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Comparative Research on the Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration of Migrants

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Comparative Research on the Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration of Migrants Comparative Research on the Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration of Migrants By Khalid Koser, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance and Katie Kuschminder, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance International OrganizationIOM OIM for Migration (IOM) The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This report has been published without formal editing by IOM. This research was commissioned by the Australian Department of Immigration and Border Protection as part of its broader Irregular Migration Research Programme. The opinions, comments and analyses expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the hard work and support of the other members of the project management team (Gervais Appave, Noëlle Darbellay, Ana Fonseca, Marie McAuliffe and Alex Parrinder) as well as Julie Bauer, Susanne Klink, Frank Laczko and IOM colleagues in Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Greece, Indonesia, Iraq, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Turkey, Viet Nam, Refugee Action colleagues in the UK, and Ministry of Security and Justice Repatriation and Departure Services colleagues in the Netherlands involved in the study. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int _______________________________________________ © 2015 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _______________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Comparative Research on the Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration of Migrants By Khalid Koser, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance and Katie Kuschminder, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance With assistance by: Paul Hayes, Sarah Langley, Marie McAuliffe, Elaine McGregor, Victoria Mence, Alex Parrinder, Nora Ragab, Georgina Sturge, Michaella Vanore, Vivianne van der Vorst, and Marieke van Houte International OrganizationIOM OIM for Migration (IOM) Contents i. List of figures ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 ii. List of tables ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Focus of this report ............................................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Aims and objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Structure of the report ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Understanding the migrant return decision ........................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Defining and measuring sustainable return ........................................................................................................ 14 2.4 Factors determining reintegration and the sustainability of return .................................................................... 15 2.5 Conclusions and next steps ................................................................................................................................. 18 3. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 3.2 Choice of study countries and respondents ........................................................................................................ 19 3.2.1 Destination countries .................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Origin countries ............................................................................................................................................ 19 3.2.3 Transit countries ........................................................................................................................................... 20 3.3 Method of information collection ....................................................................................................................... 20 3.4 Recruitment of participants ................................................................................................................................ 21 3.5 Methodological challenges ................................................................................................................................. 23 3.6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................... 24 4. OVERVIEW OF STUDY COUNTRIES AND PARTICIPANTS ............................................................................................. 25 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 25 4.2 Destination countries overview .......................................................................................................................... 25 4.3 Transit countries overview .................................................................................................................................. 28 4.4 Origin countries overview ................................................................................................................................... 32 4.5 Profile of the respondents .................................................................................................................................. 33 4.6 Assisted voluntary return programmes ............................................................................................................... 36 4.7 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................... 37 5. UNDERSTANDING THE DECISION TO RETURN ........................................................................................................... 38 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 38 5.2 Model of the return decision-making process .................................................................................................... 38 5.3 Factors influencing the return decision ............................................................................................................... 39 5.4 Conditions in the origin country .......................................................................................................................... 40 5.5 Conditions in the destination country ................................................................................................................. 40 5.6 Individual
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