra. 2 Kay Billie Klaer Academy, East Region Legon. Ghana. cayenu@wawaenergysolutions. com 52 Sunrise Power Development House No. 574/3 Coconut Avenue Asylum down Teye Kwame, Shai 20MW Solar PV Limited Accra. P.O Box GP 20841 Accra. 0560823242 Osudoku, Greater Accra [email protected] / mpepe@ wellfordenergy.com 53 BTSA Buipe Solar Limited H/No. 13/18 Doboro Road Opposite BlueSkies Buipe, Brong-Ahafo 20MW Solar Nsawam, Greater Accra Region. 0303962196 Region [email protected] 54 Cape Coast Marina City Limited C470/26 Avery Scott Abotsi Street, East Legon Dehia, Cape Coast 200MW Solar Accra; P.O. Box 118 Accra. +223 (0) 244724307 North District, Central / +223 (0) 244724307 / +233 (0) 504504504 Region [email protected] 55 Planet Core Ghana Limited No. 4, Airport Residential Street, Agbaamo Mafi Zongo, Central 20MW Solar Street; P.O. Box MP 4117, Accra. 0261346661 / Tongu District, Volta 0302782028 [email protected] Region 56 Armbo Power & Renewable Plot 0143 Papao-Haatso Numoo Nii Sai Avenue Dawa, Dangme East 100MW Solar Energy Limited Accra; P.O. Box WY 1180, Kwabenya - Accra. District, Greater Accra 0244111592/ 0266322786 / 0541153938 info@ Region armboenergy.com 57 UDM Power Stelin House North Industrial Area Accra; P.O Sokode Ando; Ho 200MW Solar Box AN 6354 Accra District - Volta Region 58 Energy Green Power Ghana Ltd H/No. M88 Kwame Ofori Close, Airport West Kokoligu - Lawra 100MW Solar Accra; P.O. Box AN 12050, Accra Ghana. +233 District; Upper West (Concentrated (0) 202011122 Region Solar Power) 59 Axcon Energy Limited H/No. W/E White House Dodowa Road, Asiekpe, Volta Region 20MW Solar Adamorebe, Oyibi Accra P.O Box KY 1488, Kanda Accra. +233 (0) 270888835/+233 (0) 244656555 [email protected] 60 Sinohydro Ghana Limited PMB CT 152 Accra GA/R. Airway Street, Carpenter, Bole District, 50MW Solar PV Plant Airport Residential Area, Accra. 0302781870 Northern Region 0249424099 0247367396 [email protected] 61 TTE ENERGY GHANA LIMITED H/No 21, Asylum Down; 3rd Crescent Road – Ofoase Kokoben, 25MW Solar PV Plant Accra, P. O. Box GP 1365, GA/R Accra. +233 Ashanti Region 302230705 62 TTE ENERGY GHANA LIMITED H/No 21, Asylum Down; 3rd Crescent Road – Nsuta, Ashanti Region 25MW Solar PV Plant Accra, P. O. Box GP 1365, GA/R Accra. +233 302230705 63 Crossboundary Energy Ghana H/No 6, Airport Residential Area – Accra. Postal Accra; Unilever Ghana 1.4MW Solar PV Plant Limited Address: P. O. Box CT 6217, Cantonments- Breweries Limited Accra. +233 302770447/ +233 553588195 femi. [email protected] 64 Crossboundary Energy Ghana H/No 6, Airport Residential Area – Accra. Postal Accra; Guinness Ghana 1.0MW Solar PV Plant Limited Address: P. O. Box CT 6217, Cantonments- Breweries Limited Accra. +233 302770447/ +233 553588195 femi. [email protected] 65 Northpark Power Limited Plot No. 128, Near Coca Cola Roundabout, Bolgatanga, Bolgatanga 100MW Solar PV Spintex Road, P. O. Box MP 1487, Accra +233 District, Upper East 207369027/ +233 206369462 vincent@ Region mcbilling.com 66 Northpark Power Limited Plot No. 128, Near Coca Cola Roundabout, Tamale, Tolon District, 200MW Solar PV Spintex Road, P. O. Box MP 1487, Accra. +233 Northern Region 207369027/ +233 206369462 vincent@ mcbilling.com
46 PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT TYPE CAPACITY 67 RD Savannah Solar Ghana Plot No. 18 South West McCarthy Hill, P. O. Daboya, West Gonja 200MW Solar PV Plant Limited Box GP 17166, Accra. +233 263711121 / +233 District, Northern 276090873 [email protected] Region 68 Habadul Energy Ghana Limited Hno. 452, Malabul Avenue, East Legon. Accra Osudoku 260MW Solar PV plant P .O . Box CT 197 Cantoment Accra. +233 (0) 266364618 [email protected] 69 ISO Energy Ghana Limited P.O.Box SC 152, Sekondi HNo. A7/2 SSNIT Flat. Pigu 45MW Solar PV 0244456424 0244475505 [email protected] 70 Crossboundary Energy Ghana H/No 6, Airport Residential Area – Accra. Postal Accra; Kasapreko 1.3MW Solar PV Plant Limited Address: P. O. Box CT 6217, Cantoments-Accra. Company Limited +233 302770447/ +233 553588195 femi. [email protected] 71 Crossboundary Energy Ghana H/No 6, Airport Residential Area – Accra. Postal Accra; Coca-Cola 1.3MW Solar PV Plant Limited Address: P. O. Box CT 6217, Cantoments-Accra. Bottling Company +233 302770447/ +233 553588195. femi. Limited [email protected] 72 Simbrofo Light Ghana Limited H/No.10 Lower McCarthy Hill, Winneba Road, Gomoa Simbrofo, 20 MW Solar PV Accra; P.O. Box AN 6475 Accra North. 020 421 Central Region 8532 / 0302923818 73 Siginik Energy Limited P.O. Box CS 9125 Tema. 0573 236943 / 0246 Bodi, Bole District; 50MW Solar PV 442626 Northern Region 74 Saltpond Solar Ltd. P.O Box WJ 845 Weija-Accra, H/No. 30 Saltpond, Mfantseman 40MW Solar PV Professor Mills Bypass, Aplaku Old Barrier District, Central Region Accra. +233 (0) 243171761 / (0) 244266182 solar- [email protected] 75 Oak lynk limited P.O Box SK 1080 Sakumono, Green Oak Street, Katamanso (Tema), 55MW Solar PV Huni Akrowa, Katamanso, Ghana Greater Accra Region. +233 (0) 244380359 [email protected]/ info@ oaklynk.com 76 Ultimate Trust Holdings Limited P.O Box 9233 Accra, Cargo Door, Kotoka Kpone-Katamanso 20MW Solar PV International Airport Accra. +233 (0) 207050060 District of the Greater /+233 (0) 201622594 Accra Region. 77 Mere Power Nzema Limited No. 100, Off Cantonments Road,PMB CT Awiaso-Akpandue, 155MW Solar 40 Cantonments, Accra Ghana. +233 (0) Western Region 302730390 [email protected] 78 All Afra Electric Company Plot 3 Block 5, Dadeban Road North Industrial Savelugu, Northern 20MW Solar Limited Area, Accra P.O.Box 5766, Accra-North. +233 (0) Region 302222 958/ +233 (0) 3022236572 79 BXC Company Ghana Ltd P.O.Box 5273 Kaneshie, Accra. +233 (0) Gomoa Onyadze, 20MW Solar 244321288 [email protected] Central Region 80 All-Africa Energy Limited HNO.8Onyianase Lane, Accra P.O.Box GP Apirede Akuapim, 2MW Solar 22361, Accra, Ghana. +233 (0) 576301591 Eastern Region 81 Yingli Namene West Africa Ltd. H/No. 33/55 near the Commercial Bank, Kpong, Lower Manya 50MW Solar Alogboshie Link Accra; P.O. Box 9335 K.I.A, Krobo District, Eastern Accra Ghana. 0302 776638 / 0263 706080 Region [email protected] 82 Halo International Ghana H/N 2 10th Street, New Achimota Accra. Prampram Greater 20MW Solar Limited P. O. Box 6373 Accra-North. 0261550166 / Accra Region 0262650058; [email protected] TOTAL 5,255 MW
47 WIND
PLANT PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION CAPACITY TYPE 1 Volta River Authority (WPP1) Electro Volta House 28th February Road Accra Anloga and Anyanui, 75MW Wind P. O. Box MB 77 Accra Volta Region 2 ElecQtra (West Africa) Limited ElecQtra (West Africa) Limited F28/8b Circular Afiadenyingba-Ada, 50MW Wind Road Extention Labone P.O.Box CT 6449 Greater Accra Cantoments, +233 (0) 302766832 elizabeth. [email protected] 3 Volta River Authority (WPP1) Electro Volta House 28th February Road Accra Anloga and Anyanui, 75MW Wind P. O. Box MB 77 Accra. Volta Region 4 Volta River Authority (WPP2) Electro Volta House 28th February Road Accra Wokumagbe and Goi, 75MW Wind P. O. Box MB 77 Accra Greater Accra Region 5 TC's Energy P.O.Box Co 756 Tema Ghana Ada Foah, Greater 1,000MW Wave +233 (0) 546249071 tonyopoku394@hotmail. Accra Region com 6 Upwind Prampram Ltd Odam House C875A3 Kanda Highway Prampram - Ningo 86MW Wind Extension, Accra. P.O.Box KA 9116. +233 (0) District Greater Accra 302228214 [email protected] Region 7 Upwind Ayitepa Ltd P.O.Box KA 9116. +233 (0) 030 2223175, +233 (0) Prampram - Ningo 300MW Wind 302228214 [email protected] District Greater Accra Region 8 Upwind Akplabnya Ltd P.O.Box. KA 9116. +233 (0) 302 228214. micael. Ada West District 50MW Wind [email protected] Greater Accra Region 9 Kalahari Investments Limited P.O.Box 8962, Accra House No. H/N F/2396 Gyengyenadze, 150MW Wind (Independent Power Production Labadi-Osu Road. +233 (0) 244735144 Winneba, Central Ltd) Region. 10 EBB Volta Eolica Ghana Ltd No. 1 NTHC Estate Ajiringanor East Legon, Sege, Greater Accra 100MW Wind Accra. Postal Address P.O.Box CT435, Accra, Region Ghana. +233 241998254 11 Upwind Amlakpo Ltd Upwind Amlakpo Ltd. P.O.Box KA 9116 Accra. Amlapko, Ada West 140MW Wind +233 (0)302228214 michael.wuddah@atlantic. District com.gh 12 Energhana Energy Production No. 9 Cantonments 5 circular road - Accra P. O. Keta District, Volta 51MW Wind Limited Box 118, Accra. +233 (0) 303413084/ +233 (0) Region 200199696 13 BTSA Volta Wind Limited c/o Senet Corporate Solicitors P. O. Box CT Abetifi in the Kwahu 60MW Wind 5347, Cantonments Accra. HNo. 13/18 Doboro East District of the Powered Road Opposite. +233 (0) 303962196 bdumas@ Eastern Region. Plant biothermenergy.com 14 Emerging Markets Power Limited P. O. Box GP 1682 Accra. 4 Momotse Avenue, Osudoku in the Shai- 50MW Wind Adabraka, Accra, Ghana. +233 (0) 553251371 / Osudoku District of the Powered +233 (0) 244239190 [email protected] Greater Accra Region Plant 15 Solarpark Ghana Project P. O. Box CT 5811 Cantonments Accra. H/No. Anyamam, sege, Ada 28MW Wind Development Ltd G14, Spintex Road Manet Ville, Accra. +233 (0) West, Greater Accra Powered 244326364. kevin-moeller@solarpark-ghana. Plant com 16 Upwind Konikablo Water Road, Kanda Highway Extension, P.O.BOX Dawa, Ningo- 200MW Wind Plant KA 16058 Accra. +233(0) 30 2223 175. michael. Prampram Greater [email protected] Accra 17 Heptagon Wind Farms Limited H/No. 71 American House 1st Boundary Alakple/Tregui - Keta 70MW Wind Road East Accra; P. O. Box DTD LG 10096 Municipality District; Legon - Accra. 0244313660 / 0302 522477 Volta Region [email protected] TOTAL 2,560 MW
48 WASTE-TO-ENERGY
PLANT PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION CAPACITY TYPE 1 Nehlsen WtE Power Plant Limited P.O.Box CT 4679, Cantonments, Accra. +233 (0) Kpone in the Greater 100MW Waste-to- 509 696629 [email protected] Accra RegionPlot No. 1 energy & 2 Block 1 Community (WtE) 22 Annex, Tema. 2 New Commercial Energy Ltd P.O.Box AN 15902, Accra-North H/No. A912/1 Adense-Ejusu, Ashanti 150MW Waste-to- Kwashie, Kojo Korley Street Accra. +233 (0) Region. Energy 244735144 +233 (0) 249565498 3 Biojoule Ghana Limited H/NO : Old ADCL Building Kpong Power House Kpong, Eastern Region 2.5MW Waste-to- Torgorme-Todzoku Rd Akuse PM BMD 2010 Energy Madina Accra 4 Slamson Ghana Limited 22 Arabella Easte Cantoments Accra Kpone, Greater Accra 100kW waste-to- Region energy 5 Safi Sana (Ghana) Limited H/No. 749C, Baatsona, Accra P.O.Box29, Tema Ashiaman, Greater 100kW Waste-to- Nungua, Accra. 0302 972 380 Accra Region Energy 6 West Africa Power Plant FH P.O.Box CO 2027, Tema, Ghana Behind next Lakpeleku near Ningo 100kW Waste-to- GH.Ltd flight Hotel M-Road Com. 9 Tema. 0264786100 on the Tema- Aflao Energy Road 7 Mama Lee Beach Resort Ent.Ltd P.O.Box 1373, Teshie- Nungua, Accra Location not specified. 4.31MW Waste-to- +233 (0)542345319 [email protected] To be based on ECG’s energy advise (WtE) 8 APSD Corporate Office: 2nd Floor, Carlton Atebubu, Brong Ahafo 60MW Biomass House, Anumase Street, Osu, Accra Ghana Representative Office; +491725406815 9 Emugen Ghana Limited P.O.Box CT 3237 Accra. +233 (0) 302 238622/ Mafi - Kumase Volta 8MW Biomass +233 (0) 244632234 [email protected] Region 10 Global Environmental Energy P.O.Box 1103 Accra Dodowa/Shai Greater 250MW Waste-to- Gh.Ltd +233 (0) 509742693 [email protected] Accra Region Energy 11 Sweep Ghana Limited Plot 44, 6th Circular Road, Cantonments – Dormeabra, Ga South 15MW Waste-to- Accra. Postal Address: P. O. Box CT 10387, Municipality, Greater Energy Cantonments. +233 244335855 / +233 Accra Region 244331460 [email protected] 12 Asutsuare Sugar & Power Limited H/No. 100, George Kuffour Estate, East Asutsuare 3.5MW Waste-to- Airport Residential Area, P. O. Box CT Energy 6314, Cantonments, Accra.+233 271591111 [email protected] 13 Kwamoka Energy Ghana Limited P. O.Box KS 6416, Kumasi. +233(0)208110828 Oti, Near Kumasi, 6MW Waste-to- [email protected] Ashanti Region Energy 14 Adomno WTE Power Plant P.O.BOX WJ 642,Weija-Accra No. 36, 1st Aplaku Kasoa, Awutu Senya 100MW Waste-to- Limited Street, Near Old Weija Barrier. Weija-Accra. East, Central Region Energy +233(0) 244 - 588713 info.adomnowpp@gmail. com 15 Smart Energies Ghana Limited Peeble Law Consult Behind Mamprobi P.O Accra, Greater Accra 30MW Waste-to- Box CT 217, Accra. +233244541327 info@ Region Energy smartenergiesglobal.com 16 Arrow Green Ecology Ghana Hse No. 14 Trakor Link Abeka- Accra P. O. Box West Oyibi, Greater 10.8MW Waste-to- Limited 5512 Accra North Accra Accra Region Energy 0235950002 [email protected] 17 GBI- Hanjer GBI-Hanjer Gh Limited P.O.Box 5235 Accra HNO 2, Ist Kportuphy 30MW Waste-to- North Accra. 0302400540 / 0504060044 / Avenue, West Legon Energy 0208166072 Accra 18 Armech Africa Ltd P.O.Box CT 5053 Cantoments, Accra, No. 8 Kpone, Greater Accra 17MW waste-to- Texpo Road, Tema. +233 (0) 240 14 0700. info@ Region. energy armechafrica.com (WtE) 19 Renergenc Limited HNo. 14 Block U, Kwaddea Street, Santasi Sowutuom, Ga Central 250MW Waste-to- New Site, Kumasi, P. O. Box SA 2501, Sunyani. District, Greater Accra Energy +233 (0) 203236083. clement.acheampong@ region renergenc.com 20 Safisana Biogas H/No. 749C, Baatsona, Accra P.O.Box29, Tema Ashiaman, Greater 0.32 MW Waste-to- Nungua, Accra. 0302 972 380 Accra Region Energy TOTAL 1,038 MW
49 HYDRO PLANTS PLANT PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION CAPACITY TYPE 1 Small Hydro Development P. M. Bag 23, Accra-North No. 11 saflo Street, Maham, Western 41MW Hydro Company Limited Ablelenkpe. +233 (0) 244 63 6563 Region 2 Chrispod Hydro Power Limited P.O.Box AN 7959 Accra North Accra Ghana. Tofoi, Twifo Praso 30MW hydro +233 (0) 244597612 [email protected] District 3 Lighting & Construction Africa 14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Wawa River, Ahamansu 770kW Hydro- Company Limited Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra +233 (I), Kadjebi District, Volta power plant 244322808 / +233 243071877 Region 4 Lighting & Construction Africa 14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Wawa River at 770kW Hydro- Company Limited Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra +233 Ahamansu (II), Kadjebi power plant 244322808 / +233 243071877 District, Volta Region 5 Lighting & Construction Africa 14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Wawa River, Dodi 770kW Hydro- Company Limited Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra +233 Papase, Kadjebi District, power plant 244322808 / +233 243071877 Volta Region 6 Lighting & Construction Africa 14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Dayi River, Hohoe, 600kW Hydro- Company Limited Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. Hohoe Municipal power plant +233 244322808 / +233 243071877 District, Volta Region 7 Lighting & Construction Africa 14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Dayi River, Likpe 800kW Hydro- Company Limited Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. Kukurantumi, Hohoe power plant +233 244322808 / +233 243071877 Municipal District, Volta Region 8 Lighting & Construction Africa 14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Menu River, Menusu, 580kW Hydro- Company Limited Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. Kadjebi District, Volta power plant +233 244322808 / +233 243071877 Region 9 Lighting & Construction Africa 14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Dayi River, Afegame, 750kW Hydro- Company Limited Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. Hohoe District, Volta power plant +233 244322808 / +233 243071877 Region 10 Lighting & Construction Africa 14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Kplikpa River, Afife, 70kW Hydro- Company Limited Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. Ketu North District, power plant +233 244322808 / +233 243071877 Volta Region 11 Lighting & Construction Africa 14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Dayi River, Afegame, 750kW Hydro- Company Limited Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. Hohoe District, Volta power plant +233 244322808 / +233 243071877 Region 12 Bui Power Authority No. 11 Dodi Link, Airport Residential Area Tsatsadu River, 30kW Hydro – Accra, PMB 62 Kanda – Accra. +233 Alavanyo-Abehenease, Power 302522444/5. [email protected] Hohoe District, Volta Region 13 Zoetic Power Ghana Ltd C/O SAS Finance Group World Trade Centre Akosombo, Eastern 100MW Hydro Independence Avenue Accra P.O.Box KA 16446, Region Airport 14 Akosombo Hydro Plant - Volta Akosombo, Eastern 4273 MW Hydro- River Authority Region power plant 15 Kpong Hydro Plant - Volta River Kpong, Eastern Region 771 MW Hydro- Authority power plant 16 Chrispod Hydro Power Limited P.O.Box AN 7959 Accra North Accra Ghana. Sekyere Odumase, 30MW Hydro +233 (0) 244597612 [email protected] Twifo Praso District
THERMAL PLANT PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION CAPACITY TYPE 1 Takoradi Power Company Takoradi, Western Thermal (TAPCO) Region plant 2 Takoradi International Company Takoradi, Western (TICO) Region 3 Tema Thermal 1 Power Plant Tema, Greater Accra (TT1PP) Region 4 Tema Reserve Power Plant Tema, Greater Accra (TRPP) Region 5 Emergency Reserve Power Plant (ERPP) 6 Kumasi Reserve Power Plant Kumasi, Ashanti Region (KRPP)
50 PLANT PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION CAPACITY TYPE 7 Mines Reserve Plant (MRP)
8 Tema Thermal 2 Power Plant Tema, Greater Accra (TT2PP) Region 9 Sunon Asogli Power (Ghana) Ltd (SAPP) 10 Cenit Energy Ltd (CEL)
11 Takoradi T3 Takoradi, Western Region 12 Karpowership
13 Ameri Plant
14 Trojan*
15 Kpone Thermal Power Plant Tema, Greater Accra (KTPP) Region 16 AKSA Enery Ltd
17 Genser*
18 Cenpower
HYBRID PLANT PLANT NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION CAPACITY TYPE 1 Strategic Security Systems PMB 157 Tema Community 1 Plot No. 53/3A & 3B Kpone Industrial Estate, 50MW hydro-solar International Limited Kpone Kokompe, +233 (0) 303521266. info@3sil. Tema hybrid plant com.gh 2 HPSG Ghana Limited P.O.Box CT 2552, Cantoments, Accra. Fourth Ningo-Prampram 100MW Hybrid Floor, Pyramid House. Ring Road, Accra. District in the Greater System +233(0)202222100 [email protected] Accra Region (Solar and Wind) 3 Bui Power Authority No. 11 Dodi Link, Airport Residential Area PMB Bui, Banda District, 10MW hydro-solar 62, Kanda Accra. +2330302 522444/5 dir.ped@ Brong Ahafo Region hybrid buipower.com power plant TOTAL 160 MW
51 ANNEX 9: WASTE SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE OR EMAIL LOCATION 1 Universal Waste Concept Postal address is DK366 Darkuman, Accra. 0243178886, Mataheko, Greater Accra 0573928644 Region 2 Zoompak Ghana Limited Postal Address is 117, Madina-Accra, 050 1453394. Teshie SSNIT Greda Estates, Greater Accra 3 J. Stanley-Owusu & Company Ltd 0233-302-306912/244-34-0
4 Erksarp Ventures 0244469473/0200472315 Teshie Nungua, Greater Accra Region 5 Zesta Environmental Solutions Ltd 0209458768 Agbogba, Greater Accra Region 6 Y.N.O Enterprise 032 20- 81782
7 City Waste Management Co. Ltd. 0244315069 Accra, Greater Accra Region
8 BIOLAND LTD 0302816582
9 New Era Waste Management Concept 0242154594 Achimota, Greater Accra Region 10 Keen 2 Clean Services 0240974237
11 Golden Falcon Company Limited 0302-239099
12 Early Sunrise Trading Co Ltd 0302 66508 Accra Central, Greater Accra Region 13 PREMKO Waste Management 00233 205114580 / 00233 202044592
14 Asadu Royal Seed & Waste Management 0244670732 Taifa, Greater Accra Region
Plastic waste management companies 15 3G plastic limited company 0264544888 Accra, Greater Accra Region
16 GP waste recycle co.Ltd 024426891 Accra, Greater Accra Region
17 Universal royal paper limited 030266467 Accra, Greater Accra Region
18 Polytex Ind.Ltd 0242873205 Accra, Greater Accra Region
19 Nelplast Ghana limited (Accra) Plot No. 78 Katamansu, Ashaiman, P.O. BOX 2340, Tema – Accra, Greater Accra Region Ghana. Tel: 030 970873 20 Super paper product co. Ltd 03302665016 Accra, Greater Accra Region
52 ANNEX 10: GRID ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY PLANT (GWH) AND TOTAL INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY (MW)
CARBON INTENSITY OF GENERATION YEAR TOTAL CO2 EMISSIONS TOTAL POWER CAPACITY GENERATION THERMAL THERMAL FROM THERMAL GENERATION (POWER)
GWh GWh MWh tCO2 tCO2/MWh MW
2010 10,167 3,172 3,172,000 2,565,068 0.252 2165
2011 11,200 3,639 3,639,000 2,635,785 0.235 2170
2012 12,024 3,953 3,953,000 3,196,188 0.266 2280
2013 12,870 4,637 4,637,000 3,252,710 0.253 2831
2014 12,963 4,576 4,576,000 3,148,823 0.243 2831
2015 11,491 5,647 5,647,000 3,378,009 0.294 3656
2016 13,023 7,462 7,462,000 4,710,971 0.362 3795
2017 14,067 8,451 8,451,000 6,380,505 0.454 4398
2018 16,246 10,229 10,229,000 7,722,895 0.475 4889
2019 18,763 12,008 12,008,019 9,179,380 0.489 4889
2020 63,816 56,547 56,546,749 42,692,795 0.669 7,854
2021 66,579 58,963 58,963,282 44,517,278 0.669 8,189
2022 69,423 61,084 61,084,118 46,118,509 0.664 8,484
2023 72,762 63,629 63,629,243 48,040,078 0.660 8,837
2024 76,342 66,338 66,337,850 50,085,076 0.656 9,214
2025 87,165 75,857 75,857,021 57,272,051 0.657 10,536
2026 92,322 79,833 79,833,141 60,274,021 0.653 11,088
2027 91,349 78,004 78,004,453 58,893,362 0.645 10,834
2028 97,588 82,831 82,830,741 62,537,209 0.641 11,504
2029 104,121 80,600 80,600,490 60,853,370 0.584 11,195
2030 110,887 85,648 85,648,413 64,664,552 0.583 11,896
53 UNDP NDC SUPPORT PROGRAMME United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 304 E 45th Street, New York, NY 10017 www.ndcs.undp.org @UNDPClimate
IN CONTRIBUTION TO THE