Fifth Annual Conference on Power Transmission in India

Smart Grid in Transmission – Road Ahead

April 30- May 1, 2012

By

N.S. Sodha Executive Director Load Despatch & Communication Power Grid Corporation of India Limited INDIAN POWER SECTOR

Growth of Installed Capacity from 1947 to 2020 600 Year 2020, 488 500 Generation Mix 400 300 Year 2012, 190 200 100 Year 1947, 1.3 CapacityGW in 0 Hydro Thermal Year 1947 Year 2012 Year 2020 38848 MW 124731 MW Series1 1.3 190 488 Year

Total installed Generation 190593 MW Transmission Grid Comprises

765kV/400kV Lines - 1,22,730 ckt. Kms Renewable Nuclear • 22233 MW 4780 MW • 220 kV Lines – 1,39,402 ckt. Kms • ± 500 kV HVDC Lines – 9,432 ckt. Kms

*Data as on 29-02-12 Source : CEA Reports GROWTH OF INDIAN POWER SYSTEM

57000 60000 XI Plan 50000 36874 XII Plan 40000 28600 26783 30000 14400 15043 20000

10000

0 Central Sector State Sector Private Sector Central Sector State Sector Private Sector Total XI 36874 MW (47%) 26783 MW (34%) 15043 MW (19%) 78700 MW (Rev. 62374) 54630 MW (Achieved) XII 28600 MW (28%) 14400 MW(15%) 57000 MW (57%) 100000 MW

*Data as on Feb‟ 2012 DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID

August 2006 Five Regional Grids North synchronized Two Frequencies With Central Grid March 2003 ONE West synchronized With East & Northeast Grid NEW Grid October 1991 East and Northeast synchronized South Grid 2013 Southern Grid shall synchronize Central Grid With NEW Grid

Growth of inter regional capacity North 70000 80000 East 60000 West Northeast 28000 40000 22400 South 20000 Five Regional Grids 0 4 Five Frequencies Present By 2011-12 By 2016-17 MAJOR ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA

* Hydro Potential : 1,10,000 > 25,000MW already installed > 19,000MW under implementation

Jammu > 66,000MW still to be exploited

23,000MW * 90% reserves in ER & WR

Traditional Energy Ludhiana 53,000MW

Resource metrics SIKKIM 1,700MW NR Delhi NEPAL BHUTAN Partabpur RAPP Jaipur Guwahati Lucknow CHICKEN NECK NER Patna BANGLA DESH Vindhyachal ER Gandhinagar Kolkata MYANMMAR Indore Bhopal Korba Pipavav WR Talcher/Ib Valley Raipur Bhubaneswar Tarapur Mumbai Vizag LEGEND Simhadri Hyderabad Generation Load-Centre

SR Coal Kaiga Krishnapatnam Ennore Hydro Bangalore Kozhikode South Madras Mangalore Chennai Cuddalore Lignite

Coastal Kayamkulam Thiruvananthapuram Kudankulam COLOMBO Nuclear SRI LANKA DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID

URI 765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM WAGOORA DULHASTI THE POWER RAVI KISHENPUR SATLUJ „HIGHWAY‟ JULLANDHAR

MOGA TEHRI CHICKEN NECK BALLABGARH A'PUR (DELHI RING) MEERUT BHUTAN HISSAR DIHANG DAMWE TALA RANGANADI BEARILLY TEESTA M'BAD LUCKNOW KATHAL- BHIWADI G'PUR BONGAIGAON GURI NR AGRA JAIPUR ALLAHABAD M'PUR MARIANI /UNNAO VARANASI PURNEA SHIROHI MISA MALANPUR SILIGURI/BIRPARA 2500MW SINGRAULI BARH BADARPUR 500MW KAHALGAON TIPAIMUKH ZERDA B'SHARIF DEHGAM VINDHYA- NAGDA SATNA CHAL MAITHON NER NORTH BINA JAMSHEDPUR LIMBDI GANDHAR/ SIPAT KARANPURA BANGLA SEONI AMRELI KAWAS DESH CHEGAON ROURKELA JETPUR KORBA VAPI BHANDARA RAIPUR ER PIPAVAV TARAPUR AKOLA HIRMA BOISAR WARDA PADGHEAMRAVATI CHANDRAPUR TALCHER 1000MW JEYPORE PARLI DHABOL WR LONIKAND KOYNA HYDRO POWER FROM THE KARAD RAMAGUNDAM NORTH-EAST AND PIT HEAD GAZUWAKA KOLHAPUR THERMAL POWER FROM THE SR 2000MW VIJAYAWADA EAST ENTERS THE RING AND PONDA NARENDRA EXITS TO LOAD CENTER SIRSI 2000MW KAIGA KRISHNAPATNAM

CHITTOOR BANGALORE MYSORE HOSUR SOUTH CHENNAI SINGARPET LEGEND KOZHIKODE PUGALUR LAKSHADWEEP CUDDALORE EXISTING/ X PLAN NATIONAL XI PLAN GRID COCHIN SALEM IX PLAN

KARAIKUDI 765 KV LINES KAYAMKULAM KAYATHAR 400 KV LINES TRIVANDRUM HVDC B/B KUDANKULAM HVDC BIPOLE

765 KV LINES IN X PLAN. TO BE CHARGED AT 400KV INITIALLY TO BE CHARGED AT 765 KV UNDER NATIONAL GRID POWER SECTOR ENVIRONMENT CHANGE

ENABLERS STRUCTURE •Legislation •Balancing Mechanism •Indian Electricity Act 2003 •Frequency linked Unscheduled •National Electricity Policy Interchange •Regulation •Intra-day STOA •IEGC Feb 2000 •ABT Jan 2000 •Day-ahead PX •Open Access May 2004 •Short-term Bilateral •Power Exchange Aug 2007 •Day-ahead •Execution •First-come-first served •CTU/STU, RLDC/SLDC •Three-month ahead •Grid & Market Operation •Long-term Bilateral •Control Centres & SEMs • Shared resources (ISGS) •ABT settlement: in stages 2002-03 • Own resources RENEWABLE POWER- TARGET

Source Target Total Cumulative Target Target for achievement achievement 2012 2017 2010-11 during up to 2010-11 31.03.2011 A. GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW) 2,000 2,350 14,157 16100 27300 Small Hydro 300 307 3,043 3,400 5000 (upto 25 MW) Bio Power * 472 473 2,737 3000 5100 Solar energy 200 27 38 200 4,000 Total 2,972 3,157 19,975 22,700 41,400 B. OFF-GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MWEQ) # 142 120 518 - - * Includes bio mass power, bagasse , urban & Industrial waste to energy # Includes waste to energy, (non-bagasse) Cogeneration, Biomass Gasifiers, Aero-Genrators/Hybrid systems, SPV Systems (>1kW) and Water mills/micro hydel Source : Ministry of New and Data upto 31.03.2011 Issues in Grid Integration of Renewable

• At system Level: . Variability of Renewable Power . High Cost of Integration : Commercial Complexity • At Generator’s interface to Grid: . Overloading due to Reverse Energy Flow . Power Quality (Harmonics, Flicker, DC Injection) . Scheduling and Predictability . Unintentional Islanding . Rules and Standards are the need of hour for successful Integration of Renewable India: 5th Largest Wind Power Map showing the Producer solar radiation across India

Wind Installed Capacity ~ 13 GW

Estimated Wind Potential ~ 49 GW

Total Renewable Energy Sources ~ 20 GW Power System Hierarchy

NLDC: Ensure integrated operation of National Grid

RLDC: Ensure integrated operation of 5 Regional Grid

SLDC: 31 Ensure integrated operation of State Grid Data Flow Latency in the present system

National NLDCNLDC SKEW 30 Level In sec

Region 25 ERLDC WRLDC NRLDC SRLDC NERLDC Level

State HQ 20 SLDC SLDC SLDC Level

Group of 15

SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC Distt. Level

12

s sec

- 15 15

Plant/Sub 1 RTU RTU RTU Station Level RTU RTU As the Energy Source metrics change from the traditional to a mix of Renewable and Conventional, the Power flow is no more unidirectional & predictable across UHV. Cluster of Generation pockets will be spread across regions in the Country

More dynamic Controls are required in view of more Energy exchanges across the regions Need For SMARTER GRID To Meet

. Exponential growth of Power System . Haulage of power over long distances . Open Access : Freedom and Choice . Reliability : Adequacy and Security . Lack of tools for monitoring Dynamic behavior . Integration of Large Power Systems : Southern Grid . Integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) ISSUES & CHALLENGES IN SYSTEM OPERATION

. Static view of system . Latency and Time skew in Data . Integration of upcoming Wind and Solar Generations. . Integration of upcoming IPPs and MPPs . Integration of Dispersed Generation

Necessitates installation of Intelligent Electronic Devices, Phasor measurement units (PMU) and Wide area Monitoring systems (WAMS) to enhance system operation capabilities and visualization of Unified National Grid. Smart Transmission Grid

Source: Report on Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap (NIST) Smart Grid in Transmission

. Use of Flexible AC Transmission system like Series Compensation, TCSC, SVC etc. for increase in power transfer capacity & maintaining critical grid parameters . Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for Protection & Control . Adaptive Islanding, Self Healing . HVDC Transmission . Substation Automation . Use of High temperature endurance conductor such as INVAR . More MW per meter of RoW . Gas Insulated S/s (GIS) for optimization of S/s space in urban areas

17 OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE - UPCOMING INTIATIVES

National Transmission Asset Management Centre(NTAMC)

 Remote Operation and control of Transmission Elements / unmanned substations

 To enhance Grid reliability while improving Asset Productivity

 Reduction in down time

 Availability of Experts round the clock

 Consolidation of Real-time as well as maintenance data OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE - UPCOMING INTIATIVES

 Centralised Operation of all POWERGRID Substations including auxiliaries leading to unmanned substation

 Centralised acquisition of Disturbance recorders and Event logs from Substations at Control center

 Remote management of relays

 Visual monitoring of all the assets through CCTV system

 Centralised Access Control to Substations

 Automated Fault Analysis (Relay operation evaluation, Fault summary, CT/CVT monitoring) OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE -UPCOMING INTATIVES

NATIONAL TRANSMISSION ASSET MANAGEMENT CENTRE

NORTH EASTERN SOUTHERN WESTERN NORTHERN EASTERN O AM O AM O AM O AM O AM • National Control Center NTAMC • Asset Monitoring and REGIONAL TRANSMISSION ASSET MANAGEMENT CENTRES Control

• Regional Control Centers SR -I SR-II WR-I WR-II NR-I NR-II ER-I ER-II NER RTAMCs • One for each Region (9) • Managing Maintenance and emergency operations

• Disaster Recovery Centre NRII Back-up NTAMC WRI

Sub Station Maintenance Service Hub 20 OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE- UPCOMING INITIATIVE

NTAMC Major Systems  SCADA/EMS system  Remote Accessibility System • Automated disturbance record retrieval • Centralized management of Relays  Automated Fault Analysis System  Visual Monitoring System • CCTV system and Access control  VoIP connectivity to all Substations  MPLS communication network

21 Smart Grid In System Operation

. Fault Current Limiting . Wide Area Monitoring (WAM), Visualization & Control . Dynamic Capability Rating . Flow Control . Adaptive Protection . Automated Feeder Switching . Automated Islanding and Reconnection . Automated Voltage and VAR Control . Diagnosis and Notification of Equipment Condition . Enhanced Fault Protection Elements of WAMS (Wide Area Measurement System)

• Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)

• Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)

• Communication Network

• Analytical Software Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)

• PMU is a device capable of measuring time synchronized voltage and current phasor in a power system with sampling rate of 10,25,50 samples per second at 50 Hz

• Synchronized through Global Positioning System (GPS) technology WAM Architecture PMU Pilot Project in Northern Region Experience & Benefits : Northern Region PMU Pilot Project

• Installed 8 PMUs at various important stations and PDC at NRLDC • Availability of data of every 40ms • Frequency oscillations for 1sec are observed after loss of one generation side • Increased visibility of Power System • Data archiving for post mortem analysis • Oscillation Monitoring & Bad Data Detection

Snapshots of PMU Data PHASOR vs SCADA Data

• Phasor data • SCADA data • Refresh rate 25 samples per • Refresh rate 2-5 seconds second • Some data points are newer than • All data points time tagged and others – no way to tell the difference. easy to “line up” for input to This leads to state estimator state estimator, operator display inaccuracy and uncertainty about what or planning study is “real”. • Compatible with modern • Relies on legacy communication communication technology technology, i.e. does not take • Enables action in response to advantage of newer comm. networks system dynamics • Enables action in response to system • Prelude to automatic switching statics schemes SCADA Vs PMU / X-Ray Vs MRI

SCADA ASIA SUMMIT 2010 - Paradigm Shift in Power System SCADA 29 Smart Grid : Milestones

. POWERGRID has appointed a Panel of Experts to advise upon WAMS Implementation in Indian Power System. . PMU installation as Pilot project for each region in the country underway . Northern Region (9 PMUs) - Already installed . Northern Region phase 2 – (14 PMUs) . Southern Region (6 PMUs) . North Eastern Region (6 PMU) . Western Region (6 PMUs) . Eastern Region (8 PMUs) Requirements for Smart Grid

• Availability of excellent Communication System

• Substation Automation system

• Asset Management System for Transmission and Substation equipments

• Synergisation of activities among various Stakeholders Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement Project (URTDSM) Need for Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement (URTDSM) Project

• The phase angle measurement is a valuable information & not possible with Existing system

• Based upon the phase angle measurements from both the ends of the line enhanced utilization of Transmission lines closer to thermal loading of line can be achieved.

• Sustained or growing oscillations require prompt operators‟ attention, PMU measurement can detect them in real time and alert the operators for prompt action.

• The Synchrophasor measurements can be used to determine the change required in generation or load to synchronize the two isolated system, this being more accurate data facilitates faster restoration.

• Facilitate Renewable integration : Connection/disconnection of Intermittent Energy Sources

• Feedback of Pilot Projects for Post mortem Analysis Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement Project (URTDSM)

• URTDSM envisages a WAMS (Wide Area Measurement Systems) using Phasor measurement units (PMUs) at National level • PMU Placement • Installation of PMUs on substations of 400kV and above in the State & Central Grids • Installation of PMUs on Generating Stations of 220kV level and above • HVDC terminals • Important Regional & National connection points Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)

• All the electrical parameters measured by the number of PMUs are collected in a Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) either locally or remotely • In a hierarchal set up, the PDCs used to collect the data from number of down stream PDCs. They can be differentiated as: • Nodal Phasor Data Concentrator (NPDC) • Master Phasor Data Concentrator (MPDC) • Super Phasor Data Concentrator (SPDC) Nodal Phasor Data Concentrator (NPDC)

• Nodal PDC shall be located at strategic location in Central & State Sector to pool data of PMU installed in various sub- station of that area. • Approx. for 50-60 PMUs, One Nodal PDC is Planned. • Nodal PDC is equipped with Historian for data storage.

Nodal PDC at Sub-Station Nodal PDC at Sub-Station

State Stations State Stations Central Stations Router & Switch Router & Switch Router & Switch

PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU 1 n 1 n 1 n

Sub Stn A Sub Stn B Sub Stn C Nodal Phasor Data Concentrator (NPDC)

The use of NPDC results in: • Unified interface between PDC at RLDC (named as Master PDC) and Substation. • Bandwidth requirement reduction • Local Data Storage • Ability to retrieve missed data due to Network disruption or congestion • PMU Configuration Management • Increase in latency Master Phasor Data Concentrator (MPDC)

• Master PDC will collect & correlate the required data from PMUs and Nodal PDCs under its area of operation. • The Master PDC shall be located at the SLDC Control Centre. • All Master PDC shall be equipped with Historian for data storage, have analytical tool & visualization software package. • Master PDCs will also be connected to central database for long term archiving of collected data for any analysis. Architecture of Master PDC

PMUs / Nodal PDC Field Devices Router

Communication Media

SLDC Control Center Router cum Workstation Firewall MPDC / SPDC Printer

MPDC / SPDC LAN

GPS Historian Frequency Display Day-Time Display Super Phasor Data Concentrator (SPDC)

• Super PDCs will collect data from PMUs at ISTS stations

& ISGS as well as from Master PDCs.

• Super PDC shall be placed at each RLDC.

• Super PDC shall be equipped with Historian for data

storage, have analytical tool & visualization software

package. Hierarchy of Unified Real Time Dynamic Measurement System (URTDSM)

Back up NLDC NLDC

Remote console at Remote Console Super PDC At UT(3) & NER at RPCs at RLDCs States (4), Sikkim, NTAMC(2),CEA

Master PDC at SLDCs

Nodal PDC at Sub-Station Nodal PDC at Sub-Station

State Stations Central Stations

Router & Switch Router & Switch Router & Switch

PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU 1 n 1 n 1 n Sub Stn A Sub Stn B Sub StnC Proposed URTDSM in Indian Power System.

Region Sub- No of No. of PMUs No. of No. of No. of stations Feeders Nodal MPDC SPDC PDC

ISTS STU ISTS STU ISTS STU

NR 83 96 434 435 227 231 6 9 1

WR 60 76 520 415 267 216 11 4 1

ER 51 44 395 199 202 105 4 5 1

SR 60 71 348 289 183 152 6 4 1

NER 18 22 95 69 50 36 0 3 1 Sub Total 272 309 1792 1407 929 740 27 25 5

Total 581 3199 1669 57 Methodology of Implementation

• Proposed URSTDM Project may be implemented in two phases: • Phase 1: • Placement of 1186 nos. PMUs at all lines in HVDC terminal stations, 400kV & above voltage level S/s, generating station stepped up at 220kV level & above, where FO cable along with communication equipment is either existing or being implemented by 2014-2015. • Placement of Nodal PDC (27 Nos), Master PDC (25 Nos), Super PDC (5) at RLDCs, 2 Nos PDC at main & backup NLDC • Remote console at each RPC (5), UT (3), Sikkim, NTMC (2), CEA (1), & NER States (4), Total (16).

• Phase 2: • Placement of balance 483 nos PMUs along with provision of Fibre Optic connectivity & communication equipments. Analytical Functions development using PMU data in URTDSM

Phase-I • Vulnerability test on relay characteristics • Instrument measurement validation • Dynamic state Measurement • Supervised Zone 3 Blocking • Network model validation. • Schemes for controlling angular instability • Emergency Control Schemes for controlling frequency & voltage instability • Improved transmission corridor capability Phase –II : Development of Analytical Functions

• Adaptive islanding

• Network transient stability model validation

• Load shedding and other load control techniques

Capacity Building is also taken up to match NEW Technology Communication System for Smart Grid

• Existing Telecom Network of Fibre Optic – Approx. 28000 Kms

• Fibre Optics establishment - Approx. 38000 Kms in process

• Total Fibre network - Approx 66000 Kms Challenges Ahead……

• We are moving from a regime of 10-12 seconds latency to that of milliseconds with Smart Grid. • In future more and more integration of Renewable Energy with Conventional Energy takes place across the Nation, which will emphasize the need of dynamic control and visibility of the Power System. • All stakeholders to synergize for overall growth & development in Indian Power Sector • Capacity Building is a Major Challenge. N S Sodha ED LD&C [email protected] Mobile - 09717890988

ONE NATION - ONE GRID POWERGRID