GUIDE

FORESTRY OPEN AIR MUSEUM

FOREWORD

Dear visitors and friends of ,

The most beautiful things in life are born out of love. Love is the essence of creation. And love for majestic grandeur of towering giant fi rs, smooth-bark gentle “Daddy” beeches, svelte pines whose roots cling twisted round the rocky steep, wind-beaten spruce, wide- crowned oaks stretching their arms in perpetuity – who would not be enchanted and deeply inspired by immortal beauty of the Mother Nature? Simple, unconditional love for nature, forests and homeland coupled by the devotion of generations of to protect and understand forests and their mysteries has lead us to create this special museum – a monument of the beauty of Slovak forests and the labour of our foresters. Please, welcome to the Open Air Museum in the Vydrovo Valley near the village of Čierny Balog. The museum, which encompasses 150 ha of mostly conifer and open land, was open in 2003. Its 3-km long forest walk features over 60 interpretation points with panels providing basic facts about the forest, its main functions and services, forest wildlife, history of forestry, forest machinery, and most importantly, about its irreplaceable role in our lives. Having said that it is not diffi cult to guess what the main exhibit of this truly unique museum is– yes, you guess it right, it is the Forest itself. The limitless variety of its shapes, colours, sounds and life forms provided bottomless source of inspiration for the museum’s designers whose only puzzle was to pick the most characteristic features of surrounding forests and the work done in them. The Museum was founded by the Forests of the Slovak Republic, state enterprise, Banská Bystrica. Practical aspects of running and developing the Museum are overseen by the Forest Enterprise Čierny Balog with generous support from local municipality, the Čiernohronska Forest Railway, the Civic Society VYDRA, the Forestry and Industry Museum, the National Forest Centre, the Faculty of Forestry, forestry colleges, especially the Forestry Apprenticeship School in Banská Štiavnica and, of course, other forest enterprises such as the Semenoles Liptovský Hrádok and the Forest Machinery Division Banská Bystrica. On top of that, there are also many commercial enterprises and private business, e.g. STASMO Oravská Polhora, ZTEES Trstená, among its numerous benefactors. All these parties contribute to the Museum betterment - the place we would like to think about as a shrine of delight, spirituality and enlightenment for all lovers of nature and forests in particular. Dear friends, please enter the symbolic gate of the museum to take a pleasurable stroll along its “Forest Lifetime Walk” that attempts to illustrate diff erent stages in the life of forest and its metamorphosis over time. There is a lot of symbolism between the history of forest and history of mankind and common hope for the future – future unimaginable without forests by our side.

Forever yours, Reverential Foresters 1 HUMAN CULTURE STARTED WITH THE CUTTING OF THE FORESTS AND CAN ONLY BE MAINTAINED BY PROTECTING THEM

I GIVE YOU OXYGEN. I RETAIN WATER FOR YOU. I INCREASE AIR HUMIDITY. I PROTECT THE SOIL AGAINST WATER AND AIR EROSION. I ABSORB DUST, NOISE AND I REDUCE RADIOACTIVITY. I RELEASE ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES. I PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST THE OZONE HOLE. I AM A HABITAT FOR FOREST ANIMALS. I PRODUCE WOOD. I GIVE YOU FOREST BERRIES. I AM THE SOURCE FOR THE REGENERATION OF YOUR BODY. 2 FOREST BIRDS Some bird species are bounded to the forest environment in the terms of food (trophically) and place (ecotopicaly). The species diversity and the abundance of birds depend mainly on the location, composition, age and the structure of forests, though the highest abundance occurs in the natural and native forests. In the surrounding environment, tit, chaffi nch, nuthatch, jay, ouzel, and crossbill represent the singing birds. Many other bird species such as black woodpecker, tawny owl, Tengmalm’s owl, buzzard, goshawk are also presented. The importance of birds is pointed out by the fact, that the singing birds spread on the area of 1.000 ha of forests consume annually up to 10 tons of diff erent insects, thereby they contribute to the improvement of the health conditions of forests as well as to the increase of the forest resistance and ecological stability of forest ecosystems. The maintenance of nesting , including the hollow trees for hollow nesting birds, as well as the traditional production and distribution of diff erent types of nesting boxes in forests contribute to the protection of birds.

3 WETLANDS ARE THE AREAS comprising marshes, moors, peat lands, moist meadows, naturally fl owing or standing waters including water streams and water areas with ponds and water reservoirs. Depending on the location and the type of wetlands, various societies of organisms adapted to the permanent or temporary water-logged soils have been evolved. The characteristic plants of the peat lands are cotton- grass, reed mace, bog bean, bird’s-eye primrose, cranberry, carnivorous sundew, mountain violet as well as some orchid species. The composition of animals is also manifold. In the mountain areas, wetlands are frequently covered by grey alder, crack willow and other species spreading from the surrounding. The herbs are represented by marsh marigold, spotted deadnettle, butterbur, diff erent sedges and other species. Wetlands are important hatching sites for the amphibians. The wetlands of international importance are protected by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. However, protection is also needed for the wetlands of national, regional and local signifi cance. 4 TORRENTS REGULATION Torrent dams are cross subjects in the basins of torrents. They are built for the two reasons: 1. to retain suspended sediments created by the erosion in the upper part of the stream and the catchment area. 2. to retain high water levels that can cause fl oods in these passages.

5 SNOW PIT Forest plants that are used for planting in spring time are lifted from the forest nursery in a certain time advance. If they sprouted before planting they would not take roots. In order to prevent their early development they are stored in roof-covered snow pits. At the end of winter the snow pits are loaded by snow and the forest plants are laid down on the snow surface. The coldness in the snow pit causes that biological activities of plants are inhibited so that they can be planted in undeveloped conditions. Snow pits are built of wood in the way the snow can last as long as possible.

6 THE IMPORTANCE OF ANTS FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS Forest ants of sub-genus Formica have an extraordinary importance in the protection of forest stands and they increase the diversity and stability of forest ecosystems. Forest ants are the signifi cant predators of harmful forest insects. To secure the existence of an anthill, they have to collect 1 kg of protein food that consists up to 85 % of insects. The ant’s abundance per 1 ha varies between 10 -15 mil. individuals and, considering their total weight of 100 kg, they are signifi cant regulators of the insect populations in their surrounding. On the areas with the suffi cient abundance of ants a gradation of dangerous forest pests (e.g. gypsy moth, leafroller, webspinning sawfl y, etc.) is avoided. The activities of ants contribute to the improvement of soil aeration, maintenance of favourable water regime, and consequently to the enhancement of soil fertility. Except this they enhance the nutrition supply for other animals that feed themselves or their brood. Birds use “purifi catory bathes” in the anthills to get rid of parasites. The protection of forest ants includes mainly the maintenance of the existing and strong maternal colonies (anthills) during the period of forest harvesting and timber skidding, and, eventually, the regeneration of their functions by salvage transfers of the nests. Protective covers of anthills are used against the natural predators (digging and climbing birds, badger, wild boar, bear).

7 HOW MUCH WATER DOES THE FOREST RETAIN? Water is the basis of life. Forests have a signifi cant importance for the creation, retention and the protection of water resources of Slovakia. The water management functions of forests are the following: infi ltration, percolation, retention, and nivalation. There is an important phenomenon that can be found in the forest – the surface water fl ow is converted into the subterranean one. The gradual retention and infi ltration of water prevents from the fl oods. Forests also positively infl uence the purity, quality and the hygiene of waters. The total water volume retained in the forest land of Slovakia is approximately 4.5 bil. m3, which is four time more than in the all water reservoirs of Slovakia.

8 THE FIRST At the age of 25-30 years a tending method called thinning is applied in the forests. In the forestry practice, a thinning from above in combination with the positive selection is mainly used, when the future trees of best quality are left in the forest and they are expected to stay till the end of the rotation period. Trees that restrain the growth of the future trees are marked and removed within the thinning. As a result of thinning, which is carried out once a 5-10 years, the forest can produce quality wood material and, at the same time, to fulfi l all its non-production functions – soil protection, water retention, climatic, health, and recreational function. are carried out at various strength and intensity. Thinning is a very important tending measure as it results not only in the enhanced quality and volume of the future mature trees but also in the enhancement of the total stability and resistance of forest stands.

9 A forest stand tending called cleaning is used once the forest stand gets closed (stand age is about 10 years) and its height exceeds 1.5 m. This measure is aimed at removing of productively less important tree species using the form of and the reduction of young growths density, though the damaged, unformed and tufted individuals are removed primary. The remaining trees get more sunlight, increase their diameter and become more stable. Cleaning is repeated in approximately 5 years interval and is carried out roughly to the age of 25 years when the stands start to be tended by thinning.

10 NATURAL FOREST REGENERATION Forest stands can be regenerated artifi cially or naturally. Using the artifi cial regeneration, seed is sowed or forests plants produced in forest nurseries are planted. Using the natural regeneration, new forest is created from the mother stand seeds, which germinate under its shelter. To be successful in the natural regeneration, the forest stand has to be properly prepared by a . During the year when a good yield of seeds is expected, the forest stand should be lightened by the . In order to achieve the maximal proportion of seed germination and seedling survival, a forester has to mellow the soil locally, or entirely on the whole area in advance. In those cases, when the mother forest stand is of a good quality and we want to transfer its properties to the new forest stand, the natural forest regeneration is the most suitable way of forest establishment from the biological as well as the economic point of view.

11 HONOUR TO THE FORESTERS AND NATURE PROTECTORS Since the past, in Slovakia there have been a number of signifi cant foresters, researchers and tutors who considered the forest not only as a subject of national interest but principally as the basic component of nature. Therefore, they tried to put appropriate ways of into practice in order to protect forests and prevent them from the regardless devastation. Owing to this reasons they can be considered as the fi rst nature protectors. They deserve our attention and respect.

Jozef Dekret Matejovie (1774-1841) As a chamber forest master in Banská Bystrica and the native from Dobroč near Čierny Balog, he signifi cantly contributed to the maintenance and enhancement of the devastated forests by mining in the Horehronie region. His rational and innovative methods served as a basis for the organised forestry all over the country and therefore, he is considered to be one of the most important forestry pioneers at the break of the 18th and 19th century. His message to maintain the forests for the future generations is still actual.

Henrich Dávid Wilkens (1763-1832) A naturalist, tutor and forestry pioneer who was the fi rst professor at a newly established Forestry Institute of the Mining Academy in Banská Štiavnica in 1807. He lectured natural sciences and his research was aimed at the natural forest regeneration, and .

Ľudovít Greiner (1796-1882) The director of the Coburgs forests and estates in Jelšava (1828-1874) did not allow large clearing cuts, cared for the natural and artifi cial forest regeneration and promoted of mixed stands. He was an accepted expert in the area of forest inventory. He deserved well of the general raising of forestry.

Viliam Rowland (1814-1888) A polyhistorian, forester and a protector of nature, who worked in the position of forest master, raised forestry in the area of Orava composesorat. He focused on the forest inventory, forest regeneration and forest protection mainly on the upper forest line, modernisation of transport, and on the organisation of forestry and agricultural associations (he was one of the founders of the Hungarian Forestry Association seated in Bratislava – 1851).

Karol Kaán (1867-1940) A signifi cant representative of the state forest administration, a forester and a pioneer in nature protection argued against forest devastation and cared for rational use of wood. He promoted the extensive silvicultural activities and aff orestation of unutilised soils in lowlands. He deserved well of the list of natural spots and of the establishment of the fi rst reservations in Slovakia. His publication Nature protection and natural spots (1931) is the fi rst conception of nature protection in Hungary. 12 PROTECTIVE FORESTS The functional purpose of protective forests refl ects the actual natural conditions. The protective forests are: • forests on extremely unfavourable sites such as rocks, ravines, areas with the appearing parent rock, unstable gravel deposits and deep peat lands • alpine forests under the upper forest line protecting the lower situated stands, forests under unfavourable climatic conditions, and forests eliminating the danger of avalanches • forests in the mountain pine zone • other forests for primarily soil protection Forest management in protective forests is carried out with the aim to enhance their dominant protective function.

13 FOREST WHEEL TRACTOR Felled trees can be logged to the forest yard by diff erent ways: tractors, gravitation sliding, horses, cables, and helicopters. The use of the forest wheel tractors that are specially designed for forest work is dominant in wood in Slovakia. The wheel tractors are able to generate tension, while their special construction allows skilled manoeuvring even in the rough terrain. They can be equipped by the wide profi le tires, which contribute signifi cantly to the elimination of soil erosion. During their work, the tractors move along the skidding roads, however they are able to operate in unadjusted terrain up to the slope of 50%.

14 SPECIAL PURPOSE FORESTS Management of special purpose forests is adapted so that these forests can fulfi l important societal needs. The special purpose forests are: • forests in water resources protection zones • forest in mineral water protection zones • forest parks and suburban forests • forests in approved game preserves and pheasanteries • forest in protection areas and forest important form the viewpoint of nature protection • air-polluted forests • forests for forest research and education at forestry schools • forests where a diff erent management of forests is required for other important needs of society In case of a number of parallel interests, the prevailing restrains and management objectives are decisive for preferring a particular type of special purpose.

15 FOREST SLIDE In the past, wood was often logged from the steep slopes using the gravitation with the help of ground, snow, water or wooden forest slides. Forest slides were designed so that the wood could slide itself down to the valley powered only by its own weight. In order to increase the speed the slides were watered or waxed. Clay was used for braking. The slides were simple but ingenious devices and their construction required exceptional knowledge. Slide construction used to be particularly educated at forestry schools. A Styrien forest master Hohenwarter taught the Slovaks how to construct the slides in 1546. Even in the present forestry, the gravitation sliding is carried out with the use of plastic slides. 16 TENDING OF STEMWOODS In the second half of the age of forest stand, i.e. approximately from the age of 50 years, the stand is regularly tended by the release thinning. The aim of this measure is to provide more sunlight for the stand, and thus to support the diameter increment of so-called target trees that will stay in the stand till the end of the rotation period. One of the aims of the last thinning, which is carried out at the approximate age of 80 years, is to prepare the stand for rich fructifi cation of forest seeds.

17 HOW DOES THE WILD BOAR LIVE? In spite of the population of about 24.000 wild boars living in the Slovak forests, we only can spot this interesting forest inhabitant occasionally. The reason is that wild boar (Latin name Sus scrofa) is a very clever and careful being, appearing usually at nights. It is fed by roots, forest berries, small animals, and carrions. Early in the spring (March, April), female wild boar gives birth up to 8 small boars. Thank to this, a high number wild boar population is relatively constant, though it is sometimes threatened by diff erent illnesses such as the plaque. Male wild boar, called also a “tusker” among the hunters, reaches the weight up to 200 kg. It has strong tusks that can be dangerous in the case of attack. Female wild boar leads not only the youngest boars but also the yearling ones called hoggets. 18 TIMBER PROCESSOR

Timber processor is a multifunction forest machine substituting human work in a number of production processes simultaneously. At the time of its invention, the processor represented an important step no only for saving of labour but mainly for substituting of exhausting manual work. Processor usually moved at concentrated wood yards with felled and branched timber directly from forest stands. Using its hydraulic crane it grabbed the stem, moved it to its shifting mechanism, pressed the delimbing blades around the stem and gradually removed all branches. The next phase was cross cutting to required lengths. These assortments were piled up at roadside, marked by a forester and transported from the forest to the place of destination. Here we can see a Swedish processor ÖSA 670. Harvesters represent higher level machines and they have substituted processors recently. In fact, they are processors with the additional abilities to cut the trees. As an example, here we can see the most important part of this machine – a toggle cutting head covering cutting, delimbing and cross-cutting operations. This head originates from a Slovak-Finish and is produced by a Finnish company FARMI. Currently, harvesters have many modifi cations in terms of terrain capacity, performance and ecology.

19 BURNING Till 1918, wood cutting and colliering belonged among the most typical professions in Slovakia. As charcoal was the main energy source for the developing industry, its production belonged among the worthy jobs. Nowadays, it can be compared to the oil production. Wood was burned in burning clamps for 4-11 days and nights. Colliers themselves had to cut wood, transport it on the sledge during winters and summers, fi ll in the clamp, and after lighting, they had to control charring wood at a very slow rate so that the combustion was never allowed to complete. Once the burning clamp cooled, it was necessary to demount the clamp and load the charcoal into bags or on the carriages. The colliers used to stay in the forest all week long and they also slept in forest huts. Their work was very hard and 50 years old colliers were so tired that they usually looked for some easier work. 20 FOREST ROAD In the past, wood was only harvested nearby the rivers that were used for its transportation (wood fl oating, rafting). The development of the mining industry increased wood consumption, and once the wood resources were used up around the rivers, it was necessary to enter the farther forests. At that time, forest railways started to be constructed. However, their technical abilities were also restricted mainly by the terrain slope. Therefore, the new age, which has lasted till the presence, took place in the history of wood transport – it is the age of forest roads. They started to be constructed at the end of 19th century, initially as ground roads, later on strengthened by stones and called the stone packed roads. The modern forest roads have a sophisticated construction and their building is very diffi cult in the mountainous terrain. Forest roads allow effi cient wood transport, forest protection and they also serve for security tasks of the state.

21 SPATIAL FOREST DIVISION The aim of the forest division is to create the spatial frames and units for forest monitoring, planning and realisation of forest activities and their controlling. The highest territorial and spatial unit is the forest management unit that comprises forest user’s units determined according to the forest land users and owners. The basic lower permanent unit of spatial division of forest is the compartment determined on the basis of the same or similar natural, technical and production conditions. The natural and artifi cial compartment’s borders are marked on the trees either by white colour strips (production and special purpose forests) or red strips (protective forests) together with an arrow pointing the direction of the border course. The borders are also marked in the forest stand map (scale 1:10000). The borders of forest ownership are secured by the border marks and the important inner measurement points by the land marks.

22 FORESTS AND WARS During the II. World War the Slovak forests hosted many politically and racially persecuted people, as well as the deserters of the Slovak Army who refused fi ghting in the German-Soviet front. Wood cutter’s log cabins, cottages and huts provided a secure cover deep in the forests. In winter in 1994-1945, the forest around Čierny Balog hosted the members of the 1st Czechoslovak Army, 1st Czechoslovak partisan brigade of J. V. Stalin, partisan unit Alexander Nevsky, 2nd Czechoslovak partisan brigade “Za slobodu Slovanov”, and the partisan unit Chruscov. The members of the fi ghting group SS Schill together with the members of the Sicherheitsdienst and the Sicherheitspolizei accomplished the crusades against the partisan groups. A number of graves of unknown heroes are the silent witnesses of the cruel fi ghts between the partisans and the nacists.

23 FOREST Exhausting work always resulted in hard hands and souls of wood cutters. Used working tools were usually heavy and dangerous. Forest tools consisted mainly of diff erent types of – a cutting for trees, trimming axe for tree debranching, and a splitting hammer for wood splitting. At present, axes have been replaced by and hydraulic splitters. However, up to day a sappie is used for stems lifting and a peavey for stems turning. Except of them you can see a two-handed barking knife and a peeling iron used for manual debarking of stems. A cross-, which replaced an axe in wood felling, is also a historical . Would you handle such a saw? 24 WOOD ASSORTMENTS When the forest is evaluated in the term of the most valuable products it produces, accumulates and protects – oxygen, water and soil – there are obviously no signifi cant diff erences between the trees. This is however not valid for production of wood, which is according to tree species and quality categorised into the six quality classes. The price diff erences between the classes can be very signifi cant. It depends on the tree species, size of a stem as well as on the purpose of wood use. For example, wood of the VI. quality class – fuelwood is sold approximately for 1.000 SKK/m3, while large oak stems without knots, which are classifi ed as the I. quality class can be priced at 10.000 SKK/m3 The basic categorisation of assortments into the quality classes is as follows: I. quality class high quality wood suitable for the production of furniture veneers II. quality class quality wood suitable for the production of sport instruments III. quality class sawlogs suitable for the production of sawnwood IV. quality class mining wood used in the past for the production of pitprops V. quality class used for the production of wood pulp and paper VI. quality class fuelwood

25 FOREST RAILWAYS Forest railways represent concluded but very a signifi cant period in forest transport. They allowed a whole year transport of wood and replaced at that time used wood fl oating. They gradually spread to the most of the river basins of the countries of the Carpathian Bow (Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, and Hungary) and reached approximately 10% of the total length of the railways at that time. In the fi rst half of the 20th century they were constructed as simple “miniatures” of the standard railways using a narrowed span (mainly 760 mm). Wood was transported gravitationally on the manually braked wagons, eventually by steam or engine locomotives. During the seventies years of the last century all forest railways were gradually liquidated and were replaced by vehicle transport. Out of the total number of 40 forest railways in Slovakia, there are only the rests of tree railways remained. Only one of them – Čiernohorská forest railway is partially used for wood transport.

26 FOREST HOUSE Forester is the main person responsible for everyday care of forest – its establishment, silviculture, protection and harvesting. A proper care of forests requires unlimited working time so that we can meet foresters in the forest not only during the day but also in the evenings, at nights, as well as during weekends. Mainly in the past, the peculiarity of this profession was emphasised by living of the forester directly in the forest or its close surrounding in a particular residence called the forest house. The forester and his family used the forest house not only for living but, at the same time, it served as the offi ce, accommodation facilities for offi cial visitors, and the storage of forest tools. Nearby the forest house there were barns and stables for stalling the forest horses and livestock for forester’s personal needs. There is a number of maintained historical forest houses in Slovakia, some of them are still occupied, however, owing to the changing living style many of them are empty.

27 FOREST NURSERY Forest nursery is a place where forest plants are grown from forest seeds. Forest plants are grown in the nursery for 2-5 years and, afterwards, they are used for artifi cial forest regeneration, eventually for completing after natural regeneration. Forest nursery works include the preparation of forest seed for germination, protection of seedling, seedlings transplantation, plants treatment, fi nal lifting of the plants and their transport to the place of . Special machines are used for work in the forest nursery (transplanting machines, undercutter, sprayers…). In order to secure the quality of the future forests, foresters who collect forest seeds and grow forest plants use only the genetically appropriate materials for planting. The production of forest plants in forest nurseries is one of the most diffi cult and important forest activities. The forests of Slovakia comprise some 20 forest tree species, out of them six are the main production species: beech with the area proportion of 30 %, spruce 28%, oak 11 %, pine 8 %, hornbeam 6 %, fi r 4 %, and the other species 14 %. Can you recognise the forest trees in this forest nursery? This small forest nursery has been established and managed by the forest enterprise Semenoles Liptovský Hrádok.

28 FOREST FIRES In our conditions, forest fi re is one of the principal enemies of the forests. In some countries, however, forest fi re is a common phenomenon and it allows the natural regeneration of some tree species. In California, it contributes to the successful growth of sequoias. Fire can destroy all trees or to weaken them physiologically and thus create the conditions for consequent damages. At the same time it destroys litter and all organisms it can reach. We can distinguish the surface, crown, and the ground fi res and the fi res in hollow trees. Forest fi res are mainly caused by humans, less frequently by lightening. The reasons are usually carelessness, breaking fi re rules such as the prohibition of smoking, setting fi res in forests, and, mainly grass burning. Fire extinguishing is very diffi cult and costly. Sometimes, special techniques, such as aerial techniques, or mobilisation of a number of people are needed. The access to the forest can be prohibited during the periods of a higher danger of forest fi res occurrence (droughts). In 2001 forest fi res damaged 9 thousand m3 of wood (mostly pine), however these damages were only 44 % of the damages in 2000. The forest stands damaged by fi res require revitalising measures.

29 WATER RAM Water ram, history of which dated back to the ancient world, was used for irrigation of one of the seven wonders of the world – the hanging gardens of the queen Semiramida. However, it was also used in forest houses and forest nurseries. At the present time, it is still used everywhere, where there is no source of energy or in cases, we want to reduce costs. The water ram is based on the well known principle when kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy. Thought it is used for the transport of relatively small amount of water, operating continually, it can pump over 5.000 litres of water per 24 hours up to the height of 20 m. 30 WATER ANIMALS The occurrence of several animals sensitive to water purity points out the purity of the creek fl owing through the valley Vydrovo. Several variously coloured dragonfl y species and predatory water-evolving larva belong to the remarkable and important species from the viewpoint of water purity indication. Waterlogged alluvium is used by other insect species, mainly beetles and butterfl ies. There are mayfl ies, stonefl ies and caddysfl ies living in the creek. They typically protect their bodies by the shells made of small stones and other available materials. Fish is represented by trout and bullhead, crustaceants by crayfi sh. The water bank animals are newts, agile frog, common toad representing amphibians, grey wagtail, pied wagtail, and white-throated dipper representing birds. European otter, which represents mammals and is mainly a dusk animal, occurs rarely. At present otter belongs among the endangered species of our fauna.

31 WOOD TRANSPORT Wood harvested in the forest is skidded with the use of tractors or yokes to the valleys to the forest yards called “transport places” in forestry terminology. This place represents the point in forestry activities where the wood transportation starts. Wood is transported from the transport places with the use of special lorries to the big expedition wood yards, which can be often seen by railway stations. The wood transport lorries are equipped by hydraulic cranes that are able to load and unload the stems. The loading area consists of a bunk with stanchions – the posts between which the wood is loaded. The lorries can be equipped by pole trailers allowing the transport of very long stems. Here you can see the Tatra 148 with a hydraulic crane HARA 60 that was donated to the open-air museum by the forest enterprise Krupina.

32 FOREST CALAMITY The calamity is a critical state caused by unfavourable nature factors with the consequent extensive damages in forests. It occurs either instantly, e.g. by whirlwind, high and wet snow, strong rime, etc. or gradually e.g. outbreak of pests (mainly bark beetles), spread of deceases. In case, the eff ects of a previous calamity were not eliminated on time, a combination of calamities can sometimes appear - for example a windthrow can be followed by an outbreak of bark beetles. An increased probability of the occurrence of calamities is in weakened stands (longer drought, emissions, etc.). Calamities often disrupt a well-established system of forest management. A share of accidental felling is almost one half of the total forest harvesting (in 2001 it was nearly 40 %, in 2000 almost 49 %, and in 1999 46 %). Removing the eff ects of calamities is very diffi cult, costly and often very dangerous, wood losses are signifi cant and damages to the forest ecosystems are extensive.

33 FOREST PROTECTS THE SOIL Forest protects the soil and helps its creation. The fertile soil layer, which is the source of nutrition for the entire plant world, is about 60 cm deep. Its formation takes minimally 6-7 thousand years. The maintenance of this special cover is an important condition for life and food for mankind. Forest stands protect the soil against erosion, i.e. against washing away by the rain fl ows, drying out and blowing away by the wind. There is up to 1.000 m of roots that strengthen the soil beneath 1 m2 of the forest land. Without the forests, forest soil would become deserted, it would loose its nutritious capability and a dead rock would slowly appear at the surface. The ability of forest soil to accumulate water is enormous. The forest soil on the area of 1 ha stores up to 4 mil. litres of water that is regularly released to the water reservoirs. In Slovakia, the most common soil type is brown forest soil, which covers approximately 60% of the total forest area. In front, there is a soil pit showing the soil profi le whit the individual soil horizons.

34 FOREST CABLES Forest cables are used for wood logging from the steep mountain slopes, inaccessible sites and unstable soils. In comparison with other technologies, the cable work destroys forest stand, soil and naturally regenerated trees in a lesser extent. The use of cables should be encouraged everywhere, where the use of over ground systems is not rational, eff ective or secure. A standard length of forest cables is up to 500 m, while the carrying capacity varies from 0.5 t (very light) up to 5 t (very heavy cables). The disadvantage of the cables is the sophisticated technological preparation of working site related to the projecting and building of the cable lane. It requires a higher degree of professional knowledge of the managerial and executive staff . The advantage of the cables is the ability to log the wood against the slope, lower quantity of roads, and mainly lower negative loading of the forest environment by human activities.

35 TENDING OF YOUNG FOREST In the fi rst years of forest life, the forest is called either a natural plantation (if created by artifi cial regeneration) or a young seedling stand (if created by natural regeneration). During this period the forest requires an exceptional treatment. In natural , it is necessary to help young trees to win the fi ght against the weed which can overgrow them and suppress them, as well as against the forest game which damages tress by sprout browsing and bark peeling. Weed is suppressed mainly by hoeing, footing, and cutting around each young tree. These activities are very exhausting but they are inevitable. Diff erent mechanical (foil, fi bres, nets) and chemical (coatings) repellents are used against game. Fencing a young forest stands is a very expensive but an eff ective measure. Biological protection, including an appropriate game population reduction, is also needed. In the case of young seedling stands, which are usually very dense, it is necessary to reduce their density and to direct tree species composition by removing the numerously redundant and preferring the defi cient tree species.

36 GAME MANAGEMENT Game management comprises a number of activities aimed at the maintenance, enhancement, protection and the optimal use of forest game gene pool as well as the natural wealth of the Slovak Republic (Act on Game Management). Nature is a temple that a hunter enters with respect. The proper hunter is a real expert of our game and its living environment. He is aware of the principles of nature. He knows that every stone, plant or animal has the exactly determined place and mission. The hunter’s priority is the management and care of game – feeding, creation of game food plots, building of game facilities – racks, salt licks, high seats, keeping discipline, habits and traditions. Slovakia has long traditions in game management and a developed hunting culture. The idea to establish the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation C.I.C. also originated in the area of Slovakia in 1928. Thanks to the unifi ed hunting organisation (since 1920) it was able to reach the present wide species composition and the high population of game. We have developed game management science and research, breeding of dogs, falconry, hunting horn blowing, hunting literature, hunting museums, and we have the best red deer callers. At present, the Slovak Hunting Association incorporates over 53 thousand members and through the hunting associations it manages 3.290 mil. ha.

37 FOREST AND DELINQUENCY The offi cial value of the forest land and forest stands of Slovakia is 280 bil. SKK. However, this value would increase many times if we evaluated all the forest functions related to the soil protection, water retention, oxygen creation, or human body regeneration. Though these functions are vital for all of us, some of us have not still absolutely understood this and they damage forests – steal wood, damage soil, burn grass, lift forest seedlings, drive in forests, and dispose waste. The Forest Act prohibits all these activities. The forest guard controls the abidance of the Forest Act. However, can the forest guard watch every tree? Certainly not. Therefore, it is mainly up to all of us to protect our forests by ourselves.

38 WHY THE SKIDDING ROADS ARE BUILT? The network of forest roads used for wood transport by vehicles is connected to the forest skidding roads that allow movement of forest tractors skidding wood from forest stands to forest yards. Forest skidding roads are built as unstable ground bodies, however their lengthwise gradient is signifi cantly greater compared to the forest roads. Dozers and graders are used for their building.

39 WATER TRANSPORTATION OF WOOD In the past, wood was transported through wet valleys with the use of water fl umes. Water fl ume consisted of a saddle, bottom, and side planks. The side planks and the bottom were caulked by moose to prevent water leaking. The side planks were tied to the saddle by spruce branches placed in the drilled holes. Wood was fl oated by the creeks to the catching devices – rakes – that were built nearby the big buyers. Floating was mainly carried out using the snow water. In cases of insuffi cient water level, water was drained from water reservoir. Some 160.000 m3 of wood was fl oated from the Horehronie region annually. The only existing water fl ume in the central Europe is placed in Dolný Harmanec near Banská Bystrica.

40 LIVE FOREST MAP OF SLOVAKIA Slovakia belongs among the most woody countries of the world. Woody countries are producers of the important needs for human life – water, oxygen, and soil. Therefore, their importance will be increasing in the near future. There is a vision arguing that economic power of the present oil producers will be replaced by the power of the future producers of forest wealth.

41 FOREST HARVESTING The year 1825 was a revolutionary year for forest harvesting in Slovakia. The reason was that a signifi cant forestry expert, a native from Čierny Balog, Jozef Dekret Matejovie implemented two-man into the harvesting activities. From the historical point of view, a wood cutter disappeared and was replaced by a wood sawyer. The implementation of saws resulted in a rapid increase in the effi ciency of harvesting operations and in removal of the damages in the bottom parts of stems that occurred regularly when axes were used. A wood cutter using an axe cut 1-2 piled meters of wood for 10-12 hours of work. For the same time, two sawyers produced 6 piled meters of wood for lesser eff ort. In spite of this, wood cutters refused implementation of saws and they even called a strike from the early beginnings. Except of chainsaws, modern felling machines - harvesters are used in timber harvesting at the present time.

42 BEAR’S BURROW Walk carefully not to wake up a bear…. Bear is our biggest carnivorous animal having a weight up to 250 kg. It is an omnivore, but is manly fed on vegetable food. In November or December it falls into hibernation winter sleep during which it wakes up several times. It makes its burrow under the wind thrown trees. Right now, you are standing next to the one of them… 43 FORESTS WITHOUT BORDERS The bigger is the meaning of disappearing national borders the greater is the role of forests on our planet. It is a duty of every developed country to behave in a way so that the forest wealth can be wisely used and sustainably maintained. This is the greatest service that is off ered by foresters to mankind. At this stage we will mention an example of our forestry colleagues from Norway, a country that is very similar to Slovakia in the terms of forest cover (39 %). Relations of the Norwegians to nature and their forestry culture are at a high level. Some 2 % (226.000 ha) of the total forest area is strictly protected and protective forests represent 25 %. The interest of the state policy of Norway, which belongs to the most developed countries in the world, is to steadily increase the area of the protected land. The relation between the wood increment and wood harvesting in Norwegian forests is illustrated in the fi gure.

44 MUSIC AND FOREST Gentle whispering of leaves in the breeze or the wind whistling in the crowns of the trees can sound as music to a sensitive man. However, music is also encrypted in the wood of some trees that provide material (so called resonant wood) for the production of baffl e boards for stringed or other musical instruments. It is mainly spruce growing on poor soils of the highland plateaus or slightly sloped, north oriented hillsides, resonant wood of which consists of the year-rings wide up to 2.5 mm (it should consists of 4-10 year-rings per 1 cm of width). Fir is also used instead of spruce. Bottoms of musical instruments (violins, guitars, etc.) are made of maple with a valuable and rich blister grain of wood. Resonant bottoms of pianos are made of beech, hornbeam, ash, lime, pine or pear wood. Tropical wood (ebony wood, palisander wood, wood), artifi cially treated and pressed wood of domestic tree species, e.g. beech, or plastics are used for production of mouthpieces, fi ngerboards, etc. There are well known whistles carved of willow wicker and the gloriously sounding shepherd’s pipes made of stems of elder. Let our forests sing forever!

45 COLLECTION OF FOREST SEED A forest of a good quality can only be grown from a quality forest seed. Therefore, plants of forest trees in the forest nurseries are grown only from the seed gained by the collection from the particularly selected trees and stands, or seed orchards. Tree climbing technique (climbing iro0ns, rope systems, security belts) is used for collection of seeds (cones) of coniferous species, while seeds of broad-leaved trees are collected after they have fallen down to the ground. The area of Slovakia is divided into several seed regions according to the tree species. Forest plants produced from the seed collected in a particular region can be used only for plantation in the region with the same ecological conditions. Seed collection is closely related to the issues of maintenance of genetic sources of forest species as it infl uences the health conditions of our forests. Can you see the brave cone picker in the crown of the spruce?

46 THANK YOU. FOR CLARITY OF THOUGHTS. FOR STRENGTH. FOR WISDOM. FOR HEALTH. FOR BEAUTY. I WILL COME AGAIN. I NEED YOU. I NEED YOU FOREST!

47 POLES OF DEATH Inappropriate constructions of the 22 kV electricity poles become the poles of death for some bird species, mainly for predators. They often die because of the electricity shock caused by the short circuit during their landing. Though not every landing on the console is deadly, 10-15 thousand birds, mainly predators, owls, storks, die annually as a consequence of the electricity injuries in Slovakia. Protection measures called comb blocks are used to prevent landing birds on the electric poles with horizontal consoles in the shape of T or new consoles without horizontal components. Electricity lines in an opened country, where the poles are used by birds as observation points, are the subjects to prior adjustments, eventually the adjustments are made near the nesting places of endangered bird species.

48 WATER The strength of fl owing water used to be the most important source of energy in the past. It powered fl our mills, fulling mills, ore grinders, and water saws. In front, you can see a model of such a saw in its real size. It is so called “jednuška” i.e. one blade saw. In contrast to water mills, water saws had a wider driving gear of a smaller diameter. The wheel rotated the crank connected through a piston rod to the saw frame with a fi xed saw blade. Moving of a stem during sawing was extraordinarily automated in an ingenious way even in the Middle Ages – thank to the water power a stem was shifted to the saw during each lift of the saw blade. On the area of the present Slovakia, the fi rst use of water power is documented by so called confi rmation deed of the magnate Lampert in 1135 for the Bzovik monastery, where the fi rst water mill was built.

49 SUPPORTING WALLS Forest roads on their route to the forests pass through diff erent terrain conditions – water courses, traverse slopes and high gradients. Many times the roads are led through a steep ground cutting so that the slope above can not be shaped to the required slope gradient. In such a case, to secure the road stability and traffi c safety it is inevitable to build up supporting walls. In the past, wood, stones (line or cyclopean masonry) and later on concrete was used for their construction. Presently, prefabricated blocs are often used. The use of wire–mesh walls is an eff ective way of slope stabilisation. Wire–mesh walls are made of a natural stones bound to a wire–formed cage block. This method of ground completion is nature–friendly and, to a maximal extent, it respects the requirements for nature protection and maintenance of environment. It looks naturally in landscape and creates favourable environment for small animals and various plant species.

50 WOOD OF OUR TREES Wood is a valuable . From the chemical point of view it is a mixture of cellulose and lignin. Fibres that can be recognised visually on cross-section are known as annual rings. Looking at longitudinal section, these fi bres create the texture – a characteristic wood grain perceived as the beauty of wood. Some tree species possess extraordinary properties and ways of utilisation. Larch produces water resistant wood. Pine wood is easy to impregnate. Birch produces the popular fi re place wood and some birch species are also used in the airplane production. Poplar has a regular structure, which makes it suitable for the production of and matches. Willow used to be used for the production of vineyard posts, wooden shoes and mangers. Rowan and hornbeam were used for the production of diff erent tools. Tobacco pipes were produced from branches of a cherry tree. Dogwood was used for weaving shuttles, white thorn for hunter’s trophy pads and pear for wooden rulers. Spindle tree is suitable for musical instrument components. Elder is still being used for the production of fujaras. Ash tree produces one of the best . Oak wood has excellent properties and it is used not only for furniture and veneer production but also for ships and barrels. Lime charcoal was used for drawing and the production of gun-powder. Yew tree was considered to be imperishable and was used for the production of bows in the Middle Ages. Spruce and fi r wood has the most universal use. Beech is considered to be the most economic tree species. Wood is a valuable natural material that cannot be fully substituted by any other material. 51 FORESTS AND LEGENDS Once upon the time, between the mountain peaks and the valleys... … Hansel and Grethel got lost in the deep forest..... … Mountain fellows often spoke of Runa, a miraculous fay…

Since ever Slovakia has been a country covered by dense forests. People used forests to provide livelihood, warm and shelter. Undoubtedly, they must have notice the majesty and mysteriousness of the forests. This was the fi rst step to the origin of legends, fairy–tales and stories that represent the gold collection of human creativity. These works of art comprise wisdom of our ascendants who possessed a natural respect of forests. We should read these lovely and instructive stories, in which the forest is enlivened with mystic beings to our children, even today at the age of computers. We should remind them that a miraculous tree or “aqua viva” are not only the tale requisites but they are also an inevitable part of our being.

52 FORESTS AND THE AIR Can you feel the fresh forest air? It is not an accident. The forest can make several miracles that make life on the Earth better: It produces oxygen With its oxygen production, one hectare of forest permanently supplies 20–30 people It fi lters the air Annually, one hectare of spruce forest fi lters out 32 tons of solid substances from the polluted air It protects us from noise A strip of a 50 m wide forest reduces noise by 20– 30 decibels It helps to remove radioactive contamination of the atmosphere Radioactivity measured in open areas was 32 times higher compared to forest It destroys disease–producing germs 1 m3 of city air contains up to 36 000 disease–producing germs while, at average, 1 m3 of forest air only 500

53 PORTABLE SKIDS Portable skids are used for skidding piled logs from the forests where it is impossible to skid in full length due to inaccessible roads and diffi cult terrain. They consist of 2-3 metre wooden, sheet-metal, or plastic parts in shape of letter U. Their use is applicable on easy slopes (up to 25 % bent) and shorter distances (up to 200 metres) when skidding to non-portable skids, cableways, roads, etc. When there are longer skidding distances, skids are moved in sequence and logs are skidded in phases. Skids are used in suitable weather on easy slopes in the period of dry frosts, in rain, snowy sprinkle or after water moistening, eventually after smearing by parafi n. In dry weather skids are used mainly on steep slopes.

54 FOREST MANAGEMENT AND INVENTORY Forests cover 41 % of the area of Slovakia. For over 200 years Forest Management Plans (FMP) have been elaborated for each square meter of this valuable “green zone”. FMP are renewed every 10 years and they are the basic guide for forest owners to provide forest regeneration, tending and preservation. Forest Management Plans, which include special forestry maps, are elaborated by highly qualifi ed specialists – f orest mensurationists. They monitor the forest state and propose the necessary measures that become mandatory for each forest owner. This mechanism guarantees that forests can sustainably serve all of us and not only their owners. Lesoprojekt (Forest Management Planning Offi ce) is the main organisation aimed at the forest state monitoring and elaboration of FMPs. Apart from the elaboration of FMPs and maps Lesoprojekt also collects and evaluates information needed for the forests in order to fulf

55 AVIATION AND FORESTRY The aviation works for forestry started in the 60s of the 20th century and were aimed at fi ghting forest fi res and transporting material to inaccessible places. By liming the forest stands, the aviation also played an important role in the elimination of acid rain impacts. It also served for forest stands mapping, health condition monitoring as well as for chemical treatment during the pest gradation periods. At the present, it is used for extracting roundwood from hardly accessible areas, including windthrown timber. As an example, the following airplanes and helicopters used in forestry can be mentioned: AN – 2, Z – 37 (bumble–bee), Mi – 2, Mi – 4, Mi – 8.

56 FORESTS AND AVALANCHES Snow cover on steep forestless slopes situated mainly around the upper forest line can start to move for diff erent reasons (climatic eff ects, human or game reasons) and fall down to the valleys. At the same time, it causes extensive damages to forests, roads, buildings and sometimes results in loses of human lives. The stone falls occur occasionally. A snow avalanche that fell from the slopes of Krížna in Veľká Fatra to Rybô settlement on February 6, 1924 and swamped 4 houses and buried 18 people (11 people died here in 1751) „in the white silence“ is one of the most tragic avalanches ever. Another avalanche fell at Žiarska hoľa in Nízke Tatry on August 3, 1957 and swept down a lodging house for forest workers and the surrounding forests in Kulichová valley and buried 16 people. Avalanches in the mountains are frequent with an increasing number of victims. The forest, while destroying itself, slows down the avalanche but cannot stop it. A variety of biological and technical control measures (aff orestation, snow sheds, snow dams etc.) are implemented in the avalanche release zone to protect objects (cottages, settlements, roads, ski areas, etc.). In this connection, the upper forest line increase is of great importance, mainly in the areas where it had been lowered in the past. It is important not to underestimate the avalanche hazard and to respect warning system in avalanche areas.

57 PARENT ROCK OF FORESTS The importance of parent rock for forests is enormous as it signifi cantly infl uences terrain confi guration and the properties of created soils (deepness, structure, fertility, water regime). Considering forest soils, there are only limited possibilities to modify artifi cially the soil properties that are subject to the base rock (amelioration). The area of Slovakia is formed by zonal mountains – West Carpathian Mountains. It consists of strips – tectonic zones created by diff erent rocks that are classifi ed to the three genetic types according to their origin – igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed by crystallization from a magma either at depth in the Earth (intrusive) or on the surface of the Earth (volcanic). Sedimentary rocks are formed by aggregation of fragments of older weathered rocks (creation of sandstone, conglomerate), chemical precipitation (travertine) or by activities of organisms (limestone, coal). Metamorphic rocs are similar to the igneous rocks. They are formed by changes in older rocks that result from subjecting a rock to high pressure and temperature. They can be in the form of slate (gneiss, slate, wart) or in the massive form (marble).

58 SEASONAL LIVING IN FORESTS Forest workers used to leave to the forests for whole– week stays. They built temporary settlements at the places of concentrated harvest or in proximity of collier burning clamps. Apart from accommodation facilities, these settlements also had to fulfi l the requirements for cooking and tools storing. Originally, the sheds and half earth–houses were built. In the beginning of the 20th century, more durable buildings (worker’s huts) started to be constructed. The need for seasonal living disappeared with the intensive building of forest roads and the development of motorisation in forestry. Mobile trailers are still used for temporary accommodation.

59 TANNIN PRODUCTION Tannin has been used in the tanning industry for processing animal leathers, their softening and protection against devaluation. Tannin was produced from the bark of suitable trees. The highest content of tannin can be found in the oak bark (20 %) and the spruce bark (15 %). Forest stands at the age of 25 – 50 years are the most suitable for tannin production. Bark was produced in the form of strips with the length up to 120 cm. Afterwards, it was dried quickly on the hot sun and stored in so-called “horses” where it stayed till drying out completely. Bark was produced in spring time with the use of special tools – peelers. To produce 100 kg of dry spruce bark it was necessary to peel 25 m3 of roundwood.

60 TRANSPORT OF FOREST WORKERS Own legs used to be the only mean of transport for forest workers on their way to the forests for whole week stays. In some cases, wagons of forest railways were also used. At the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century several changes in transport of forest workers took place due to the increasing motorisation and the intensive building of forest roads. New types of vans started to be used for transport of persons. Week stays changed to everyday’s journeys to work. Shelters of forest workers became abandoned and useless. Several types of cars transporting workers were remarkably effi cient. The greatest legend “vetrieska” (V3S) will probably never be beaten.

61 PROTECTED AREAS Protection of the natural state heritage in Slovakia is assured by the specially protected areas of diff erent kinds. According to the law No.543/2002 on Nature and Landscape Protection, there are: protected landscape area, national park, protected site, nature reserve, nature monument, protected landscape element, and protected bird area. Sites comprising habitats or species of European interest are sites of European signifi cance; other sites are of national signifi cance. Foresters, within their forestry activities, have always considered a given degree of protection (there are 5 degrees in Slovakia) and adapted the scope and intensity of tending and regeneration operations in forest stands. However, in spite the areas are protected or unprotected, the most important is our respect for nature. Remember that nature can exist without a man; however, a man cannot live without nature.

62 FOREST CONSERVATION Many calamities occur in the forests due to the infl uence of storms, fi res, snow or ice. One of their results is a disturbance of balanced state of animal occurrence. At that time the abundance of certain species of insects increases sharply. Gradation of bark pests is extremely dangerous. There are well-known pests in the spruce stands - Eight- toothed spruce bark beetle, European spruce bark beetle, Smaller eight-toothed spruce bark beetle, Northern spruce bark beetle. Their graduation results in a signifi cant threat for the trees and forest stands that survived calamity. This is the time for foresters to fi ght dangerous biological pests. The success can be achieved only by undertaking early and eff ective measures, mainly setting up insect traps and, in extreme cases, applying chemical substances. Do you know how the trap nearby work? It contents an artifi cial scent of female bark beetle that attracts males. They are caught and they die so their abundance is signifi cantly reduced. 63 DEAD WOOD For millions of years dead trees have been returning to the life-giving soil and their bodies provided nourishment for the growth of new generation of trees. In the recent centuries, an extensive timber harvesting has caused an acute defi ciency of dead wood in the European forests and a considerable decrease in biological diversity of forests and their stability. Wood represents an enormous resource of energy accumulated in the process of photosynthesis during the tree life. While a tree lives, it protects its tissues against foreign organisms, creates strong bark, produces resin and poisoned chemical substances. After it has died it becomes the home for thousands of organic species.

64 HONEY BEE APIS MELLIFERA A honey bee has been lived on Earth for millions of years. It irreplaceably pollinates wild and domestic plants and trees and represents an air purity indicator – in case of absorbing a contaminated nectar, honey bee dies before the nectar is processed to honey. Therefore, a real honey is considered to be the most ecological food. Bees live in highly organised societies – bee colonies and their quality and effi ciency depend on a mother bee (queen). A nectar- collecting summer bee lives only 5-6 weeks during. Winter bees have to survive 6-8 months in order to establish and bring up a new bee generation. Foresters, especially those living in the wilderness, have had an ideal opportunity for beekeeping so that they always dealt with this activity. Honey bee products are used in medicine (stings, propolis), cosmetic industry (royal jelly, wax), and in gastronomy (honey). EPILOGUE

Thank you, dear friend, for those precious moments you have spent with me in the Museum. I trust they have not been wasted. Yes, I do know that only a few of my secrets have been given away as you strolled along the “Forest Lifetime Walk” but I dare trust that one, the most important one, has come to light – that I am the most incredulous of all systems on our Mother Earth and the source of its life. Please forget me not and come back again. You will be most welcome. Forever yours, Forest

The surroundings of the forest open-air museum

FORESTRY OPEN AIR MUSEUM VYDROVSKÁ DOLINA-ČIERNY BALOG Guide

Text: Ing. Július Burkovský, Ing. Ján Mičovský Photographs: Peter W. Haas, Hermann Armin s. r. o. Map: Ing. arch. Vladimír Paško Published by: LSR š.p., Banská Bystrica Print: NLC Zvolen, oddelenie reprografi e 2007