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1967 Washington University Magazine, Fall 1967
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FALL 1967 NEW? fACES OF 19()7: Ne(lIiy one thol/J(mci nell' freshmen (/}lltled on the lI;/ashlngton Un/venit)' ulmpm thIs jaLL flom for ly-Ihree slaleJ (mci177CI17), fOlel gn rOllntries. Here el le jllJt {/ fell' of Iheml r(!Ughl by tbe rd177era durIng Ibose fint wllfminl!, da),s of roLLeglale iI/e. f or more f resbJll eJi1 f(}res. see Ihe imicie bark roun: fOI more oj Ihe frerh17len. see "The MIlliskil1 Erct/ I P"ge 52. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY uHa?a;;ine u
PALL 1967
Editor Basic Hesearch and the 2 Provost Fake's view of FRANK O'BRIEN University's Future an urgent problem
Assistant Editor JIM PATTERSON Hey Mister, Where's Yogi? 8 The Good life at Yellowstone
Associate Edito r
Science Editor ROGER SIGNOR Collector's Item 24 Stargazing-literary style
Designer PETER GEIST The Eye and the Imagination 30 University photographer of the decade
A Century of Law 36 The Law School ol)serves a centennial
Judge Douglas 42 Of Bench, Bar, and Board
'.' I III '<, 11." 1' :\ 1\' j..;i I I , ./I,,'1"V·'''' Medicare al1d Clinical 48 How will the n ext generation u Training of physicians he troillcd;>
The Miniskirt Era 52 The latest chajJIcr in campll s stylcs
COVER: Fall is here, school hl1s started, and a new crop of freshmen, complete with bel1n Photo Credits: Phoebe Couzins (Page 39), cou rtesy, l'v!i ssouri Historical Society; ies, has Jrrived on campus. For all others, Herb Weitmal;. a sampling of the new class, see the inside covers and "The Washington Ulliversity A.[a gaz ine is published quarterly by \Vashinglon Unive rsit y. S t. Louis, Minisk irt Ern," on P~ges ,'52-56. ,t\1issouri 631 3 0 . Second-c]a.;;;s pO'ilage paid at Flllton. Missonri 6.5251. Volil11l f' 3H, N umht'r 1. By GEORGE E. PAKE ExeClltiue Vice Chancellor and Provost of the University BASIC RESEARCH AND THE UNIVERSITY'S FUTURE
NIVEHSITIES AIlE THE LOCALE for most of the basic If this picture is cvcn partially valid, it is a forlorn hope U research done in the United States. The universities to expect that state universities can somehow cnrve new are, of course, both public and private. Let me turn first and expanded research support out of resources that fail to the general aspects of the problems facing basic re to keep pace with the teaching needs for the many under search in the universities. graduates descending upon the campuses. It is especially Most of us are aware that the dominating components forlorn when one recognizes that the states have in the past of research funds in the universities come from the federal relied on the federal government to support research, and government-about three-fourths of all research funds. \Ve thus have not adjusted to the notion of bearing this added are also aware that our military involvement in Southeast cost item. An interesting confirmation of the inadequacy of Asia has placed a severe strain on the federal budget, state funds to support the state universities is provided by which of course reAects itself either in cuts or in decreased the booklet Mm'gin for Excellence, published by the Na grovvth rates for many federal programs. tional Association of State Universities and Land Grant The period of rapid growth in research funds to the Colleges. This bookle t contends that these public institu universities was the late 1950's. Even in the face of the tions require, in order to be really excelJent, an extra mar Vietnamese war, research funding has grown somewhat gin of financial suport provided from private sources- a each year. But, during the past three or four years, thc contention about which I shall say more later. growth in federal funds for research has fallen substan tially behind the increasing demands hom new universi T IS CLEAH that the state legislatures, in at least so me ties, hom expanded numbers of faculty members in the I instances, can be generous in their efforts to support ex established universities, and from increased numbers of cellence. For example, the Einstein and Schweitzer chairs graduate students. The effective federal funding of re in the state of New York provide for each professor a search per f,lculty researcher has in fact begun to decline. "package" of something like $100,000 per year, a very The eRcct of this decline is to transmit pressures to other substantial portion of which may be used for salary. The university funds which are increasingly over-committed. margin for excellence in this example does not seem to bc University funds from all sources have certainly grown private support, and, indeed, obtaining approval of a state extensively in recent years. But the growth rate, as with Icgislature for such out-of-line salaries has apparently fcdewl research funds, is not keeping pace with the in proved easier than finding private sources. Not even pri crease in student and faculty numbers, with the demands vate universities have found priva te support for salaries at of both students and faculty for higher quality facilities the level provided by these state-supported chairs. and services, and with inflation in other operating costs. vVhat about the private universities? These institutions Let us tllrn first to the state universities. Although it is regard their ability to provide very high quality educa certainly true that state legislators are now lavishing more tion as one of their major reasons for being. At their best funds upon their various expanding state university sys they can offer a more personalized kind of instruction in tems than was ever dreamed of a decade or so ago, I am an uncrowded setting because they are not faced with told by my friends in the state universities that the state statutory requirements to take a1l corners. These institu legislature all too often responds to the need for new funds tions feel an intense pressure to provide the highest quality onIy after the students are already registered at the cam of education because they are acutely conscious of burden pus. In addition, there is a serious lag while new buildings ing the student with tuition charges. The quest for quality are under construction and new faculty members are re means attracting nrst-rate faculty to teach the undergradu cruited to occupy those buildings in order to provide the ates, and that in turn means maintenance of strong gradu kind of instruction that the students already needed whcn ate and research programs to attract and hold that faculty. thc appropriation was made in the legislature. These <1rc thc very programs, whether in public or privatc
2 ThIS article IS an expanded and rev/Jl:d 1JerSlUrt oj tbe artlde Dr. Pake wrote Jor the August ~ 196~ Issue oj Science. Tbe Science artlde; in tlln1; WClS bClJl:d on Dr. PakeJ remarks at a semon 0/1 (Jcicnce and Government: Short- Term S'upport oj BaJlC R esearch ;; jpomored by the Natl'onal Academy oj Sciences Ii'ls mal'tt theme IS that laggt'ng Jederal research support and spiraling costs are ieopard/21'ng the sUrJJ,'val oj private unhJerst"ties /n tbe U11l"ted States
3 universities, llwt arc prim;lrily supported by fcd cral fUlllb . hard-prcsscd ill 1966 to feel as wealthy as they diJ a The present squeeze on federal funds deals a body blow couple of years before. And gifts based on stock market llot only to strong graduate education, but also to quality holdings at low value provide less tax relief for the donor. undergraduate education. A fourth factor that has reduced private giving to uni The decline in federal funds is only the beginning of versities is diffi cult to measure accurately, but it cer th e problem for the private universities. There are a num tainly should not be underestimated. It is the effect on po ber of other factors which have seriously curtailed the tential donors of some student and faculty opposition to the growth in fiIwn cial support for private institutions. Vietnamese war and of certain highly publicized aspects of The first factor is that inflati on in costs has substantially student behavior-from long, unruly hair to some instances exceeded thc rate of growth ill endowment income. There of d rug use. The influence of mass media through dispro are lots of reasons for this. With the inves tment practi ces portionate emphasis on what they or their reacl ers consider current in universities, and with restrictions which donors unorthodox behavior, whether in universities or elsewhere sometimes p ut on di sposal of assets, it requires on the in our society, must torture the consciences of news re average more than $2.5 million in endowment to provide porters, cd itors, and publishers. This influence seems to me $1 million in aIlnual operating income. Few universities, to be a subject that merits ex tensive social science re facing the kinds of pressures of finance that are now upon search. them, could afford th e luxury of salting away $2.5 million Potential donors often seem to join some me mbers of (if they had the opportllnity) in OJ'dcr to obta in only $1 the general public in making the mistake of viewin g specif million toward the next year's operating expenses. ic publicized incid ents as typical of the faculty members One can suggest, of course, that a Sign ificant portion of and students of our universities. Presumably, donors really endowmcnt funds should be put into good growth stocks, have to like a university in order to give substantial por so th,lt there can be substantial capital gain. In fact, this tions of their hard-earned resources to it. At the present is done to a considerable extent. However, the legalities surrounding thc in ves tment of fu nds designated as endow mcnt by the donor normall y require the capital gaiIl to be cOlls idered as part of the endowment and not as income. "The present squeeze on federal funds deals a A number of universities have recently hegun legal studies to seek ways to use a portion of this capital gain. Unless body blow not only to stron.g graduate education, such mcthods are found, th e capital gain in endowment but also to quality undergraduate education.'" during a particular year can be $10 million, while an operating deficit of $1 million pushes an in stitution closer toward the wal l. A second fa ctor in the declining growth rate of income moment in our history, many of them simply fi nd it more and to private universities is the invasion of the area of private more difficult to like the universities, and previously ex philanthropy by the state uni ve rsities. The magnitude of pected support has not been forthcoming. this encroachment m,)y still be small proportionately, but vVhatever factors may be the cause, we do know, from there is an organizcd effort behind this invas ion, as men data assembled by the Council for Financial Aid to Edu ti oned earlier. Admittedly I have a private university bias, cation, that voluntary gift support for higher education de but I am astounded by some of th e assertions in Margin clined in 1965-66, after several years of steady il1 creasc. for Excellence. Only an incredible forbearance on th e part In reporting this decl ine in the July 12, 1967, issue of The of private universities can prevent this booklet from be Chronicle of Higher Edt/cation, CFAE's president pointed coming a very divisive force in higher educati on. out that collegiate operating budgets are ri sing nationally A third influence-which appears to be on the wane at a t an annllal ratc of 14 per cent. The same issue presented the prcsen t moment- is the effect of a low stock market figures showing that appropriations of twenty-eight state on private donors. Wealthy individuals who look favorably legislatures for support of state colleges and universities upon universities as objects of their philanthropy were in 1967-68 averaged 4.5 per cent higher than two years
4
I\C BASIC RESEARCH AND THE UNIVERSITYS FUTURE
ago. (Many state in stitutions operate on biennial budgets. ) appearing on the campus, tl1<.' re were prophets of gloom Tbus, we have a clear pictme of the national trends ill and doom who predicted that federal funds would surely the financing of higher educ'ltion : (1) sharply increasing lead to on encroachment upon the ocademic freedom of operating costs, (2) approximately proportionate rises in the universities. So far, there has fortunotely been little state appropriations for state colleges and universities, (:3) evidence indeed of encroachment upon that freedom, But a recent decline in voluntary private gifts to support university business offices
.::; ing procedures se ttle over the university like a pall, we all ing ancl research, both of which are necessarily forerunners find it more and more difficult to discern the distinction to training and equipping those who will try to solve the between the university ancl a business corporation in which important applied problems of our times. If universities the financial sta tement-not educational accompli shment sold their services at a profit and were participating in ,111 and scholarly achievement-becomes the determining fac expanding economy, then it would make sense to ask the tor in measuring success or failure. Is this really good for universities to reinvest som e or all of the growing profits education and scholarship and fundamental research? Is in these new social programs. The difficulty is that all ser there no way at least to halt the trend of the last few years, vices are sold at a loss and there simply are no uncom which, if continued, could ultimately immobilize the cre mitted general funds. ativeness of our universities in the sha ckles of time clocks I have already alluded to the factors which have cur and unproductive record-keeping? tailed the growth of financial support for priva te univer For some reason, tbe country seems suddenly caught up sities. In this section , I want to focus less on what is hap in a demand for instant solutions to all its problems. Al pening to growth rates and more on the sources of income though the federal government and protesting student that are today ava il able to the private university. \Vash groups may disagree on th e specifics of a policy in Viet ington University, a medium-sized private university, spent nam, so me of the federal agencies and some of the student some $40 million on its educational and research programs groups seem to agree on one general principle: ignore the in the fiscal year 1965-66. This omits cost of dormitories fundamentals and solve our various problems immediately. and food service, on which the University loses relativeh' In a word, it is the demand for relevance. Some of the stu little. The entire residential campus was built during the dents don't wa nt to learn the basic Jaws of science, to study past ten years, resulting in larger capital costs to be amor mathematics, or to learn history because they are not tized than for most universities. Let us find out what were yet able to see the relevance to the problems of modern the sources of income to meet that $40 million expenditure. society. The federal agencies, whether for budgetary or First of all, there is endowment. We are a medium for philosophical reasons, sometimes appear to downgrade sized university (even small by public university stan basic research because they don't see its relevance to put dards), yet we have one of the larger endowments of pri ting a man on the moon, or to treatment of ca ncer, or to va te institutions in the u.S. (ranking somewhere between devising a better weapon for the jungles of Vietnam. There 20th and 25th). Its market value at th e end of 1966 was is a kind of an irrational demand to do this or that now, approximately $120 million. Presumably it is the size of without taking the time to develop the tools to do the job that number that leads some of our townspeople mi s at hancl. takenly to regard us as a rich institution. In point of fact, From these attempts to achieve solutions at less than of course, that endowment earned income in 1966 amount the real cost (a demand for an unreasonable kind of cost ing to a little less than $4 million, or less than 10 per cent effectiveness ) come efforts to LI se the universities, in the of the total operating expenditures of the University. If crass sense of the word. Agencies ask the universities to endowment income is that small, how did we operate the develop educational programs, to correct deficiencies in University at all? primary and secondary education in the cities, to develop First of all , we charged the students a substantial tui social action programs to deal with poverty, alcoholism, ti on. In 1966, it was $1700 for the academic year. Tuition or other social problems in the cities, or to turn scientific provided in fact about $10 million or one-fourth of Ollr research into solutions of engineering problems for mis operating costs. Government research grants and contracts sion-oriented agencies in Washington. provided another substantial portion of our operating But here, as in every other product a university pro funds, $14.5 million or about 36 per cent of the expendi duces, no one wants to pay the full cost. A university is tures of $40 million. (That percentage is not high among regarded as a source of infinite wealth just waiting to be quality institutions of the U.S. If it seems high, consider lavished on the solution of th e various problems which the major institutes of technology which receive something run rampant through society. Society seems to have for like 75 per cent of their operating funds from the federal gotten that the primary functions of a university are teach government. )
6 BASIC RESEARCH AND THE UNIVERSITY'S FUTURE
We have now accounted for some $28.5 million of the minds among their students. All of these resources can $40 million spent. Where did the other $11.5 million come be, and should be made available to help the nation meet from? It turns out that there are some miscellaneous its important educational and scientific problems, and even sources of direct income, just one example of which is some of its social action goals. But if society wishes to call patient and laboratory fee collections at the Medical upon these resources in efforts to meet the nation's prob School, and all of these various sources totaled $3.5 mil lems, it must pay the cost. lion. Then there are a number of so-called organized ac Finally, I cannot resist remarks on the tactics of both tivities for which we expended $3 million, which was offset private foundations and government agencies which en by $3 million of income. That leaves fin ally $5 million of gage in the support of various educational, research, and income to account for. social programs in the universities. My first complaint is The $5 million remaining, half of which was restricted, that these public and private agencies have a disease that came from private sources. It is, in fact, the $2.5 million I will call "gimmickitus." Even if a university has a good, of unrestricted private annual giving upon which we have solid program of distinction and quality under way, one cannot sell it to th ese agencies unless it is dressed up to
~ ....,~~) t>'~;Jt ~'> • ( i \ ", ,,~- ': -r;7c" ~>f indicate a new angle or some alleged new approach. I suppose it is easier to recognize that a program is new "The simple fact is that we sell our research, our than to select the best programs from existing ones. Or perhaps it is easier because there are fewer new programs educational functions, and our social service to the than existing good ones. In any case, the tendency is to community at a loss." regard good, solid, substantial work as simply not exciting or "innovative" enough to merit support. (This comment does not apply so much to project support grants as it does to institutional programs and grants.) had to depend to try to keep the University solvent. It is A second tactic is what I call the "hit and run" ap a struggle each year to raise these funds and in two out proach of the foundations and government agencies. The of the last six years we have fallen behind, with the result thought here is that the foundation or agency money is to that we have a substantial accumulated deficit. be used for a period of time as "seed money." The agency One point of this discussion is to dispel the myth that wants to get something started and then pullout, leaving the University's endowment of over $100 million repre it for the university to sustain, from its "general funds." sents great wealth. Another myth is that somehow the This of course has to mean previously uncommitted gen University sits on top of a large pile of "general funds," eral funds- but we have seen earlier that there are no which can be used to meet various purposes, such as in such funds, at least in most private universities. creasing faculty salaries, cost-sharing on federal grants, or American private universities and their independent unclerwriting the solution of applied problems within the boards of trustees certainly are grateful for the substantial community. The simple fact is that we sell our research, institutional support they have received from agencies our educational functions, and our social service to the such as the National Science Foundation in its Science community at a loss. Before the tuition is ever collected, Development Program, and from private organizations, it is more than obligated to pay the salaries of the faculty. such as the Ford Foundation in its program of challenge Endowment income, for all except the half dozen or so grants. But, given the other fiscal developments that have wealthiest universities in America, is becoming an almost been described earlier in this article, given the Ford Foun negligible component of the annual operating income of dation's apparent decision to abandon its program of the institution. It may not be enough even to maintain the challenge grants, and given the fact that none of the cus physical plant. tomers of the univerSity seems to expect to pay full costs, Our universities have talented and highly trained people it is tragically clear that the invaluable, quality national on their faculties, priceless books in their libraries, valu resource represented by the private universities of the able equipment in their laboratories, and eager and gifted U. S. faces a crisis of survival.
7 ,
I:
As Chief iVaturalist at Yellowstone iVa tionaI Park) Washl11gton Universi0' Al1l111l1uJ John Good can answer any question about his two-mtllion-acre natural wonderland except one:
HEY MISTER, WHERE'S YOGI?
By JAMES P. PATTERSON
ILLIONS OF YEA RS AGO, violent geologic activity oc the citizens who come to view them, lies with the Na M curred in the area now shared by the states of tional Park Service rilngers who work the year around to Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. An enormous volcanic assist nature in putting on one of the most spectacular caldera spewed molten lava from countless vents , forming shows our country offers. a topography that would centuries later stagger even the Protection is one responsibility. Perhaps an even bigger most imaginati ve of men. In the eons that followed, many one is the job of ex plaining to more than two million forces of nature clilshed on this battleground and the urban-oriented visitors exactly what they are se, 'ing and scars of their encounters added to the wildness of the why it is whilt it is. This job is ably handled by a Wash country. High in the range of mountains now called the ington University alumnus, Chief Naturillist John Good. Absarokas, a tiny river Rowed toward the north. At the Good, \vho holds a bachelor's and a master's degree in seven-thousand foot level, it encountered a geological bar geology from " 'ilshington University, views bis Yellow rier and formed a huge lake. Years of erosion Rnally paid stone domilin as Hil vignette of the natural America that off for the river. It cut through the barrier and left the WilS." H e works long hours at the never- ending challenge lake in a dizzying leap, cutting a grand canyon in the of keeping the Pm'k, its natural attractions, and its wild process and exposing many layers of bright saffron rock. life population as near to its original state ilS poss ible-- The Yellowstone River was born. and all for the enjoyment and appreciation of the visitors Geological ages passed by and time and erosion con whose closest brush with wildlife has been television's tinued to take their toll. T he Yellowstone country re Yogi Bear. mained relatively young, compared to the <'Incient, worn Although the hJellystone Ranger" is th e arch-villain of mountains east of the Mississippi. the Yogi Bear series, Good speaks with aB:ection of Yogi. The Yellowstone country became a w ilderness refuge "He gives us all kinds of good publicity," Good stilted with for game and the few Indians who ventured into it were a smile. "After all , this is Yogi's home. Kids vell out of awed and mystified by the bubbling springs of hot water windows of cars to our m ngers and ilSk, '\Vhere's Yogi?' and steam and the roughness of th e terrain. The whit'e \Ve get a fair amount of milil addressed simply 'Yogi Bear, men who Rrst ventured west of the Mississippi River, in Tellystone Park, U.S.A.' and it comes right through to the late 1700's, seeking new sources of beaver and other us. One little girl wrote to Yogi from Liverpool, England, fur-bearing anim il ls, found the tales of the Indians hilrd but sildly, I couldn't answer her letter becilllse she forgot to believe. to include her address." In the early 1800's, members of the L ewis and Clark Expedition traveled through Yellowstone and their reports HE GOOD P U BLICITY that comes from Yogi Bem-'s antics diel much to popularize the ilre8. Today, more than doesn't begin to so lve the problems that make up Chief 2,250,000 people visit Yellowstone National Park annual T Natuw li st Good's job. He explained that the Park's uni ly, and they manage to do it between major snowfalls. The Park is op en only from May 1 to October 3l. formed staff consists of two groups performing separate Established as a National Park in 1872, Yellowstone but related jobs. The rangers are the protecti ve force, is the oldest, largest, and one of the most popular of OLlr guarding the Pilrk, its trees and natural growth, its ani National Park Service attractions. Americans have become mals , its gevsers and fumaroles from all manne r of dan familiar with its chief features-Old F aithful Geyser, the gers-tourists, fires, Roods . And th ey protect the Park vis Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, and, of course, itors from the dangers of the Park. the Park's abundance of wildlife. The responsibility for The Park natUialists, under Good's direction 9 Photographs by H n h \ Veitlll HEY MISTER, WHERE'S YOGP and to help the millions of visitors appreciate and en fire can be helpful in preserving the Park. joy what they see. "If you understand something about It's a part of the natural process." the wildlife, geysers, and hot springs, your enjoyment of Pointing out a lodgepole pine thicket the Park is increased tremendously," Good said. "With with its jumble of fallen trees, low nearly all our visitors coming here from urban areas, we shrubs, and saplings, Good continued must work hard to see that they get their money's worth on the subject of forest fires; "The lodge as taxpayers. It is their Park." pole thicket looks untidy, but it's natural. To make sure that the visitor appreciates Yellowstone, It provides good ground cover and food Good has a staff of four permanent naturalists and forty for so many wild animals. Since it is a eight seasonal naturalists. The seasonal personnel are, for seral forest, constantly changing, the th e most part, university professors and graduate students lodgepole thicket would soon naturally in geology, botany, and allied fields. This staff publishes convert to a spruce-fir thicket and spruce a number of booklets, maintains several museums and ;l fir supports little life at all. The fires help series of tr;lilside exhibits, conducts campfire seminars on us thin out the lodgepole forests and the Aora and fauna of Yellowstone, and leads nature hikes. keep them as natural living areas for In answer to the question of how close Yellowstone is moose, elk, bear, and other animals." today to what it was a hundred years ago, Good replied, Cover for animals is an important "We were fortunate to have the material shot by Thomas subject to Good, for as chief nDturalist he must be con Jackson, a photographer with the Hayden Survey back. cerned with maintaining a balance within the wildlife in 1870 and 1871. We've gone to the scenes in some of population. And the "wildlife show," as Good calls it, is his photographs and there's little difference today. All you one of Yellowstone's most popular and exciting features. have to do is get off the road a couple of hundred yards The stars of the show are the bears and Good looks and you're looking at Lewis and Clark's Rocky Mountains. upon "his" bears as a vital part of the Park family-even Occasionally you'll hear a sonic boom and that kind of the panhandling bears who wait along the roadside for shakes you up, but for the most part it has changed little." goodies from passing motorists. The U.S. Army constructed the buildings that are now 'The bears in the Park belong to two distinct groups," Park headquarters and house Good's office at Mammoth Good explained. "A research team from Colorado State Hot Springs. "This building was once a barracks and the University recently made a study of the bear population nnd found that there isn't much interchange among the supply center across the road once served as a horse barn," back-country bears and the roadside bums. The back Good pointed out. Other buildings in the Park were con country bears almost never go near the road, while some structed at later dates, but the structures at Mammoth of the bum bears may never get more than a hundred are strictly Army issue, circa 1890. yards from the road in their lifetime." Good's job of keeping the Park as near its natural state Good smiled and continued, "In one sense, I'm kind of as possible while permitting access to its attractions by glad we have this roadside bear population, because the tourists puts him in the position of serving two masters. bear is an interesting animal and people do get a tre Which comes first, the Park or the people? In many cases, mendous charge out of seeing them up close. I just wish Good quickly answers, the Park receives first consideration. we could keep the people away from the bears, but that's The major portion of Yellowstone's vast area is undevel the risk we run. Just the same, I'd say YOll take less ri sk oped and Good hopes that it will remain that way. He driving down Yellowstone Road than you do trying to points out that wilderness has become a rarity in the cross Olive Street in St. Louis." United States and the Park Service planners hope to pre serve as much of this wilderness as possible for the benefit HE PANHANDLER BEARS do give the Park staff a few of present and future generations. Tproblems. Good mentioned that some bears get angry Many visitors ask why a road hasn't been built around when they aren't fed by visitors and display their anger huge Yellowstone Lake, which now has a highway along by snapping off radio antennas from automobiles. Others its northwestern shore. Good's reply; "\Vhat can you see rip out partially opened car windows and, of course, some from over there that you can't see from here? It's a great of the bears do bite people. thrill to stand at Lake Point and know that you can hike "It's a full -time job to convince visitors that these bears for thirty-five miles into that country and thirty-five miles are wild animals," Good stated Hatly. "One of our rangers out to the other side. It's wilderness! And that's what saw a woman put a very small girl on a bear's back for a these parks are all about. vVe attempt to preserve the picture last summer," he continued with a grimace. wilderness in a way that it can be appreciated in com When a roadside bear bites a visitor or gets too de parative ease and comfort. It's a difficult task ." structive in his antics, he is shot with a tranquilizer gun, In his attempt to preserve the wilderness of Yellow marked with a tag and tell-tale spot of paint, and trans stone, Naturalist Good expresses a few theories that ring ported to the back country to live in exile. Good related a a strange note with anyone who has read other theories favorite story about one of these bad panhandling bears. about natural conservation. " \Ne had to tranquilize a bear a few seasons back "Take fires, for instance," he said. "Naturally we fi ght because he had bitten a visitor. A ranger went out and fires because we can't let them burn the place up. Yet a shot him with a tranquilizer rifle. Now, these bears are A bull elk, his antlers "in velvet," grnes in a Yellowstone 11 meadow. A ~now field lingers in the background, althollgll the photo was made in late June. ,-\bove: John Good can find the silence of a needle-carpeted forest or the roar of a mountain stream plunging through a tree-strewn canyon, simply by hiking a few yards from any road in the park. Below: A bear cub casts a baleful eye at the kns 3S he aW 14 HEY MISTER, WHERE'S YOGI? John ~nd IVlerrie Good enjoy some of nature's finest scenery in their Yellowstone back yard. The couplc, who met at 'Vash ington University, spend th eir vacations visiting other national parks. The boardwalk along T crrace Trail is a popular spot for visitors with camer~s . .T ohn Good's fund of knowledge about Yell ow,tone is constantl y challenged by curious visitors. 15 Dr. Eduardo Slatopolsky teaches a patient's wife to operate an arti fic ial kidney. Machine will be purchased by patient and will become a life-saving part of his routine at horne. Basic findings in medical science have been piling up at a gratifying rate. But how does the clinical researcher subject these findings to the careful investigation needed to see whether they may be used to improve medical treatment? Investigations involving patients requirefUper-con trolled hospital environments far beyond the financial capability of 1J1Ost research institutions. In a major program to accelerate the application of basic research to clinical medicine, the National Institutes of Health have funded clinical research centers at ninety major medical schools. Wash ington University's center was one of the first and is now the largest. In only six years of oper ation, the Center's work is pointing the way to better methods of medical care and diagnosis. CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER By ROGER SIGNOR N THE l\WRNIKC OF MAl1CH 1, 19.'57, J\Irs. Charles vere lack of sugar in his blood. The problem thnt pre O Kling of St. Louis collected her mail and went occupied Mrs. Kling, and the rest of the fnmily, however, through it carefully. Her pulse quickened when she came wns Stevie's size. He wns three years old, but his body to a letter with the return address of a certain research was the size of a one-year-old. Mrs. Kling had known institution. She quickly opened ~1e letter and read the thnt Stevie was lngging behind a normal growth rate since following: \ he was one. It had become obvious that he was lagging "Dear Mrs. Kling: far behind when he reached his third birthday. If nothing With regard to your letter of F ebruary 13, I should could be done to accelerate Stevie's growth, he would like to point out that our research laboratory is not con ultimately become a miniature adult similar to the dwarf, cerned with clinical medicine. At the present time, the General Tom Thumb, who was three feet, two inches tall human and monkey growth hormones are only available <1t maturity. in very small amounts for investigations in experimental animals. It is hard to say when this research will be HYSICIANS HAD NAHHOWED Stevie's problem to a pitu completed. P itary gland deficiency. This tiny gland at the base of Her heart sank and she could find little solace in the Stevie's brain was not providing him with enough growth scientist's closing expression of sympathy for her predica hormone. It is one of many hormones secreted by the ment. But she was not defeated. An intelligent, mature gland and it stimulates growth of cells in various parts individual, Mrs. Kling expected no miracles. Like any of the body. Individuals who have a deficiency of growth responsible parent, she was keeping her eyes and ears hormone alone become so-called "pituitary dwarfs," who open for some sign that medical science might have are tiny, but usually well-proportioned and of normal or pushed ahead in an area that would determine the fu above average intelligence. (The popular term for dwarfs ture of her three-year-old-son, Stevie. Stevie was a bright of this type is "midget." All extremely small individuals <"Ind cheerful lad, although he had had more than his are described medically, however, as dwarfs.) share of sickness, including a condition marked by a se- The next three years were trying ones at the Kling 17 household. Stevie grew a quarter of an inch each year. of Health program in which General Clinical Research "Perhaps it wasn't that much," said Mrs. Kling. "We Centers were being established across the country for in might have only been kidding ourselves." Stevie entered vestigations to see whether findings in basic biology could kindergarten and got by in his studies; but it was difficult be applied to human problems. for him to relate to classmates who were physical Stevie's story was an extremely happy one from tbat giants compared to himself. The Klings wondered whether point on. He was five and one-half years old when Dr. time would run out for Stevie as far as his ever being Daughaday began administering human growth hormone able to bcnefit from any future hormonal treatment. Gaps, to him. Stevie had glOwn only an inch or so from the or "epiphyses," between the bones, which allow for time he was one year old. In the first year on the hormone ulpid glOwth in children, gradually are filled in until he grew six inches. Now, he has just turned 13 and is complete closure some time after puberty. In pituitary about four-and-one-half feet tall, not too noticeably shorter dwarfs this plOcess is delayed. Theoretically, Stevie could than his classmates. Dr. Daughaday increased the amount catch up rapidly in his growth if supplied with the plOper of hormone dosage last July, anticipating an increased growth hormone before his epiphyses had closed sub rMe of growth in the next year or so. The dosage was stantially. There was no word, however, from local phy discontinued for a short period to guard against Stevie's sicians or from journals on the availability of a growth building up a large amount of antibodies to the hormone. hormone for cases like Stevie's. But it is clear now that Stevie will attain a height not far Mrs. Kling kept up with the medical literature through below normal; he has escaped the prospect of going her sister, who at the time, worked in the medical li through life the size of a Tom Thumb. brary at St. Louis University. In 1959, at the suggestion of a St. Louis University researcher whom her sister UiVIAN GROWTH HOHMONE for clinical application was knew, Mrs. Kling again wrote to the out-of-state scientist H first obtained by Dr. Daughaday and other investiga who was most frequently quoted in the medical journals tors, who, on their own, had collected pituitary glands through on growth hormone research. This time there was no university medical center pathologists. They then had the answer at all. time-consuming task of isolating and purifying it. But this Mrs. Kling's sister then asked her friend at the univer job has been taken over by the National Pituitary Agen sity if he knew of anyone else who might have an idea cy, formed recently by the National Institutes of Health. about new research developments. He suggested a senior It serves as the receptacle for nation-wide collections of staff member, but quickly added that it was unlikely he pituitaries from human cadavers. Scientists supported by would know of any clinical application. She made a note NII-I isolate the hormone in highly purified form and send to call the professor anyway. A few days later she recog it to various researchers such as Dr. Daughaday. nized the professor in the hall outside the library. She Mrs. Kling and other parents of children with glOwth decided to approach him on the spot. To her amazement, hormone deficiency periodically go from hospital to hos be said he did have knowledge of a new clinical research pital eliciting the help of pathologists to take part in the plOgram at vVashington University. He was certain that National Pituitary Agency's program. The parents' work onc of the areas in which clinical researchers were going is organized through a voluntary lay glOup called Human to specialize was a test of human growth hormone. The GlOwth, Incorporated. woman rushed to a phone to tell her sister, who in hours "The hormone generally works beautifully on pituitary was in touch with Dr. William Daughaday, director of dwarfs, and Stevie's response was very dramatic," said the division of metabolism at Washington University. He Dr. Mary Parker, a colleague of Dr. Daughaday who at told her that he had long been interested in the problem tends these children in the pediatrics ward of the Clinical of growth hormone; moreover, only within the past couple Research Center. She pointed out that Dr. Daughadav of months he had been placed in the position of being was one of the pioneers in glOwth hormone rescarch. But one of the first investigators in the country who would be the opportunity to apply his very special skills and a ma able to direct pilot clinical tests on human patients. Mrs. jor advance in his field came only through the establish Kling then contacted Stevie's pcdiatrician, who advised ment of an extraordinary facility such as the Clinical Re her to admit Stevie to the clinical program. search Cen ter. Washington University's General Clinical Research T A SUBSEQUEN T A, PPOINTMENT with Mrs: Klin.g and Center, with a total of thirty-three beds, is now the largest A SteVIe, Dr. Daughaday confirmed the dIagnosIs that NIH center in the nation. The pediatrics ward in Chil Stevie was a pituitary dwarf and told her that research clren's Hospital has eight beds and the adult ward in Bar with animals had strongly indicated that human growth nard Hospital has twenty-five. In the case of a brancl hormone would be safe and effective in Stevie's case. He new trcatment such as human growth hormone, scien explained that there would be no cost to the Kling family tists can't be sure that it is bringing about the desired for the treatment, which would cover several years. His effect unless many paticnts are observed in a carefully research was being conducted under a National Institutes controllecl clinical procedure. This regimen includes mea 18 CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER Stevie Kling, in hack of sign, is shown with his kindergarten class in 1960. In the fotll' ye,lrS hefore he entered school he had grown only about a n inch. Late in 1960 he hegan receiving human growth hormone M th e Clinical Research Center. H e then grew six inches in one year. He was photographed, below, with his class this fall. Now at four-ancl-one-half feet, hc is not too noticeahly shorter than hi s classma tes. 19 Four-year-old Elaine Ko es terer also has progressed Dr. Mary Parker measures Elaine's growth progress remarkably on human growth hormone. nt the Clinical Research Center. Although quite petite, Elaine is happily Mrs, Koesterer has fou nd her challTJing daughter a ;)ccepted by her playmates, valuable asset in volunteer work for Human Growth, Inc. 20 CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER It !. ~ surements of metabolic balances, closely controlled diets, cal Center, in Bethesda, Md . The results were highly en testing of each individual's tolerance of the dosage, and couraging, enough so that, in 1960, Congress appropri bone X-rays . Very important, too, are the special consulta ated funds for the first university centers. Washington tions that are uniquely available in a major university med University was one of the first two centers to admit pa ical center like vVashington University's. tients that year. Approximately $7,000,000 for seven Growth hormone deficiency is just one aspect of the years' operation was budgeted by NIH for the \Vashing complex problem of human growth. Dr. Parker explained ton UniverSity center, which has just been approved for that only 10 per cent of all extremely short people another seven-year period of operation with approximately are pituitary dwarfs; another 10 per cent have severe the same budget. thyroid deficiencies which sometimes can be correctec] Aside from the obvious dramatic eff ect of growth by dosages of thyroid hormone; about 30 per cent have llormone, several more subtle questions have been an a variety of congenital or severe disease problems in swered at the vVashington Cniversity center and the which treatment for smallness is less clear cut and depends eighty-nine other NIH centers which now exist. on the extent of the disease; and, roughly, the remaining In Dr. Kipnis's own specialty of problems relating to 50 per cent is simply reflecting normal slow growth,' diabetes, it has been proved that obesity makes people which, for the most part is because of a family history resistant to insulin, hence the predisposition of over of shortness. Mos t referrals received by the center are in weight people to the disease. "We also found a signifi the last category, Dr. Parker pointed out. The best that cant degree of insulin res istance in obese patients who can be done for these children is to make sure that they don't have diabetes," Dr. Kipnis said. ''It turns out that are receiving proper diet and to reassure the children and they are secreting plenty of insulin, four times the rate their parents that the shortness is not pathological and is you would find in a normal person. In an individual with not related to dwarfism. A few extremely short children a family history of diabetes, obesity per se will exhaust are simply malnourished and they thrive once they are this pancreatic function over a period of many years. So hospitalized. Emotional deprivation seems to be an im it is clearly good preventive medicine for such individ portant factor in other small children. uals to reduce." The unusually clear-cut improvement that can be One interesting sid elight in the study of diabetes was shown in pituitary dwarfs such as Stevie is the ideal in substantiation of the theOlY that almost all obese people bringing the findings of basic biology to bear on human can reduce drastically if they will follow <1 caloric re probJems. The sixty-four other clinical projects at the stricted di et. About 90 per cent oj: obese people placed vVa shington University center are in varying stages of on carefully controlled diets in the research ward reduced development: somewhere between getting a basic under exactly as predicted by the clinicians; this showed that standing of the nature of the disease and the actual test the vast majority of obese people have no intrinsic dif ing of specifi c courses of treatment. Most of the projects ference in their basic metabolism. Obesity may bring will tale long periocls of time and precisely controlled about certain metabolic changes. But the restricted ca observation before rational courses of treatment are de loric die t was tremendously effecti ve, despite an indi veloped. This always has been the nature of the beast vidual's insistence that "it hadn't worked at home." in applying basic biological findings, and it is the criti "On the other hand, why obese individuals may tend cal reason why the formation of general clinical research to eat so much, why the mechanism regulating appetite centers was so essential. seems to be awry, seems to be the critical question. Re Dr. David Kipnis, professor of medicine and director search on this intriguing question is also being conducted of the center, explained that the concept of such centers in the center," Dr. Kipnis acldecl. was formulated in the 1950's by several nationally clistin guished scientist-physicians, including Dr. Sol Sherry, NOTHER BASIC F I:-;DING nbout cli abe tes has been in the professor of medicine at the University. They testified be A cl evelopment of a better understanding of the function fore Congressional committees that the nation's large in of insulin. Insulin is not secreted by the pancreas to use vestment in basic research was completely justified. Find or "burn" food stuffs; it is secreted to speed up the rate ings in this area were piling up at a tremendous rate. at which food stuffs are stored for future use as energy. But the country needed better ways to test whether the It also had been erroneously assumed that only sugars findings had rational application to human diseases. triggered th e release of insulin. Actually, tests at the "At tbe time, clinicians lacked the physical resources University and other centers have shown that proteins for controlled tests, which would have to have superb and amino acids can stimulate insulin secretion, Dr. Kip standards of care. Obviously, patients couldn't be ex nis po in ted ou t. pected to bear the astronomical cost for such care and, . Among the sixty-five investigations at the center are: in effect, subsidize the research all by themselves," Dr. studies of whether kidney trnnsplants from cadavers will Kipnis said. NIH conducted the prototype of envisioned carry out complex renal functions over long periods of "clinical centers of excellence" at its hospital, The Clini time; research into the co mmon problem of malabsorp '21 tion in the intestine which, for example, may be reRect~d mentioned in a discussion at the Medical School. Such in intolerance of milk because of an enzyme deficiency; a seemingly paradoxical result could be a tip-off to a evaluation of the use of drugs to reduce the level of choles recently uncovered form of hyperlipemia. In this form, a terol in the blood ; biochemical studies of muscular dystro normal quantity of carbohydrate in the diet will result phy and various muscle diseases; use of radioactive com in the production of abnormal amounts of fat in the blood. pounds which may permit a much more highly selective The doctor called the center to see if Dr. Eaton would chemical destructi on of tumors; studies of chemother be interested in running tests on the man. He was, and apy in leukemias; and evaluation of the long-term effec the patient readily agreed after his doctor had explained tiveness of open heart surgery. the situation to him. Before a patient is admitted to the center his case is The tests conducted by Dr. Eaton verified that the reviewed by an independent committee of six physicians, patient had this form of hyperlipemia. (In one of the tests, all of whom are full professors. They examine every as the blood serum was actually milky in appearance from pect of the proposed course of treatment and any ethical the high level of all fats or lipids.) The man was placed considerations such as possible risk are weighed against on a carefully controlled low-carbohydrate diet and the possible benefits. Not even a simple change in diet can milky serum disappeared in about a week. The patient be made without the committee's approval. spent about two weeks in the ward and he and his wife A careful explanation of the planned treatment is given were carefully instructed on how to carry out his new diet. to the patient by his physician and by the center physi He was discharged and returned to his job. But the storv cians. Once the patient is hospitalized he can justifiably is far from ended there. feel that he is in the "safest place in the world." There The man will be observed by the center over a long is full-time coverage by the best nurses available, who period of time, along with many other hyperlipemia pa are hand-picked by the center and are all qualified to be tients. If a statistically significant number of patients like ward supervisors. The center has two full-time graduate him escape heart attacks then the diet will have been dietitians. There is a laboratory right in the ward in addi established as the rational course for preventing heart tion to the investigator's own specialized laboratories. attacks for this group. H yperlipemia is probably a ge "I routinely use the 360 computer on the main cam netic disease and members of the patients' families also pus in our tests," said one clinician, Dr. Philip Eaton. are being tested for evidence of the condition. It may "Very simply, you couldn't buy this kind of care. The rea be shown that change in diet is necessary for such patients son for such an elaborate set-up is that you can't prove at a relatively early age. There can be no dramatic result that a given treatment is helping a patient unless you to point to now in such long-range studies. But if the can carefully follow the results in a large number of pa evidence ultimately implicates hyperlipemias as the pri tients, and then compare them to a group of patients mary forerunners in heart attacks, it would be one of the who have not had the treatment." most Significant strides to be made in preventive medicine. One of the problems being studied by Dr. Eaton is a Because one can't give a conclusive answer until the common condition known as hyperlipemia, which is char evidence is in, it wouldn't seem surprising if Dr. Eaton's acterized by a high level of fat in the blood plasma. Many 54-year-old patient might not be willing to cooperate clinicians suspect that the various forms of this disease in all the tests. However, he eagerly volunteered to enter are a major cause of heart attacks. Dr. Eaton's laboratory the research ward. He took the attitude that it was a is one of a few in the country which have the specialists privilege to be able to be a part of such an endeavor. and equipment to do th e biochemical assays which estab And this is the attitude of the vast majority of the pa lish the presence of different types of hyperlipemia. tients involved in the new center. Dr. Eaton is currently studying a 54-year-old man who Many of the patients and their families even ask if became a patient at the center on June 26. He comes they can help the scientists in some way. Stevie's mother close to being a "typical patient." His physician con and other parents, for example, feel very fortunate that tacted the center when he had fail ed to respond to standard they can do so through Human Growth, Inc. treatment. The man had had two heart att,lcks, and there Another parent who volunteers her efforts for the lay was a family history of deaths from heart disease. The group is Mrs. Robert Koesterer of Granite City, Ill., whose symptom that had brought him to his doctor in June was four-year-old daughter, Elaine, has progressed remark angina, or heart pain. He wasn't sick enough to be hos ably on growth hormone. Each month, Mrs. Koesterer pitalized, but he was uncomfortable, worried, and had drives to nine hospitals throughout St. Clair and Madison lost several days' work. After checking his cholesterol level counties to collect pituitary glands. and finding it quite high, his doctor followed the seemingly One hospital worker had told Mrs. Koesterer th,l t it logical course of putting him on a low fat, high carbo would be too time-consuming to help her parents' group. hydrate diet. "I brought Elaine along on one of my subsequent trips," Enigmatically, the fat content of the blood soared. At Mrs. Koesterer said, "Now the hospital is one of mv best this point the doctor recalled something Dr. Eaton had customers." 22 CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER Dr. Davis Kipnis, director of the Clinical Research Center, won two national awards this year for his research. Dr. Phi li p Eaton leads il laboratory discussion; each ward in the center has its own laboratory, plus the investigator's specialized hboratory. 23 Typescript of play, All that Fall, prepared for Grove Press edition, its fir st American publi cation, is part of extensive Samuel Beckett manuscript coll ection owned by WU. T lJe Rare Book Department of Washington University Librari es is engaged in the exciting project of collecting working papers, as well aJ the publirhed works, of a selected number of contem porar)! British and American authors. The three-year-old Modern Literature Collection is already attracting scholars to the Ul1iversit), to study working methods, biography and literary influenceJ rev ealed by tlJe papers. COLLECTOR'S ITEM By DOROTHEA WOLFGRAM Office oj Publica/10m "1\· A FHlDAY K IGHT last spring the National Book corner of the top level of Olin, it dispels the picture of a 0 Awards winners for 1967 were announced. The rare book department which bears a generic resemblance award in poetry had been given to a volume entitled to the Bank of England. The department is a glass Nights and Days by a young American poet, James Mer enclosed, brightly lighted suite of rooms to which chang rill. The announcement caused a flurry of activitv in vVash ing displays of its valuable contents draw numerous vis ington University's Olin Library, for the library had in its itors. Its chief is William Matheson, a whisper-voiced, possession the complete original manuscript of the award salt-and-pepper haired version of the corporate executive. winning book. Among its handso me bindings, its first editions, its signed For the second year in a row the librari;lns arranged a copies, and its illuminated texts are ink-blotted, hand display of hundreds of pages of handwritten drafts, typed corrected, dog-eared sheets-the working papers of artists sheets, and printer's galley proofs for the book of poetry as fresh on the scene as elec; tronic music and cp art. which was awarded top prize in the nati onal competition. In 1964, the late Charles Winston, then the library's In 1966 that book was Buckdancer's Choice by James book selection officer, and Mr. Matheson presented to a Dickey, and in the Rare Book Department of the Univer committee of five writers connected with the University sity library are 900 pages of manuscript materials related <1 plan to create the modern literature co llection, They to the seventy-nine-page book. asked the artists to serve as consultants in selecting a lim These materials are a small part of an ambitious project ited number of contemporary novelists and poets whose begun three years ago by the George N, Meissner Rare work they considered might be of lasting merit. Book Department. At that time the department selected thirty c;ontemporary British and American writers upon ONA VAN DUYN (Mrs. Jarvis Thllrston, wife of the whom it would concentrate-collecting published works, M English Department ch,lirman and a recognized worksheets, editorial correspondence, and literary papers, poet in her own right) recalls her experience as ;1 member The list has now grown to sixty and the library seeks any of the poets' c;ommittee. and all material which relates to the work of these artists. "The selection was a strenuous and challenging process. The result is the Charles Winston Memorial Collection of We pooled and called on all experience at judging that we 'I'! odern Literature, one of four spedal "working" collec had garnered from long commitments to writing, editing, tions which form the basis of the Rare Book Depart teaching, and reviewing poetry" ,But this, we discov ment's value to the University as a unique scholarly re ered, was not enough; we needed also something like the searc;h tool. gift of prophecy, since we had to make rather risky guesses The decision to create a modern British and American ,1bout the direction poetry might take in the future. literature collection reflects the vitality which has charac "We began with <1 list of over one hundred publishing terized the department sinc;e it was created in 1962, at the poets, From this list we had to eliminate, if we hoped to time Olin Library was being built. Tucked away in a quiet acquire papers and worksheets, all those with solidly estab 25 COLLECTOR'S ITEM lished reputations, except those who were friends of mem bulk of whose papers are already committed to other li bers of the committee or those who were at the moment braries, have responded to the University's requests. being criticall}, neglected. This was necessary because the The flourishing Charles \Vinston Collection now includes library had almost no money to use for the project, whereas some 1,200 volumes and an impressive number of work many other libraries are engaged in big-time financial sheets, final typescripts, journals, and corrected proofs. In competition for worksheets." some cases, and more particularly in the case of the novel Miss Van Duyn; Donald Finkel, the University's poet-in ists, the collection contains extensive, sometimes nearly residence; Constance Urdang (Mrs. Donald Finkel), also complete, inventories of book and periodical publications a poet; Stanley Elkin, novelist and English professor; and with a smaller representation of manuscripts. Ford Madox Naomi Lebowitz, critic and faculty member, selected Ford, the author who was posthumously selected, was thirty poets and novelists, the bulk of them American and chosen because consultants felt he was a writer of m,1jor all but one living at that time. importance whose talents had been underestimated. Al though by 1964 almost all of Ford's manuscripts had made HORTLY AFTER THE LIST was settled upon, the project's their way to other institutions, the University was able to S originator, Charles Winston, became i.IL He lived only acquire a complete typescript of one of Ford's novels, A long .:nough to hear that the first worksheets had arrived Little Less than Gods, several letters of literary interest, at the library. 1"[iss Van Duyn, with the aid of the other and an autograph manuscript of one of his poems. The consultants, took on the task of helping solicit manuscripts Ford collection now contains these ma terials, seventy dif from the authors selected. ferent titles by Ford in first edition, plus variant editions, As r..·[jss Van Duyn suggests, the enterprise was auda translations, works containing short contributions and cious because funds were extremely limited. "Vile were to critical studies, to a total of more than 120 volumes. Dur usc, instead of money, the promise that all of a writer's ing the past three years, interest in Ford has taken an up publications, not just his papers, would be collected here; swing and Matheson believes it would be difficult, if not provision of an appraisal of the gift for income tax pur impossible, for the library to bring together today a collec poses; and a personal appeal of friendship or acquaintance tion as fine as the one it now owns. we might have with any of the writers." In addition, the library indicated by the selectiveness of its collecting its HOUCH THE ULTIMATE success of the venture can't be confidence in the promising future of the artist. Tfully predicted, there are numerous promising indica "'Whenever possible," Mr. Matheson explains, "we have tions of success. Four of the finalists for the National Book tried to obtain manuscripts by gift, providing on occasion Awards of 1967, besides last year's winner, were poets appraisals and a small cash payment for the actual work selected for collection. "vVe cannot talk of monetary value of gathering up the papers and sending them off." The in relation to the materials we have collected," Mr. Mathe acquisitions which have not been entirely gifts have been son said, "because we do not intend to sell them. \Vhen purchased for small sums or at very reasonable prices. they come into our hands they are off the market. \iVe are The success of the approach has been remarkable. collecting materials which, we hope, fifty years from James Merrill has given the manuscript material of vir now we could not afford even if they were then available. tually everything he has written and has indicated that "You will not find manuscripts of T. S. Eliot or Robert the University will continue to receive the bulk of his Frost among our collection. They are too expensive. A papers. From James Dickey the library has acquired, by library in the position of ours is better off collecting ma gift and purchase, worksheets of several complete books terials which are not now at the crest of the wave." of poems and a magnificent collection of letters from other The interest in the literary manuscript, however, is now poets. Donald Finkel has given a large collection of his at a crest of the wave of book collector's fashion. papers. May Swenson, another younger poet, presented a "Thirty or forty years ago," Mr. Matheson explains, "a large number of worksheets and has also indicated she will manuscript by a living author was frequently less expen continue to deposit her work with the University library. sive than a first edition that was in demand. When John Poets David Wagoner and Robert Sward are generous Galsworthy was the rage, his books, particularly his first contributors of their work, and several other poets, the books published under the name of John Sinjohn, sold for 26 !•. Robert Sward "mocked-up" his book-length poem, In M exico , in collage. He intersperses newspaper cli ppings, quotations from speeches, and his and others' observations about America with text of poem. I "oster Dulles ::;t:i:~ : g; God help ~ all! Ge-t: out 0 r Au d ~isenho w er of the we g. ~~ \~ - world t raId Kennedy, what es Johns.oD, ~ j ' \ Ca 1. t be/ I Th s s~ep Thi " /' ••• T)fl.s ~ ~ve. >"" ..) 0 int0 1"11 ~.1'r~"/I _ re t s t " you At-.. ~( ".1 lY~~.tor.r Of t he death reg jf hi story. (V/A"' CI' ok. , C Dl' ~ ~~~1. J.~ CO~\t myself t o this ,:/ __" __ It, the world dream. Motion. ~ '/". .>"{ The world The world t hat is Get . Happening, or,______C. Out Myselt But Dl".raming, ~"(l ,I" I~dream ing , vi':iii f·" ,,&, )1.-, opeN/ And _d·, '1 ~8peft8ible; like, Here. I. ~jllj"4. ~ & • • • (f/ 11. Cli o , Goddess of ==-=Goddess of Wa r, . Goddess of Death, "The Lord i s my shepberd, 11.. I s hall not want •••" ... IIIq ~ • • • ,4('~"'h#. .p:.PN : you ~ . 21.~ "'" U'O~i _t orS yi:ea~ed is a l ....~< G)~_- '" . I\.r~~~lJ. 1 o~ ~B\ tnO~ an a~~ _'i ~he~· GodBoo k of J ob - . daBS na~ n den ,~ OBsen zerstorungen nenk dSS , 4 d daSS eT unsc~ul dii war . an J ede8x ~aon begeisen 9~r , Enemy rivers and trees Sliding off roe l ike snake-s~in COLLECTOR'S ITEM $1,000 or more, while the manuscript of one of these books Henry Miller, vVilliam Burford, and Samuel Beckett. The would probably have had only a fraction of this value. library's collection includes correspondence and type Recently, however, a manuscript of Joseph Conrad's scripts from Trocchi's Merlin file ; typescripts and manu Victory was sold at auction for $21,000. The going price scripts by Merlin contributors Jean Genet, Alfred Chester, for a first edition is about $10, and the price of even the Christopher Logue, and Wainhouse, and materials relating rarest Conrad first edition is light years away from $21,000. to Trocchi's own writing including papers dealing with his "With the current trend, the price of an original manu major work, Cain's Book, a novel of a drug-addicted New script of an important literary work can be nothing but· York riverman. The novel was published in New York in high. There is only one manuscript and a great demand 1961 and in London in 1963. The entire collection is rich for certain authors. If a major Faulkner or Joyce manu in detail of Trocchi's career and of those of his associates script became available, the sky would be the limit." in Paris, London, and the United States. The interest of institutions in the manuscript for .its Still another group of papers which tends to tie the vari value to scholarly research has been, he said, a major fa c ous elements of the coll ection together is a number of tor in the rising costs of such material. It is for this reason letters to Babette Deutsch, an American poet and critic the University library seeks to assemble and to concen who corresponded with \Villiam Carlos Williams, Marianne trate its collection. For the scholar, Mr. Matheson explains, Moore, Thomas MacGreevy, Theodore Roethke, Robinson the value of a collection of extremely rare, and for that Jeffers, Kenneth Rexroth, and Conrad Aiken, among others. reason extremely valuable, material may be greatly en 'The letters give a sort of running 'state of the art' com hanced by the presence in the same collection of a great ment on contemporary writing," Mrs. Freeman says. deal of supporting material, which mayor may not be of "Dickey's voluminous correspondence with publishers, value in itself. other poets, and former business colleagues and his nu "vVe really cannot hope that all of our artists will be merous revised drafts from several volumes of poems pro considered leading literary figures. But if fifty years from vide a disarming view of the professional poet at work. now only five are really recogni zed, the other fifty-five be Wagoner, a Seattle poet and University of Washington come extremely important to a scholar studying the period teacher, is represented from his earliest undergradua te or to a scholar studying the influence of other writers upon work through the present. Sward's correspondence, type the recognized talent." scripts, manuscript, and proof materials, all heavily revised and annotated by him, record the emergence of a young, HE LIBRARY'S MODERN LITE RATURE collection has al rebellious poet. Our G. P. Elliot collection contains proof T ready grown to a point of research value. Elsie Free of In the 'World; interesting and less familiar published man, the department's manuscript cataloger, points out and unpublished essays on Steven Marcus, Marshall that the interrelations between many of the writers are be McLuhan, R. V. Cassill, Bernard Malamud; and his cor coming more and more apparent in the material at hancl. respondence with contemporary poets. All of this material 'The papers of Robert Duncan, a San Francisco poet, is invaluable to investigations into working method, bi include correspondence, manuscript, and illustrative ma ography, and literary and personal surroundings." terial emanating from the publication of his collection of Although the library has not yet published a comprehen poems, A Book of Resemblances. Related to the Duncan sive catalogue of prese nt holdings, word of some of its papers is ,in increasing group of drafts, notes, and cor acquisitions has reached outside ears. Magazines have respondence of poet \Villiam Everson (Brother Antonius). asked for copies of the continuous drafts of poems by Together with occasional correspondence of Denise Lever tov and the material of several other collections, these Dickey. A Buffalo student doing res earch for a dissertation papers provide a personal and professional view of con on Creeley is using the library's materials. A graduate stu temporary poets whose work is commonly associated." dent from St. Louis University has been studying other The same kind of interconnections are supplied by a material from the Creeley and Duncan collections. significant group of pnpers of Alexander Trocchi, British From this beginning, and even at this early date, it is novelist and editor. Trocchi was an early leader of the un apparent that \Vashington University library's bold venture derground movement in modern literature. In Paris in 1952 in literary st.lrgazing will be of inestimable value to Uni he founded a journal called Merlin. Among its contributors versity professors and students and will draw literary were \~lilli;)]Tl Sansom, A. J. Aver, Austryn \Vainhouse, scholars and critics from other institutions to Olin Librarv. Thi s is one page of seven successiv t, clrafts of "The Firebombing" 29 by James Dickey in tlle University's possession. It is part of manuscript for Dickey's award-winning book BuckdOllcr/"s Choice. :1 I the eye and the i."agination Herb vVeitman, director of Photographic Services at vV8shington University, instructor in the School of Fine Arts, and winner of the Alllerican Alumni Council's "Photographer of the Decade" award. VERY YEAR THE AMERICAN Alumni Coun said, in presenting the award to Herb that he E cil selects the "best photographs of the year" "has done more to raise the standards of pho from among those published in the hundreds of tography in college and university publishing alumni magazines throughout the country. This than any other single photographer." year seven of Herb Weitman's photographs from To Herb himself, the award was gratifying, if \ the Washington University Magazine (repro unexpected. He began taking pictures at the t duced here) were among the twenty-five winners. University when he was s~ill an undergraduate j For years Herb has been pacing the field with and became a staff member in 1950. He has 11 three or four winners, but this time he hit the been covering the University ever since and his jackpot. When the judges took a second look approach has created a whole new school of pho at the results, they decided that Herb Weitman's tography. In the tens of thousands of pictures he achievements had to be acknowledged. has taken, he has managed to capture the flavor At its annual national conference last July in and quality of this university and its people. San Francisco, AAC presented Herb Weitman Herb is a master craftsman, but what gives 1 with a special award for "a decade of distin his work its special quality is not just his technical guished photographic achievement in alumni and skill. What Herb Weitman has is the eye and II' university publishing." AAC official Ron Wolk the imagination. :' ~( r the eye and the imagination I I 'Ihe eye and the imagination ., .: ,I ' . j I i I II ! I Vlashington Unt'vent'tys School of L aw had l'tS begil1nt11gs onehundredyean ago. Today 1/ Is enter ing t'ts second century with new programf; new ldea~, and a new concept of the law and the lawyer A CENTURY OF LAW By KING McELROY o!fiee of I njol'mation HEN BARRY BRUHN, A \Vashington University law The business drafting and planning course taught by W student, interviews a youth in trouble at the St. Associate Professor Arthur Left gives students good prac Louis juvenile detention center, he often thinks to him ti cal training. Required for seniors, the co urse gives the self, "The research I do on this case may save this boy students practice in planning and drafting th e documents from reform school. If I make a slip, he is los t." for a major business transaction. This year the transaction After he interviews the youth, he returns to the Legal deals with the acquisition of one corporation by another. Aid Office and discusses the case \-vith the attorney in "The students have to draft documents which involve charge. Legal aid attorneys handle 90 per cent of the cases all phases of law- labor, corporate, securities, even famil~ ' in city juvenile court. law," Professor Left said. "They have to bring order out of Although the work at times is depressing and frustrat a compJex, chaotic situation. I make the situation so tough ing, Bruhn knows he will be a better lawyer because of that it would make a lawyer with thirty years' experience it. H e's getting practical experience in interviewing clients, sit down and crv if he had to draft the documents." doing research on cases, and filing papers in the various When the Law D epartment of \Vashington University courts. "Just following an attorney around has been help was created one hundred years ago, the eleven students ful," he said. who enrolled didn't worry about not getting enough prac Newell Ferry, director of the program and a 1929 tical experience. They served as law clerks when they graduate of the \Vas hington University Law School, said weren't listening to lectures. The faculty consisted of a dean that the students act as law clerks. "They do everything and four professors, who were all active judges or lawyers. in the office but give advice to cl ients or try cases. It's The students were taught from 4 to 6 p.m., when the part worth a year of practice." time professors weren't busv in their offices or in court. The legal aid program has given some \Vashington Uni versity law students an opportunity to obtain practical OW LA \\' PROFJ.::SSOHS work full time at teaching and re experience before they graduate. It's one of the ways that N search. Some of them have an outside practice but I the Law School has met the charge of some critics, mostlv only on a limited basis that doesn't interfere with teaching. practitioners , that law schools are long on theory but short "Good hw schools have a full-time faculty," Professor on practice and are turning out scholars who can juggle R. Dale Swihart said. "You can tell a bad law school when concepts but who don't know how to pick a jury. most of the teachers are part-time." Hiram Lesar, Dean of \Vas hington University's School Professor Daniel Mandelker, a national authority on the of Law and a past president of the Legal Aid Society of legal aspects of urban planning, couldn't do outside prac the City and County of St. Louis, said the students receive tice if he wanted to. He has no time for it. Among his re valuable practical experience in the legal aid program if search projects, he is working with Roger Montgomery, they are supervised by practicing lawyers. director of the urban design center in the School of Archi Dean Lesar said the charge that law school training tecture, on pioneer studies in urban renewal. They are doesn't prepare students to practice law is not true. "The studving the relationship between comprehensive plan best theory is the best practice," he said. "We teach them ning and urban renewal. Another study focuses on the how to analyze evidence, how to determine the issues, and problems of identifying slum and blighted areas with how to decide what is relevant and what is not." emphasis on legal and sociological problems. Professor He pointed out, however, that there are some things Mandelker is also doing research in discovering new meth that can be learned only by experience. "\Ve can't teach ods of ownership in slum areas. students how to pick a jury, but if they work in legal aiel In addition to research, Mandelker is frequently called they can learn some of those things," he said. upon as a consultant. He is doing such work for the Na 36 tional Commission on Urban Problems which is re-evalu this fall. The course, open to law and social work students, ating zo ning and planning laws. His recently published covers legal and related materials in the areas of marriage, casebook, Managing Our Urban Environment, is now used divorce, support, child custody, illegitimacy, adoption, by more than twenty-five law schools throughout the na and child neglect. It's the type of course where much out ti on. Professor Mandelker also directs the urban law pro side reading of non-legal material is required. gram, which includes the only master's program in the The growing interest in books in other fields related to subject offered by any American law school, and is busy the law was noted by Miss Jean Ashman, law libwrian. producing th e first issue of the UTban Law Annual. "vVe have also been buying some books from foreign Take the example of Frank W. Miller, James Carr Pro countries in recent years, principally because of the com fessor of Criminal Jurisprudence, who said: "Criminal law parative law course," she said. is a rapidly changing field. Professor Robert Dawso n and The law library is modeled after the renowned Inns of I have to revise our teaching materials almos t every time Court in London, the law clubs where students eat dinner the Supreme Court makes a ruling." and hear lectures. The Reverend William Greenleaf Eliot, For many years, there was only one course in criminal the first president of the University, is regarded as the law at the University. "About ten years ago, we put in a founder of the library since his gifts supplied its first seminar," Professor Miller said. "Now seniors may take a volumes. course in the administration of criminal and juvenile justice Miss Ashman modestly describes the library on the top and thc control of the mental health commitment process, Roor of the Law School's home in January Hall as a "good based on materials prepared by Dawso n and me." working library." It contains 106,000 volumes and about Professor Miller, an advisor to the President's Crime 5,000 pieces on microfilm and microcards, and includes Commission, is writing a book on the prosecution, which practically every standard set of English and American will be part of th e Administration of Criminal]ustice series reports, a wealth of legal and related treatises, and a valu to be published by the American Bar Association. Professor able collection of state and federal statutes. Through spe Dawson is writing a book on the sentencing process for the cial gifts and bequests it has received many valuable same series. Both professors are using empirical data pro volumes such as a first-edition of Blackstone's Commen vided by the American Bar Foundation research teams. taries ancl the original Kirby Connecticut reports bearing In addition, high-ranking law students undertake re· the signature of Chief Justice John Marshall. The library sea rch tasks for these two professors and other faculty is one of twenty-nine in the nation which has records and members. Professo r Miller believes the research the stu briefs of the U.S. Supreme Court since 1960. den ts do for the faculty members sharpens their legal Miss Ashman is especially sensitive to the needs of the skills. ''I'm opposed to the 'how-to-do-it approach' under library because she has a law degree herself. She teaches the supervision of a law teacher," he said. "The students freshman law students a course on how to use the library. can pick up the so-called practical things, such as where to file papers at the courthouse, after they begin practice." ;-.!£ OF THE FIELDS which has increased the volumes in Students, eager for practical experience, often work in O the library is international law, taught by Gray Dor law offices in the summer and find the experience bene sey, Nagel Professor of Jurisprudence and International ficial. However, not all students have this opportunity be Law. "'''hen I came here fifteen years ago, international cause law firms are highly selective about the students law was taught as one course in about twenty law schools they hire. Miss Erna Arndt, registrar of the Law School, in the country," he said. "Now practically all of the coun said, "'''hen law finns call, they usually want the students try's 130 law schools have at least one course." with the best grades, but the pay is low. Students make At \Vashington University there are now six international more money doing construction work. vVhat's more, law law courses, taught by Professor Dorsey and Professor firms won't take students who have completed only one William Jones. The field is growing because of expanding year because they feel that the students won't know international trade and the increased international respon enough to be of any help to them." sibility of the United States, Professor Dorsey said. H e is '''hat law finns want are the top-ranking students who an officer of the American Section of th e International have done work on the Law Quarterly. Robert \Vashburn, Associa tion for Philosophy of Law and Social Philoso phy. editor-in-chief of the University's Law Quarterly, said, Professor Jones spent last summer lecturing at the Uni "Perhaps work on the Law Quarterly is so impOrta nt be versity of Freiburg in Germany. H e studied Chinese the cause it shows ability to do research." As early as last previous summer to enable him to read original documents summer, vVas hburn was planning the four issues of the in his course on the law of communist nations. Quarterly and is excited already over the final issue, a "VVhen ever there is a great increase in activity that re 200-page symposium which will tackle the many legal quires legal regulation, it is reRected in the law schools," aspects of air pollution. Professor D orsey said. "And whenever an area of human More and more lawyers are putting their minds to work activity becomes more complex, more law courses are re 011 subjects which traditionally aren't in the domain of the quired." Some examples are taxation, anti-trust law, labor law. "The trend in law schools is away from courses on law, administrative law, and corporate law. technical legal problems and toward COurses covering Professor Lewis R. (Red) Mills, who teaches corpora broader social problems," Professor Dawson said. tion law and security regulations, said, "In these fields, the Professor Dawson taught a course in family law before lawyer is a counselor to the businessman rather than an he went Oil leave of absence to the University of Texas advocate. In the security field especially, a lawyer must 38 A CENTURY OF LA\'\1 The School of Law had its beginnings in a twa-room 1.1w clep'll'tment in the old Polytechnic Institute Building ut Seventh and Chestnllt Streets in downtown St. Louis. I !I ! ~ Ii,s Phoebc Comins, th e School's I1rst woman graduate, bec8me the first woman to be appointed a United States ?\1 arshal. D ean Wiley Rlltl edge headed th e School of Lnw from 1930 to 1935 and was h1ter appointed a justi ce of the United States Supreme COllrt. J. \-Y. Stipelman (center), attorney in charge of a Legal Aid office, confers with law student Barry Bwhn during an interview with a client. Bruhn discusses his Legal Aid work with Juvenile Judge Theodore McMillan. Legal Aid attorneys h 40 A CENTURY OF LAW guide the clie nt thro ugh a maze of fede ral regulations." Now after almost half a century, January Ha ll is too P rofessor Mills also teaches a seminar on American legal sma ll for the School's growing needs. If the Law School history, which gives the students an opportunity to do is to continue to meet its dual commitment to the students independent research and writing. "One semester we dis and the community, a new bUilding is imperative. In cussed the early decisions of the 'vIissouri Supreme Court August, 196.5, the University announced a natiollwide and found that the judges had relied heavily on English design competition for a $3 ..5 million law and social science law authorities in deciding the cases before them," he said. complex. Some U.5 architects submitted plans in the "This fall we will concentrate on Indian law." competition, which 'was won by the architectu ral te,lJl1 of Schnebli, Anselevicius, and Montgomery. Professor Swihart teaches several courses in the Law Down through its history, the School has had m~rny il School's graduate program in taxation, which began its lustrious deans. H enry Hitchcock, the fi rst dean, later be second year this fall. "It's the only graduate school pro came president of the American Bar Association. Another, gram in taxation in the Midwest," he said. In the first year, Wiley Rutledge, who headed the School from 1880 to twelve students enrolled, ten of them practicing attorneys 1935, later became a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. who enrolled on a part-time basis. Then there was Miss Phoebe Couzins, the fir st ""oman T he labor law expert, Professor Elmer E. Hilpert, said, to graduate fr om the Law School. A leader in the suffrage ~ ! i " vVh en I went to law school, there wasn't a labor law movement, she was enrolled in the School in 1869 and course 'North taking. Labor law has grown tremendously received her Bachelor of Laws degree two years later. since the \,yagner Act of 193.5. Now almost every Jaw firm Judge Wayne Townsend, distinguished service professor has one man handling labor law." emeritus , served as dean from 194.5 to 1951, during the Professor Hilpert, the oldest faculty member in term of post-World \Var II period when veterans flooded the Law service, began his twenty-ninth year this fall. He is the School. "It was a tryin g time fo r the faculty," Judge Town permanent arbitrator for a large manufacturing company send said. "We taught the year around to cram three years ;Ind is on a national industrial arbitration panel. of co urse work into two calendar years." The enrollment Four other professors are doing research in rapidly jumped from forty-three in 1943 to 270 in 1947. growin g areas of law. Professor Jules Gerard, who teaches Before the war, most of the Law School's students came constitutional law, is concerned with the controversy be from the St. Louis area. However, with the influx of the tween the bar and the press over publicity in criminal veterans, students came from all over the country. The cases. "Publicity is involved in each stage of the criminal growing national reputation of the School has con tinued process from arrest through sentencing," he said. "How this trend. Currently, about half of the students come ever, most people tend to be concerned about the influence from the St. Louis area. Last year the 2.50 students en of publicity on the jury's verdict and to ignore its influ rolled came from twenty-six states and four foreign coun ence :It other legal stages." Associate Professor David M. tries. The graduate programs in urban studies and taxa Becker has been preparing cllticles on legal research he did tion are expected to attract more out-state students. for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. After a slight decline in the 19.50's, enrollment once Assistant Professor Warren Lehman has collaborated again is climbing because of the post-World vVar II baby with D allin H . Oaks, professor of law at the University of boom. There were about four appli ca ti ons for each place Chicago, on a book The Griminal Process of Cook County ill this vear's freshman class. As a result, the faculty has and the In digent Defendant. He als o has written widely toughened admission requirements. A student now must on urban renewal and race relations and is studying the have roughly a 1..5 credit point average on a three-point p roblem of achieving social change through legislation. scale in undergraduate school and must score .500 out of Professor Arno C. Becht, who teaches the first year a possible 800 on the law school aptitude test. The quality torts course, has co ll aborated with Professor Miller on the of the teaching program was demonstrated last summer highly popular textbook The Test of Factual Causation ill when fifty-seven of fifty-nin e June grad uates passed the N egligen ce and Strict Liabilitlj Cases, published by the Missouri Bar examination. This performance topped all vVashington University Press. other law schools in the state and was the best of any vVashington University law class in ten years. N lTS FIRST CENTURY, the Law School bas been located Trends of law school education for the fu ture indicate I in six different buildings. The Law Department that students may be required to study four years instead started in two rooms in the Polytechnic Institute Building of the present three. The stu dent has to cover so much at Seventh and Chestnut in downtown St. Louis and five m'lterial now that it is tough to hold the curriculum to years later moved with the other departments of the Uni three years without cu tting down on the basic CO \Hses re versity to a new building at Seventeenth and Washington. quired for the first yea r. In 1878, the Department moved into the old Mary Insti But one thing appears to be certain. Law schools as a tute building, at 1417 Locust Street. In 190.5 when the rule aren't goin g to scrap their traditional teaching meth Depmtment became a school, this building was razed and oels for what critics call "practical ex perience courses. " students and fa culty took over the old St. Louis Club Judge Townsend su mmed up the case for the law building at Twenty-ninth and Lo c \I.~t. Four years later, the schools in this wave "Law schools teach the most practical Law School moved to the upper floor of the Ridgley Li of all things-theory-because theory embodies the princi. brary building on the present campus. It occupied these pies upon which all law cases have to be decided. I don't qll -41 " Some people confuse gentleness with weakness. Tom Pendergast did just that when he tangled in political battle with James Douglas thirty years ago. The mild-mannered Douglas triumphed, how ever, in one of the climactic moments of a career distinguished for its dedicated service to the law, the community, and the University. JUDGE DOUGLAS By DOROTHY BROCKHOFF o!fire of Informclfion " AGOOD MAN," ACCORDINC TO ELLA and the latc He talks easily and agreeably-his sentences punctuatcd .t\.. Sophie and all the others of their gender who by a wry wit, often directed at himself. You le,11'11 many have ever belted the blues, "is hard to find." Had they things f7'Om Judge Douglas in a two-hour conversation been reporters, instead of well-rounded ladies with a way with him, but you don't learn as much as you'd like aboll! with a song, the Misses Fitzgerald and Tucker might have him, for His Honor uses the pronoun "I" almost reluctantly. added that such a fellow is not only hard to locate, but A quizzical man with what one writer oncE' described as uncommonly difficult to describe. ",1\1 almost cherubic expression," he gives the impression of It's not that "nice guys always finish last," as one em being a mild-mannered, easy-going, kindly human being. bittered observer remarked. You don't have to be a Quiet, unassuming, and modest, he is, as Shepley accurate Scrooge or Simon Legree to become the top banana of the ly observed, "a chuckleI', not a guffawer. I don't think Jim executive suite or law firm. It's just that a sinister char bursts into loud laughter, but he has a twinkle in his eye. acter or one with a shady past invariably makes "hot copy," and a very, very keen sense of humor." while the virtuous in our midst, unless they happen to be Modest and unassuming, these are the adjectives which knights in shining armor like Sir Galahad or personalities seem to suit Douglas best. And yet it is this unaffected, like Billy Graham, seldom make the front page. unpretentious, and very gentle man who defied "Big It was Ethan Shepley, a former chancellor of Washing Tom" when Pendergast was as powerful and as feared as ton University, who made this very point when he any political boss in the country. Quite obviously, this is learned tha t a profile on his friend, James Marsh Douglas, a man of quiet courage and inner strength, but these are a member of the Washington University board of trustees qualities which you have to discover for yO\ll'self. Douglas for seventeen ycars and its c1nirman from 19.54 to '61, was isn't given to self-analysis and he isn't the type to philos being planned. "Jim Douglas," Shepley warned as a two ophize about himself. mon th's search to find ou t all a bou t his colleague and What then is he really like? 'What, in short, makes him friend was just getting under way, "is a good, solid, hon tick? The search for these answers led all over the state orahlc, conscientious, lovable citizen who takes whatever from former Governor Lloyd C. Stark's beautiful estate, ,1ssignment comes his way and does a darn good day-to "Abcrdeen," at Eolia in picturesque Pike County to the day job of it. He doesn't make headlines." Supremc Court of Missouri in J eiferson City where reccnt This story might have died right there except that Shep ly retired Justice Laurance M. Hyde reminisced about ley concluded: "I guess the only time that Judge Douglas Douglas. It involved the study of carefully preserved ever made a hcadline was during the regime of Tom Pen papers in historical societies, research in law libraries, and derg'1st. That was the inevitable result of having a rough, conversations with friends, nearly all of them lawyers. tough political boss run into an honest man." Shepley, it turned out, was absolutely correct. Douglas CCAS10NALLY, SEVERAL ATTOTINEYS would huddle to is many things-a distinguished lawyer, a former judge, a O gether for ,1n interview. It was on one such occasion first-rate historian, the proud father of a Phi Beta Kappa that Douglas's partner, Robert Neill, leaned back in his son from Hobart College, and one of 'Vashington Univer chair and exclaimecl with a bemused bugh, "You know, sity's most loval alumni, but he is not E'asv to pinpoint I've learned more about Jim this past hour than in all thc on paper. Not that he is difficult to interview. veal'S I'vc been associated with him." Joseph J. Gravely, a 4.'3 well-known patent attorney, thought about Neill's comment who were politically wise believed that Jim Douglas wrote for a few minutes and then exclaimed, "Well, that's easy himself off the bench when he did this, because in those to understand. Jim's just not a horn-tooter." days Missouri Supreme Court judges had to campaign Gravely might have added that Douglas has plenty to actively for their places on the bench." toot about. Viewed in perspective, there are many high Because the constitution provided that a judge be ap lights in Dougb<,'~ career, but certainly the most c:Iimactic pointed to serve only until the next election, Douglas period \\':1., his confrontation with Pendergast and his faced a political contest the following year. For more than forces. Douglas aroused the famed political leader's wrath twenty-five years, it had been an unbroken custom of both n('lt .I('\l .g after he was named to the Missouri Supreme major political parties in Missouri that an appointed judge was nominated in the next election without opposition. Court by Governor Stark in April, 1937 to fill a vacancy But Pendergast was so angry that he decided to forget all caused by the appointment of Judge John Caskie Collet about tradition, and backed Circuit Judge J. V. Billings of to the United States District Court. Kennett, Mo., in the Democratic primary. Only 41 at the time, Douglas was quickly dubbed the In taking this action, Pendergast tried to disguise the "baby member" of the lv[issouri Supreme Court. A bache fact that he wanted direct representation on the Supreme lor when he was appointed to this position, Judge Douglas Court and announced that he was opposing Douglas be was married on August 5, 1939, to the form er Mary Eliza cause he didn't like Governor Stark. The infuriated gover beth Lumaghi of St. Louis. In 1942, their son, James Kim nor responded by throwing the weight of his office against ball Douglas, was born. "I was the object of much inter Billings in the contest. Post-Dispatch reporter Betts called est among my colleagues on the Supreme Court, all of the Douglas-Billings race the "bitterest intra-party fight whom were a gre.1l deal older than I," Judge Douglas in Missouri politics since 1922 when Breckinridge Long recalls. "Indeed, James Kimball was the first baby born to contested with former Senator James A. Reed for the nom the wife of a sitting judge of the Missouri Supreme Court." ination for his seat in the Senate." During the campaign the governor called on the voters 1' WAS NOT DOUGL.·\S'S YO UTH, however, but his integrit\· to "sa ve the Supreme Court from political boss contro!." 1 which turned Pendergast against the jurist from St. "The contest," Douglas declared, "developed into a battle Louis. The Missouri Supreme Court, at the time that Judge between the governor and the boss." Squarely in the mid Douglas became a member, was deadlocked over the so dle was the beleaguered Douglas. Given to understatement, called insurance rate compromise worked out by 44 Sf ~ I , . - _._._----------- -.- : ' . t ·. . ~~ - 'to . SV19noo 3:90n[ of repercussions. It led to the adoption of the Non-Partisan Republican, out of the governorship to which he had been Court Plan, known as the Missouri Plan of Judicial Tenure, elected. The decision, in which the other judges, Demo making it unnecessmy for some judges, including those crats, concurred, was a peremptory order to the House to on the state's Supreme Court, to enter political primaries. seat Donnell as Governor, then permitting a contest to be Such judges run for election strictly on their record. It filed in proper form. The contest was filed but was dropped also won Douglas the reputation of a vote-getter, with the when a partial recount increased Donnell's majority." result that political leaders, including the canny Truman Douglas agrees that this was one of the high spots of himself, for a time considered him as a potential candidate his career. At the time that he was called upon to write for the governorship or the United States Senate. the opinion, he remembers that the Court was again di But Douglas entertained no political aspirations. And so vided three and three. "I was in the middle. I knew that for twelve years, until he resigned from the Court at the if the opinion were to be really effective it had to be unan end of 1949, Jim Douglas went quietly about the business imous. It was unanimously adopted," he added. Quite of being a Missouri Supreme Court Justice. Sitting in obviously, Douglas was responsible for persuading all Division One, except for two years, 1943-45, when he the judges to his point of view. How he did it is a ques served as chief justice, Judge Douglas earned a reputation tion the Judge sidesteps. One who knows him well be as a first-rate jurist. But you won't learn that from him. lieves he had his way "because on the court Douglas was Of the experience, he says matter-of-factly, "It was an the catalytic agent or crystallizer." absorbing but very rugged job. When I first arrived in my Jefferson City office and saw the walls lined with books, E WAS ALSO EXTRAORDINARILY able. Carroll, in his sum I thought all the answers are there if I can just find them. H mary, observes, "In his twelve years on the bench, But I found that wasn't the case. New matters were com only one of ( Douglas's) opinions had been reversed by the ing up all the time. The factual situation was different and United States Supreme Court. In that case," he continued, so the results were different. Being on the Supreme Court "the United States Supreme Court reversed former rulings stretched your mind, it made you think." and held that a restrictive covenant or agreement entered Those who watched his career closely while he was on into by property owners was not enforceable in the courts, the highest bench in the state are more explicit. Reminisc although recognizing it was a legally executed agreement." ing about this period in Judge Douglas's life, Shepley said The ruling involved restrictions adopted by certain St. with conviction, "He made a splendid judge because, un Louis property owners on Labadie Avenue barring sale like some of us, he can be completely non-partisan. What or rental of residential property to Negroes. Of the United I mean is that he has no inclination to pre-judge contro States Supreme Court's momentous decision, Judge Doug versies that are brought to him. He has a remarkable ca las says succinctly, "that was the beginning of the general pacity to listen with an open mind. In the legal profession, movement that broke down the color line." we call this quality judicial temperament." In educational circles Douglas is perhaps best remem bered for the opinion he wrote which invalidated a rule Another admirer was United States Supreme Court Jus of the St. Louis Board of Education barring employment tice Louis D. Brandeis, who had been a Harvard class of married women as teachers in the public schools. mate and close friend of Douglas's father, Walter Bond When he elected to step down from the state's highest Douglas. Not long after Douglas became a member of the tribunal to join the St. Louis law firm now known as Missouri Supreme Court, Justice Brandeis gave him some Thompson, Mitchell, Douglas and Neill, there was much advice he never forgot. As Judge Douglas remembers it, speculation about why he was leaving Jeffcrson City. Un Brandeis emphasized that to a state supreme court no case doubtedly, many factors entered into his decision, but per is unimportant. Each time that you render a decision, Bran haps foremost in his mind was the belief that in St. Louis deis told him, "you are handing down principles for the his son would have better educational opportunities. Also, future. He added that a judge ought to take an interest in Judge Douglas says with rare frankness, "I began to worry public affairs and in matters involving the bench and the that I might get sloppy. I decided that I'd much rather bar, but not at the expense of his judicial responsibilities. go back into private practice than to deteriorate into a "Nothing," Justice Brandeis stressed, "must be permitted to poor judge. It's very grinding work, and sometimes after interfere with a judge's official responsibilities." you get the knack of it you are tempted to write too fast. This advice Judge Douglas took to heart, which is un Then you have to go back and make corrections in a sup doubtedly one of the reasons why there was genuine re plemental opinion. I didn't want to do that." gret throughout the state when he announced his decision Judge Douglas has never regretted leaving the bench. to return to private practice in St. Louis. The Kansas City At first he wondered whether he could forget his judicial Star editorialized: "Nothing short of a top-notch replace habit of impartiality and become a persuasive advocate ment will take the edge off the loss . . . Douglas has again. But these self-doubts quickly faded away. "I found," ranked with the best on [the] court." he said, "that I could get in and really fight for my client's Probably the most scholarly assessment of his abilities cause when I knew his cause was right. I enjoyed it." as a Missouri Supreme Court Justice was turned in by Once he became a practicing lawyer again, however, Boyd Carroll of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. In a lengthy clients were not the only people who sought his services. article, he noted that Douglas had written several notable "The first person who came to my office when I came back opinions including "the ruling, early in 1941, against the to town," he recalls, "was Luther Ely Smith, Sr. He said, legislature's partisan attempt to keep Forrest C. Donnell, 'Jim, I'm glad you're back. vVe've missed you. '~7elcome to 46 JUDGE DOUGLAS St. Louis. I hnve a job for a good university. He alway:; stood firm on any issue where you.'" And that's the way he felt the strength of the University was involved ." Judge Douglas became a "Very few people," Shepley emphas ized, "realize what member of the United a demanding job it is to be chairman of the Was hington States Territorial Commis University board of trustees. Among other things, he's re sion charged with the re quired to sign any document of a legal nature executed on sponsibility of erecting the behalf of the University. And the business transactions of St. Louis riverfront me a University which spends vast sums every year-more mmial. than $44 million annually-are substantial." Not far behind Smith Shepley added that during the years that Douglas came Shepley with an of headed the board the Universi ty owned a great deal of fer to Douglas to serve on downtown real estate and it was his responsibility, in the the board of directors of last analysis, to be completely familiar with these holdings. \ Vashington University. He was an obvious and a happy "Jim carried a terrific burden quietly and withont com choice. Born in St. Louis on January 6, 1896, the son of plaint," he said admiringly. \\Ta lter and Francesca Kimball Douglas, he had been edu "He also knew how to run a meeting beautifully. Jim cated in the local public schools. After graduation from Douglas never let a meeting get out of hand. He was a Central High School in 1914, he entered \"lashington Uni man of few words himself, but he had a quiet but rather I'ersity, but he did not receive a degree until 1921. "I was," firm way of seeing that the meeting didn't drag out un lle (iclights in recalling, "an undergraduate for seven years necessarily. And ye t he wasn't too crisply efficient. People with ins alld outs." In 1916, service as a member of Battery were encouraged to express themselves." A, Missouri National Guard, on the Mex ican border inter Shepley ex plained that running a large educational in rupted his studies. Then World War I came along, and he stitution like \"lashington University is not easy. "This is was commissioned a second lieutenant with the 89th divi a place where scholars both at the faculty and student sion, in the 342nd Field Artillery. level are constantly challenging the old ideas. When you're Douglas served in the St. Mihiel sector, and then was trying to learn more, you question the existing situation. part of the Army of Occupation stationed in Germany un Now there are always people who resent this," the form er til he returned to the states in August of 1919. Re-entering Chancellor said. "They like things as they are. But Jim the University, he earned his LL.B. degree in 1921. Douglas understood that it is the function of a Universi ty After graduation, Douglas joined Nagel and Kirby, a to question the status quo. Because of his understanding law firm in which Sh epley's uncle, Charles Nagel, was a he always cooperated with me wholeheartedly on all p;lrtne1'. Not long afterwards Shepley became an attorney iss ues including those which might have caused some fm the same firm, and he and Douglas became good other people to raise their eyebrows." fri ends as well as colleagues. Douglas was on the staff of With his busy law practice and his devoted service to Nagel and Kirb y until his election to the St. Louis circuit Washington University, it is difficult to see how the Judge, court in 193.5. Because of these associations, it was only as people still call him in deference to his years on the natural that Shepley should invite his former associate to bench, found time for any other interests. But he did. The become a Washington University board member. Missouri Historical Society, Civic Progress, the American Of his service on 'Washington Universjty's board, Judge Bar Association-these are but a few of the organizations Douglas says enthusias tically, "It's been one of th e most in which he has played an active role. In addition, he was rewarding experiences of my life. It's a great honor and chairman of the task force on legal services and procedures it's exciting to be connected with an e ducati on~ll institu of the second Hoover Commission. ti on. Some of the excellence of the University sometimes brushes off on yo u a little bit." About his accomplish OR HIS SERVICE to his profession and the community, ments, Douglas says little, but Sh epley is not so reticent. FJudge Douglas has received many honors, including the "Jim," Shepley says warmly and with more than a trace annual award of the Lawyers Association in 19.51. Last of emotion in his voice, "has been about as faithful and ye ' . witt be an acute Jho rtage of adequate patient materiaL for the training of the next generation of physicians. Dr. Robert C Drews supervises the work of a resid ent in tbe 'vVashington University Clinics. By ROBERT C. DREWS, AB 52, MD 55 A ssistant Professor of Clinical 0 phthalm olo gy MEDICARE AND CLINICAL TRAINING ODAY THE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL of Med until residency training programs gradually developed Ticine, along with other centers for medical training, on a scale large enough to supply the needs of the nation. is ponderin g the problem of obtaining adequate patient T he question, "Doctor, have you ever done this opera material for the training of the next generation of physi tion?" was a common one fo r our grandparents to ask. cians. The si tuation is becoming acute in the training They were well aware of the fact that training in both of surgeons. For the purposes of this article, I shall draw medicine and surgery fifty years ago was based on lec my references from the training of eye surgeons, since tures, observation, and practically no direct experience. this is the area with which I have the most intimate con The young surgeon had completed medical school and, tact. The situation, however, is quite analogous in most if he were an unusually dedicated young man, may have other medical specialties. Some, such as urology, have taken an internship. He might even have gone to Europe already been hit as hard as ophthalmology; others are to study in such centers as Vienna and Heidelberg. De just beginning to feel the pinch. pending upon his financial means, his total period of study Historically the training of physicians and surgeons abroad would have las ted so mewhere between three h as been accompli shed by preceptorship. The students months and a year or two. He would then return to this of Hippocrates learnecl the master's art not only from his country armed with the latest concepts in diagnosis and lectures, but also by watching him care for the sick. They therapy, quite capable of lecturing on the htest techniques were then to emula te his example. Surgeons learned their in surgery. trade by watching their seniors. Those who managed But those were hard times to get es tablished. The pub to acquire a large volume of experi ence early in their lic was skeptical of young physicians and the physician careers did so on the battlefields . The preceptorship s)'s himself often recognized his own need for further train tern presupposes that the preceptor is both an excell ent ing. If he were lucky, he could obtain a precep torship physician and a good teacher. If those two conditions are in a well-established office where he could examine and met, however, the master's preceptees become his disci watch the management of a large number of patients be ples ; if they are exposed at all to the ideas of other col ing cared for by one of the more prominent surgeons in leagues, it is through the prejudiced eyes of their mentor. his city. The preceptor system of medical train ing became more and more umvorkable with the introduction of scientific FTER A VARIABLE LENGTH of time he would summon medical methods and the subsequent explosion of knowl A all possible co urage, borrow some more money, and edge. In the las t hundred years, medical schools have set up his own office. Lack of other people in the waiting developed rapidly. By the turn of this century it became room made those patien ts who did come skeptical of the extremely difficult to obtain a license to practice medicine talents of this new, young doctor. A few grey hairs or a in the U nited States without a diploma from a recog mustache could be a definite advantage. Yet, it was com nized medical school. Preceptorship training was no long mon knowledge that, in spite of all this study, in spite er acceptable. The Carnegie F oundation's Flexner report of all these years of preparation, such young men had of 1914 led to major revisions and improvement in the not had much surgical experience. Indeed, a man could medical schools themselves. Schools that were unable to have had several years of training beyond medical school offer first-rate training were closed. Preceptorship, how ::md never have performed a single operati on . ever, remained the accepted way of obtaining postgrad For the las t twenty-five years, preceptorship in the su r uate education in the medical and surgical specialties gical specialties has been replaced almost completely by 49 residency programs. Further, the various surgical spe a contras t to the experience of half a century ago, when cialists have devised board certincation programs, not gray hair was considered an essential attribute of a good just as a means of signifying that those who are board cer surgeon. tified have achieved a certain level of knowledge in the On whom should the resident learn his surgery? The specialty, but also, and most importantly, as a means immediate reaction of most patients is, "I don't want of improving the training offered by the residency pro anyone learning how to operate on me!" grams themselves. E ach director of such a program prides Under our present system of training, such a statement himself on the fact that his residents are so well trained is naive. Surgical techniques are learned gradually over that they can achieve board certification. a period of three years or more by aSSisting with tasks of graduall y increasing complexity. That someone would HE RESlDEKCY PROGRAMS expose th e men in training to learn how to do an appendectomy by picking up a scal many teachers, each of wbom is expert in some partic T pel and proceeding to operate is unthinkable today. It ular aspect of the surgical specialty which he is teaching. was not unthinkable fift y years ago and unfortunately may In ophthalmology, for example, some men teach retinal be the case tomorrow. detachment surgery, others the diagnosis and manage One basic difference in care on ward and private medi ment of patients who have eye muscle problems, still ca! and surgical services today is that on the private others the biochemistry of the eye. This range of ex service the patient has the right to choose his own posure was im possible in the perceptor sys tem. physician or surgeon. He knows in advance who w ill do But lectures on these subjects and the observation of the surgery and who is responsible for it. H e knows that the management of patients under private care is only a he will be seen both before and after surgery by the beginning of the training of the present resident in a man that he has chosen for the job. surgic::t\ specialty. As the resident progresses through his training program and becomes proficient in the theories On the ward service, a patient may be worked up in and practice he has heard and seen others perform, he the clinic by several residents, none of whom performs must ultimately reach the most important level of train the actual surgery. The immediate postoperative care is ing. It is in the forge named responsibility that the alloys usually given by the surgeon, but thereafter the patient poured into the surgeon-to-be can be hammered into a is returned to the general care of the residents. Although sure, dependable, and trustworthy product. there is continuity of supervision, the surgeon usu When should this responsibility be assumed? Should ally does not see the same resident for a period of more the young surgeon perform his first operation after he has than one year, if that long. This is because residents con finished all of his training and is in private practice? Ob tinue to advance through the residency program and are viously not. A good residency training program provides shifted from one part of the resident service to another the resident with an opportunity first to observe and then to complete their training. Thus, although the patient's to assist in duties of increasing importance. The medical care is usually excellent and may be on a personal basis student holds retractors, the intern cuts off sutures, jun at anyone time, it lacks a long-term personal basis. This ior-residents ti e knots, and by the end of their training, is one reason that some patients who can afford it senior reside nts have assumed the responsibility of a sur choose private medical care rather than clinic care. geon-in-chal:ge of a given operation. In good residency programs, the entire training period is carefull y super N THE PAST, the volume of indigent patients has always vised, not only through the hierarchy of residents, but I been great enough to assure an adequate number bv attending and full-time surgeons on the staff so that of patients for a thorough residency training program. In there is constant supervision and consultation on the care recent years, for example, clinic patient visits in the eye renclered on the res ident's service in training hospitals. clinic at McMillan H os pital have averaged about 32,000 Because of this system, excell ent training programs a year. Each year over 1,000 major eye operations are such as that of th e Department of Ophthalmology at performed on the ward service. Each resident finishing Washington University privately pride themselves on of the program at Washington University is an experienced fering the patients on the ward service a better level of eye surgeon. medical and surgica l care than that which is available The advent of an increasing number of prepaid medi on the average private service. The best and latest think cal health care programs, especiall y on the east and west ing of some of the best minds is available in matters of coasts, led to drastic reductions in the amount of surgery decision for ward patients. Criteria of care are rigidly performed on ward medical services in those parts of enforced at the highest levels and th e more complex lev the country. As early as 1960, occasional instances were els of surgery are performed only by men who have im found where men who completed residency training at mediate training and skill. The man who finishes this maior eye hospitals in th e eastern part of the United training program is eminently qualified to care for the States had never done a cataract operation. patients who present themselves to him, even on his first The advent of Medicare has tremendously intensified clay in private practice. this problem and Medicaid (Title 19) is now making it This qualification has become recognized publicly, to universal. The amount of surgery performed on the ward the point ,,,here many patients, and even surgeons, by service at McMillan Hospital since the introduction of preference now seek out younger men from outstanding Medicare last year has already fallen 20 per cent. The training programs to perform their surgery. This is quite total amount of surgery performed in the hospital has .50 '\ MEDICARE AND CLINICAL TRAINING remained the same; these mate technique for allowing a man who is highly skilled patients are now being in a surgical specialty to do :J far larger number of opera operuted on in private tions per d:JY than would otherwise be possible. service. Even patients who The same technique lends itself admirably to giving are initially seen and fol res idents increasingly direct surgical responsibility and lowed in the clinic trans training. The novice can perform simple and non-critical fer to private care when it parts of a surgical procedure. As his skill increases, he becomes time for surgery, can be entrusted with more and more complex tasks until in the mistaken belief finally he has performed any given part of a given opera that they will inevitably receive better care. Uncle Sam is tion many times, while the over-all supervision and re paying the bill and these patients now not only have the sponsibility, and indeed some part of the operation itself, right, but also the opportunity, to choose to have their sur is borne by the private surgeon. This is a form of ghost gery performed by anyone they wish. As Medicare cover ~ urgery by a different and probably a more ethical route, age is ex tended, unless some correcting steps are taken, we but it is still ghost surgery. In my thinking, it remains can only foresee a demise of the ward surgical service and ghost surgery even if the patient is told that the opera an end of this form of training in the next sever;]l years. tion will be performed by a "team" of surgeons, and even if the private surgeon retains responsibility. HEN HOW WILL THE NEXT generation of surgeons be T trai ned? Several solutions are being considered and This form of sharing surgical experience is considered debated. None of them is good. ethical today and is being considered more ethical as One solution would be to stipulate that the head of a it becomes more and more necessary as a ruse to provide deportment, acting with the approval of the Executive residents with surgical training. The problem of such an Faculty and the Dean of the School of Medicine, could "ethic" is seen when it places no restriction on how much demand that all private surgeons turn over a given per or what parts of the surgery must be done by the private centage of their private surgical patients to the ward ser surgeon. Presumably if 95 per cent of the operation were vice. The ward service now does two-fifths of all eye done by the resident and 5 per cent by the private sur surgery at McMillan Hospital. If most of the surgery geon, it would be ethical, but a 100 to 0 per cent split were to shift to the private service, it might be reason would constitute outright ghost surgery and therefore able, in order to maintain the surgical training program, would not be ethical. to require each staff member to turn over one out of every four of his surgical patients to the ward service NOTHER SOLUTION is to send young surgeons to other for surgery. A countries where there are large indigent populations. I cannot imagine how this can be done openly. Imag At present, eye residents from the \Vilmer Institute at ine your own reaction if, when you needed surgery, your Johns Hopkins in Baltimore Dre being sent to Algeria. \\le surgeon were to look up and state that you were the are sending our own senior residents to El Salvador for fourth person on his list of those to be operated on and three months to increase their surgical experience. This that therefore you would be admitted to the ward service is an unsatisfactory solution and a temporary one at b es t. to have your surgery performed by one of the residents Senior residents of the University of California in San at the hospital. In years gone by such a system was actu Francisco spend time in va rious private offices watching ally practiced sub Tosa. At the time of surgery the oper and assisting the surgeons in their work. Unless these ating surgeon stepped aside and allowed the resident to private men choose to allow the residents to perform perform the operation in his presence. Ghost surgery in ghost surgery under their auspices, the residents receive any form , whether by a novice or by someone highly no direct experience from this type of program. It is a skilled, was roundly and properly condemned forty years return to the old preceptor system. ago. Medicare may force a return to it in some areas of With ward surgical services rapidly diminishing and the United States to afford training for the next gen ghost surgery unacceptable, the arbitrary forcing of some eration of surgeons. private patients to have their surgery performed on ward service unthinkable and unfeasible, and the training of The team concept of surgery is also one which can be American surgeons abroad a poor and temporary measure, used to facilitate residency training, especially if large one wonders just where the next generation of surgeons surgical services are es tablished in medical centers. A in the United States will receive th eir training. The olel few "supersurgeons" established under the auspices of system of preceptorship with limited experience leers at us the University could capture a large proportion of the menacingly from the past. Furthermore, this problem is surgery performed in St. Louis, for example. These men not limited to surgery. The problem of the training of would be far too busy to perform all parts of the surgery physicians in internal medicine and other nonsurgical themselves and would operate with the aid of residency specialities is just as great, if perhaps not quite so acute. teams. These teams would perform the preliminary and So far, American medicine has been unable to find an fin al parts of the surgery (making and closing the wound, answer despite increasing concern and conference at local for example) while the supersurgeon attended and per ilnd national levels. Like many of the complications of formed only the more vital or complicated parts of the Medicare, the results will not be faced by the present gen procedure. This is a well-recognized and perfectly legiti eration of Americans, but by the next. 51 the miniskirt era HE UNIVERSITY HAS seen many fads and Tfashions come and go in its I 14-year history. It has experienced and survived the Hoopskirt Era, the Flapper Era, the New Look of the late Forties. This year is the height of the Miniskirt Era. We felt that the phenomenon should be recorded for posterity. Imagine what merriment these pictures will invoke at the twenty-fifth reunion of the Class of '71 ! What the freshmen of 1971 will be wearing defies imagination. This may be the Era of the Miniskirt, but it's also the age of the Maxistudent. The Class of '71 may be short on hemlines, but it's long on board scores. There's nothing mini about that. D OWJl the If/' J/rlil (rlJC!. ''''8!<18,' lit 'JwHiJd 'UO!fVUlCjZUOJ fU/78!-!II2f flU!Ut 8Cfl PUP f!.IOCfflUtut :8Ut8Cfl v UO SUOltvl,tva orn.L Comment /The Universi[y 111 [he News OLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES are very much in the news fcssional reputation. The college records of its incoming C these days. It's true that a great deal of the attention students rank among the first eight of the nation's fifty focused on higher education by the national media seems dental schools. Its graduating seniors rank even higher on to concentrate on protests and riots, on pot and LSD, on the national examinations. Its clinics serve thousands of short skirts nnd long hair. But there is also a concerted St. Louisans. effort on the pnrt of tbe nntion's press and rad io and tele "The Schools's operating deficits, however, are large vision to report on more lasting, more constructive, and and have been increasing, and much of its equipment is more meaningful news from the campuses. old and needs replacement. Therefore, to keep the School With the hundreds and huodreds of institutions of operating and improving, still more careful and construc higher education in this country, it is difficult for the tive planning for both the immediate future and the long media to keep up with the real news from all of them. run is required. The special committee, the University Yet, we feel that recently 'Washington University has reo administration, and the Trustees \ViII give this thorough ceived a considerable amount of attention nationally. To consideration in the coming weeks in the hope of finding list just a few examples: ways to maintain and strengthen the School of Dentistry." (1) In July, Time led off its science section with a re The special committee's report was studied in detail by port on the pioneering research being done by Robert M. the Trustees and at its September meeting the Board an Walker, McDonnell Professor of Physics. The article dis nounced its approval of the continuation of the School of cussed Professor Walker's development of new methods Dentistry under the administrative superviSion of the Vice of dating inorganic materials-including meteorites from Chancellor for Medical Affairs, Dr. William H. Danforth, outer space-and pointed out that his work will have pro to whom the School's dean will report in the future. found importance not only in space science, but in a host Chairman Charles Allen Thomas stated that the Board of other fields from cosmology to archaeology. "acted expressly on the assumption that by 1970 the (2) Two weeks later, Tim e followed with a two-page School will achieve the goals of financial independence article on Washington University's art collections. Includ and increased enrollment, facilities, and services projected ed were full-color reproductions of several of the Uni by the Dental School faculty's special planning commit versity's prize paintings. tee." (3) In August, an Associated Press feature article on In its report, the committee predicted that internal im the \Vashington University-Monsanto Company materials provements and foreseeable increases in financial support, research collaboration appeared in more than 250 news both public and private, would make the School financi papers throughout the country. ally self-supporting \Vithin three years. (4) Shortly after, a major United Press International piece about vVashington University's Laura Hoot and her work on alcoholism appeared in hUlldreds of newspapers. EXT ;vrONTH, WASHINGTO N UNIVERSITY will be the (5) A Columbia Broadcasting Sys tem special hour-long N host for the annual ews Horizons in Science color program on "Art in St. Louis" appeared on five ma Seminar of the Council for the Advancement of Science jor CBS stations. The show was dominated by Washing vVriting. The five-day session will bring to St. Louis and ton University artists, the School of Fine Arts, and the to the campus between one hundred and one hundred and University Collections. fifty of the nation's top science writers to receive briefings It all goes to show that while no news may be good in the latest developments in physical and biological news, good news really gets around. science, medicine, and social science from a broad-cross section of authoritics in their fields from all over the world. On the program will be seven Washington University NOTHEl1 PIECE OF GOOD NEWS recently was the an scientists: Provost George E. Pake, Professors Barry Com nouncement that the UniverSity intends to continue A moner, Robert M. Walker and Peter Phillips, and Drs. to operate the School of Dentistry. Carl Moore, Sol Sherry, and William H. Masters. Last year, a special five-man committee representing the faculty of the School of Dentistry was formed to pre pare a plan to strengthen the School and to work to in ILL VAUGHAN, BSJ 36, nationally syndicated c~lum~tis;, sure its future. B noted Wit, and the stm of vVashrngton Ul1lverslty s At the time the committee was announced, a joint state champion Alumni Fun team, has a new book out this fall: ment was issued by Chancellor Eliot and Dr. Earl E. Shep Half the Battle, published by Simon and Schuster. More ard, dental alumnus and chairman of the committee. The over, the book's publication elate, October 12, \Vas pro statement summed up the problem succinctly: claimed as "Bill Vaugban Day" by the mayor of K::lIlS:1S "W;lshington University's Dental School has a fine pro City. 56 sa:J Vd l Yi 'iIN