W Digest of European Tort Vol. 1

Edited by the Research Unit for European Tort Law of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Bénédict Winiger, Helmut Koziol, Bernhard A. Koch, Reinhard Zimmermann (eds.)

Digest of European Tort Law

Volume 1: Essential Cases on Natural Causation

Contributors

Håkan Andersson Nils Jansen Caroline Pellerin- Karine Anterion Thomas Kadner Rugliano Bjarte Askeland Graziano André G. Dias Pereira Ewa Baginska´ Julija Kirsiene Eoin Quill Ján Belko Jens Kleinschmidt Julien Rey Bertil Bengtsson Bernhard A. Koch Jordi Ribot Klaus Bitterich Helmut Koziol Albert Ruda Eugenia Dacoronia Karola Krell Simona Selelionyte- Anton Dulak Fabien Lafay Drukteiniene Isabelle C. Durant Janno Lahe Lena Sisula-Tulokas Laurence Francoz- Rok Lampe Tambet Tampuu Terminal Ulrich Magnus Luboš Tichý Ivo Giesen Attila Menyhárd Kalvis Torgans Michele Graziadei Davide Migliasso Vibe Ulfbeck Marie Grenier Olivier Moréteau Willem H. van Boom Mika Hemmo Miroslaw Nesterowicz Bénédict Winiger Martin Hogg Jaana Norio-Timonen Reinhard Zimmermann Ji`r´í Hrádek Ken Oliphant

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ISBN 978-3-211-36957-9 SpringerWienNewYork Preface

European jurists increasingly look to their neighbours’ legal concepts and solutions. As decisions of foreign courts are sometimes hardly accessible, it may be helpful to collect the most important ones in a Digest of Modern European . The present book is a first step in this direction. It provides, for one specific field, a selection of national cases, which, otherwise, most of us would probably ignore. This volume focuses on the question of “natural” causation in Europe. Study groups based in 25 different countries have analysed their national jurisprudence and selected the most important cases within the framework of a number of standardized sub-catego- ries. The facts and the decision of each case are summarised and commented on in the light of the relevant national doctrine. On the supranational level, we also present and analyse important decisions of the Courts of Justice of the European Community. Fur- thermore, we have attempted to provide depth to the discussion by including a historical report, another report on which solution would be yielded by an application of the “Principles of European Tort Law”, as well as a comparative summary written by one of the editors. Just as the European Group on Tort Law with their “Principles of European Tort Law”, our group wants, with the present Digest, to contribute to a better understanding of tort . We hope that this collection will be useful not only to academics, but also to legislatures and practitioners to whom it makes available the legal solutions and the state of the discussions abroad. Moreover, if one day the private law, or parts of it, should be unified in a European Civil Code, jurists would quickly need case law to specify its provisions. Contrary to new or revised national codes, which are generally based on a coherent national juris- prudence, the European Code will constitute an amalgamation of traditions, and will not be backed up by a systematic body of previous decisions. To fill this gap, the judges may initially want to refer to the cases collected in this Digest, upon which a genuinely European jurisprudence can be built. It is hoped that this first volume will be followed by others, also devoted to central concepts of tort law, such as damage or fault. In an ideal world, a complete Digest would even cover all areas of private law. Perhaps our publication will inspire other groups to work towards achieving that aim. The present book is divided into 11 fundamental categories of “natural” causation. Within each category, the selected cases, solutions and comments are presented in the following manner: each category begins with a historical introduction (1), followed by the reports of the 25 Member States of the European Union (2–26), the decisions of the European Courts of Justice (27), the solutions of hypothetical cases according to the Principles of European Tort Law (28) and finally by a comparative summary (29). This reader-friendly structure allows individual readers who are interested in a spe- cific problem, such as damage caused by multiple tortfeasors, to seek the relevant infor-

V Preface mation for all countries in chapter 5. Readers looking for the cases and solutions of a particular country, for example England, will find all the English cases under the same number (12) across the book. The comparative reports (29) provide a summary of our main findings for the more hurried reader. The references to the texts in our book are thus composed of 3 numbers. The first two are cited at the top of each page, and they indicate the basic category and the spe- cific (usually: country) report within each category. The third figure is the marginal number into which each individual report has been subdivided. For example, 5/12 no. 1 indicates Multiple Tortfeasors (i.e. “the category”) in (i.e. “the country”) and refers to the facts of the case Downs v Chappell (which are to be found in marginal number 1). We owe profound thanks to the staff of the Research Unit for European Tort Law of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, especially to Virginia Antonini, Katarzyna Ludwi- chowska, Barbara Steininger, Donna Stockenhuber, Barbara Wehr and Judith Zehetner for coordinating the research project in Vienna and for preparing the manuscript for publication. Further, we would like to express our gratitude to the Austrian Science Fund (Fond zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung) and the Swiss National Science Foundation (Schweizerischer Nationalfonds) for their financial assistance. Last, but not least, we would like to thank Springer Publishing House for supporting this project.

The Editors

VI Overview

1. Conditio sine qua non in General 2. Damage Caused by Omission 3. Preventive Expenses Incurred Before the Damaging Event 4. Damage Caused by Psychological Influence 5. Damage Caused by Multiple Tortfeasors 6. Damage Caused by Less Than All Possibly Harmful Events 6a) Damage Caused by Less Than All Possibly Harmful Events Outside the Vic- tim’s Sphere 6b) Damage Caused by Less Than All Possibly Harmful Events, Including Events or Hazard Within the Victim’s Sphere 6c) Damage Caused to Less Than All Victims by a Harmful Event 6d) Damage Caused to Less Than All Victims by One or More Possibly Harmful Events 7. Damage Caused by Several Simultaneous, but Independent Events 8. Damage Caused by Several Successive, but Independent Events 8a) Damage Caused by Several Successive, but Independent Events Outside the Victim’s Sphere 8b) Damage Caused by Several Successive, but Independent Events, Including Events or Hazard Within the Victim’s Sphere 9. Minimal Causation 10. Loss of a Chance 11. “Haftungsbegründende und haftungsausfüllende Kausalität”

VII Table of Contents

Abbreviations ...... XV

Questionnaire ...... 1

1. Conditio sine qua non in General...... 9 1. Historical Report...... 9 2. Germany ...... 15 3. Austria ...... 17 4. Switzerland ...... 19 5. Greece...... 22 6. France ...... 25 7. Belgium ...... 28 8. Netherlands...... 32 9. Italy...... 35 10. Spain ...... 41 11. Portugal...... 44 12. England...... 47 13. Scotland ...... 49 14. Ireland...... 51 15. Denmark ...... 56 16. Norway ...... 57 17. Sweden...... 59 18. Finland...... 61 19. Estonia ...... 63 20. Latvia...... 66 21. Lithuania...... 69 22. Poland ...... 71 23. Czech Republic...... 75 24. Slovakia ...... 78 25. Hungary ...... 82 26. Slovenia ...... 88 27. European Courts ...... 92 28. Principles of European Tort Law...... 95 29. Comparative Report...... 99

2. Damage Caused by Omission ...... 103 1. Historical Report...... 103 2. Germany ...... 104 3. Austria ...... 106 4. Switzerland ...... 109 5. Greece...... 112 6. France ...... 114 7. Belgium ...... 116

IX Table of Contents

8. Netherlands ...... 119 9. Italy ...... 122 10. Spain ...... 124 11. Portugal ...... 126 12. England ...... 129 13. Scotland...... 132 14. Ireland ...... 135 15. Denmark...... 137 16. Norway...... 139 17. Sweden...... 141 18. Finland ...... 143 19. Estonia...... 146 20. Latvia ...... 148 21. Lithuania ...... 150 22. Poland ...... 151 23. Czech Republic ...... 155 24. Slovakia...... 157 25. Hungary...... 159 26. Slovenia...... 160 27. European Courts...... 163 28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 164 29. Comparative Report ...... 165

3. Preventive Expenses Incurred Before the Damaging Event...... 169 2. Germany...... 169 3. Austria...... 174 4. Switzerland ...... 176 7. Belgium...... 177 8. Netherlands ...... 179 11. Portugal ...... 180 12. England ...... 181 13. Scotland...... 183 14. Ireland ...... 185 17. Sweden...... 187 28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 188 29. Comparative Report ...... 190

4. Damage Caused by Psychological Influence...... 193 1. Historical Report...... 193 2. Germany...... 195 3. Austria...... 199 4. Switzerland ...... 201 5. Greece ...... 205 6. France...... 208 7. Belgium...... 212 8. Netherlands ...... 214 9. Italy ...... 217 10. Spain ...... 220 11. Portugal ...... 223 12. England ...... 224 13. Scotland...... 229 14. Ireland ...... 230 15. Denmark...... 234 16. Norway...... 235 17. Sweden...... 237

X Table of Contents

18. Finland...... 239 19. Estonia ...... 240 22. Poland ...... 242 24. Slovakia ...... 244 25. Hungary ...... 246 26. Slovenia ...... 248 27. European Courts ...... 249 28. Principles of European Tort Law...... 250 29. Comparative Report...... 252

5. Damage Caused by Multiple Tortfeasors ...... 265 1. Historical Report...... 265 2. Germany ...... 266 3. Austria ...... 271 4. Switzerland ...... 275 5. Greece...... 278 6. France ...... 282 7. Belgium ...... 285 8. Netherlands...... 292 9. Italy...... 295 10. Spain ...... 298 11. Portugal...... 302 12. England...... 303 13. Scotland ...... 308 14. Ireland...... 311 15. Denmark ...... 313 16. Norway ...... 315 17. Sweden...... 318 18. Finland...... 319 19. Estonia ...... 321 21. Lithuania...... 323 22. Poland ...... 327 23. Czech Republic...... 331 24. Slovakia ...... 334 25. Hungary ...... 335 26. Slovenia ...... 338 27. European Courts ...... 339 28. Principles of European Tort Law...... 343 29. Comparative Report...... 344

6. Damage Caused by Less Than All Possibly Harmful Events ...... 353

6a) Damage Caused by Less Than All Possibly Harmful Events Outside the Victim’s Sphere...... 353 1. Historical Report...... 353 2. Germany ...... 355 3. Austria ...... 359 5. Greece...... 362 6. France ...... 364 7. Belgium ...... 367 8. Netherlands...... 370 9. Italy...... 371 10. Spain ...... 374 12. England...... 377 13. Scotland ...... 380

XI Table of Contents

14. Ireland ...... 380 15. Denmark...... 380 16. Norway...... 381 17. Sweden...... 383 25. Hungary...... 383 28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 384 29. Comparative Report ...... 387

6b) Damage Caused by Less Than All Possibly Harmful Events, Including Events or Hazard Within the Victim’s Sphere ...... 390 1. Historical Report...... 390 2. Germany...... 393 3. Austria...... 395 4. Switzerland ...... 398 5. Greece ...... 400 6. France...... 401 7. Belgium...... 404 8. Netherlands ...... 405 9. Italy ...... 409 10. Spain ...... 411 12. England ...... 415 13. Scotland...... 417 14. Ireland ...... 422 15. Denmark...... 425 17. Sweden...... 426 18. Finland ...... 427 19. Estonia...... 429 21. Lithuania ...... 431 26. Slovenia...... 434 28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 435 29. Comparative Report ...... 436

6c) Damage Caused to Less Than All Victims by a Harmful Event...... 440 2. Germany...... 440 8. Netherlands ...... 441 10. Spain ...... 441 12. England ...... 441 13. Scotland...... 443 15. Denmark...... 444 17. Sweden...... 445 28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 445 29. Comparative Report ...... 447

6d) Damage Caused to Less Than All Victims by One or More Possibly Harmful Events ...... 448 2. Germany...... 448 8. Netherlands ...... 449 10. Spain ...... 449 15. Denmark...... 451 17. Sweden...... 451 28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 451 29. Comparative Report ...... 454

XII Table of Contents

7. Damage Caused by Several Simultaneous, but Independent Events...... 457 1. Historical Report...... 457 2. Germany ...... 457 3. Austria ...... 458 8. Netherlands...... 463 9. Italy...... 463 10. Spain ...... 464 12. England...... 466 13. Scotland ...... 467 15. Denmark ...... 468 16. Norway ...... 469 18. Finland...... 470 22. Poland ...... 471 24. Slovakia ...... 472 28. Principles of European Tort Law...... 474 29. Comparative Report...... 476

8. Damage Caused by Several Successive, but Independent Events ...... 479

8a) Damage Caused by Several Successive, but Independent Events Outside the Victim’s Sphere...... 479 1. Historical Report...... 479 2. Germany ...... 483 5. Greece...... 484 7. Belgium ...... 485 8. Netherlands...... 487 9. Italy...... 487 11. Portugal...... 489 12. England...... 490 13. Scotland ...... 492 14. Ireland...... 492 15. Denmark ...... 493 17. Sweden...... 494 18. Finland...... 495 22. Poland ...... 496 26. Slovenia ...... 497 28. Principles of European Tort Law...... 498 29. Comparative Report...... 501

8b) Damage Caused by Several Successive, but Independent Events, Including Events or Hazard Within the Victim’s Sphere ...... 505 2. Germany ...... 505 3. Austria ...... 509 4. Switzerland ...... 510 7. Belgium ...... 512 8. Netherlands...... 513 9. Italy...... 514 12. England...... 517 13. Scotland ...... 518 14. Ireland...... 519 15. Denmark ...... 519 16. Norway ...... 521 17. Sweden...... 522 22. Poland ...... 523 24. Slovakia ...... 524

XIII Table of Contents

28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 526 29. Comparative Report ...... 527

9. Minimal Causation...... 531 6. France...... 531 7. Belgium...... 533 12. England ...... 534 16. Norway...... 534 19. Estonia...... 536 22. Poland ...... 537 28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 538 29. Comparative Report ...... 541

10. Loss of a Chance...... 545 1. Historical Report...... 545 2. Germany...... 548 3. Austria...... 551 5. Greece ...... 552 6. France...... 555 7. Belgium...... 556 8. Netherlands ...... 561 9. Italy ...... 564 10. Spain ...... 567 11. Portugal ...... 569 12. England ...... 570 13. Scotland...... 573 14. Ireland ...... 575 15. Denmark...... 578 16. Norway...... 578 19. Estonia...... 579 21. Lithuania ...... 581 26. Slovenia...... 582 27. European Courts...... 583 28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 585 29. Comparative Report ...... 589

11. “Haftungsbegründende und haftungsausfüllende Kausalität” ...... 593 2. Germany...... 593 5. Greece ...... 595 6. France...... 598 8. Netherlands ...... 601 9. Italy ...... 602 13. Scotland...... 603 14. Ireland ...... 608 28. Principles of European Tort Law ...... 609 29. Comparative Report ...... 610

Contributors ...... 613

Index...... 619

Publications...... 629

XIV Abbreviations

A a.m. ante meridiem AA Ars Aequi aant. aantekening (number) ABGB Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (Austria) AC/App. Cas. Appeal Cases (Law Reports) AcP Archiv für die civilistische Praxis ADC Anuario de Derecho civil AG Amtsgericht AJT Algemeen Juridisch Tijdschrift ALJ The Australian Law Journal All ER All England Law Reports Amén Aménagement, environnement, urbanisme et droit foncier AP Areios Pagos (the Greek Supreme Court) approx. approximately Arch. Circolaz. Archivio Giuridico della circolazione e dei sinistri stradali Arch. Civ. Archivio Civile Arm Armenopoulos (legal journal) Art. article(s) Ass. Plen. Cour de cassation, Assemblée Plenière civile (France) ATF Arrêts du Tribunal fédéral suisse/Entscheidungen des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichtes (BGE) AV&S Aansprakelijkheid Verzekering en Schade

B BAG Bundesarbeitsgericht Banca borsa tit. cred. Banca Borsa e Titoli di Credito Bar Rev Bar Review BG Bundesgericht (Supreme Court of Switzerland) BGB Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch BGE Entscheidungen des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichtes BGH Bundesgerichtshof (German Supreme Court) BGHZ Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Zivilsachen BH Bírósági Határozatok (Budapest) BMJ Boletim do Ministério da Justiça BOE Boletín Oficial del Estado Bull. Ch. Mixte Bulletin des arrêts de la Cour de cassation, chambre mixte Bull. Civ. Bulletin des arrêts de la Cour de cassation, chambres civiles Bull. Crim. Bulletin des arrêts de la Cour de cassation, chambres criminelles BVerfG Bundesverfassungsgericht BW Burgerlijk Wetboek

XV Abbreviations

C Calif L Rev California Law Review Can Bar Rev. The Canadian Bar Review cap. caput Cass. civ. Cour de cassation, chambre civile (France) Cass. com. Cour de cassation, chambre commerciale (France) Cass. crim. Cour de cassation, chambre criminelle (France) Cass. Sez. Un. Cassazione Sezioni Unite Cass. soc. Cour de cassation, chambre sociale (France) Cass. Corte di Cassazione CC Civil Code, Code civil CCJC Cuadernos Cívitas de Jurisprudencia Civil CCP Code of Civil Procedure CCTV Closed-circuit television cf. confer (compare) Ch Chancery Division (Law Reports) (UK) Ch. mixtes Cour de cassation, chambre mixte ch. chapter ChrID Chronika Idiotikou Dikaiou (legal journal) Civ. 2ème Cour de Cassation, 2ème chambre civile (France) CJ Colectânea de Jurisprudência CJ-STJ Colectânea de Jurisprudência – Acórdãos do Supremo Tribunal de Justiça CLJ The Cambridge Law Journal CLL Civil Law of Latvia CLR Commonwealth Law Reports CLY Current Law Yearbook cm. centimetres CML Rev. Common Market Law Review CMR Convention relative au contrat de transport international de marchandises par route cmt. comment(ed) CO Code des obligations/Obligationenrecht (OR) (Switz.): Code of Obligations CP Codice penale (Italy) ČR Czech Republic crit. critical csqn conditio sine qua non ČSR Czecho-Slovak Republic

D D. Digest; Recueil Dalloz d.p.r. decreto presidente della repubblica, presidential decree DB Der Betrieb DEE Dikaio Epicheiriseon kai Etaireion (legal journal) Dir. Giust. Diritto e Giustizia Dir. Prat. Lavoro Diritto e Pratica del Lavoro disp. disputatio DL Decree-Law, décret-loi, decreto-legge, decreto-lei, decreto-ley DM Deutsche Mark Dr Circ/VR Droit de la circulation/Verkeersrecht DZWir Deutsche Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Insolvenzrecht

XVI Abbreviations

E e.g. exempli gratia (for example) EBH Legfelsobb Bíróság Határozatainak Hivatalos Gyujteménye EC European Communities ECR European Court Reports ed. editor/edition Edin LR/ELR Edinburgh Law Review eds. editors EEC European Economic Communities EEN Efimeris Ellinon Nomikon (legal journal) EllDni Elliniki Dikaiosini (legal journal) Enc. Dir. Enciclopedia del Diritto Enc. Giur. Enciclopedia Giuridica Env LR Environmental Law Reports EPC Évaluation du préjudice corporel ER English Reports ERPL European Review of Private Law esp. especially et al. et alii (and others) etc. et cetera EU European Union EurLRev. European Law Review EuZW Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht EvBl Evidenzblatt der Rechtsmittelentscheidungen (Austria) EWCA Civ England and Wales Court of Appeal, Civil Division EWS Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht

F f., ff. and the following page(s) FamRZ Zeitschrift für das gesamte Familienrecht FED Forsikrings – og erstatingsretlig domssamling (Denmark) fn. footnote Foro it. Il Foro Italiano ForstG Forstgesetz FS Festschrift

G Gaz. Pal. La Gazette du Palais GCC Greek Civil Code Giur. Agr. It. Giurisprudenza Agraria Italiana Giur. It. Giurisprudenza Italiana Giur. Lav. Rivista di Giurisprudenza del Lavoro Giust. Civ. Giustizia Civile GlUNF Glaser-Unger, Sammlung von zivilrechtlichen Entscheidungen des K.K. Obersten Gerichtshofes, Neue Folge GmbH Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung

H H.D. Højesteretsdom (Danish Supreme Court) HC High Court HR Høyesterett (Norwegian Supreme Court); Hoge Raad

I i.a. inter alia (among other things) i.e. id est (that is)

XVII Abbreviations ibid. ibidem (the same place) ICR Industrial Cases Reports id. idem (the same) ILRM Irish Law Reports Monthly ILTR Irish Law Times Reports Inst. Institutiones Justininani Ir Jur Rep Irish Jurist Reports Ir Jur Irish Jurist IR The Irish Reports

J JBl Juristische Blätter JCP Juris-classeur périodique. La Semaine juridique JLHist Journal of Legal History JLMB Jurisprudence de Liège, Mons et Bruxelles JR Juridical Review; Juristische Rundschau JT Journal des Tribunaux judg. judgment JUR Westlaw-Aranzadi database JZ Juristenzeitung

K k.c. kodeks cywilny k.p.c. kodeks postępowania cywilnego k.z. kodeks zobowiązań KB King’s Bench; King’s Bench Division (Law Reports) (UK) kg kilogram KKO Korkein oikeus (Supreme Court) KritE Critical Revue (legal journal) KRSlg Sammlung von Entscheidungen in Krankenanstaltenfragen

L LEC Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil (Civil Procedure Act 1/2000, of 7 January) LGDJ Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence lib. liber lit. littera (letter) LJ The Law Journal (London) Lord Justice of Appeal Lloyd’s Rep. Lloyd’s Law Reports LM Lindenmaier-Möhring, Nachschlagewerk des deutschen Bundesgerichtshofes loc. cit. loco citato (in the place cited) LOE Ley de ordenación de la edificación (Act 38/1999, of 5 November) LQR The Law Quarterly Review LR Ir Law Reports, Ireland

M mmetres Maastricht JEuRCompL Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law MDR Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht Med LR Medical Law Reports MFG Motorfahrzeuggesetz (Motor Vehicle Law)

XVIII Abbreviations

N NI Northern Ireland Law Reports NIJR New Irish Jurist Reports NJ Nederlandse Jurisprudentie NJA Nytt Juridiskt arkiv NJW Neue Juristische Wochenschrift no. number(s) NoV Nomiko Vima (legal journal) NS Nasjonal samling (National assembly) NTBR Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Burgerlijk Recht Nuova giur. Civ. Comm.. Nuova Giurisprudenza Civile Commentata

O O.J. Official Journal Ø.L.D. Østre Landsrets Dom ÖBl Österreichische Blätter für gewerblichen Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht obs. observations, observatio OGH Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria) OJLSt. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies OLG Oberlandesgericht op. cit. opere citato (in the work cited) Orient. Giur. Lav. Orientamenti della Giurisprudenza del Lavoro OSA Orzecznictwo Sądów Apelacyjnych OSN Orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego OSP Orzecznictwo Sądów Polskich OSPiKA Orzecznictwo Sądów Polskich i Komisji Arbitrażowych

P p.m. post meridiem par. paragraph(s) Pas Pasicrisie PETL Principles of European Tort Law PiP Państwo i Prawo PIQR Personal Injury and Quantum Reports pr. Principium

Q QB Queen’s Bench (UK) qu. quaestio

R RABG Rechtspraak Antwerpen Brussel Gent Rass. Giur. Energia elettrica Rassegna Giuridica Energia Elettrica RdA Recht der Arbeit RdM Recht der Medizin RDPC Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie RdU Recht der Umwelt Rec. Crit. Jur. Revue critique de législation et de jurisprudence ref. references Rep. Repertorio di Giurisprudenza Patria (Bellinzona 1869 ff.) Resp. civ. prev. Responsabilità Civile e Previdenza Rev Dr Santé/T Gez Revue de droit de la santé/Tijdschrift voor gezondheidsrecht RG Reichsgericht

XIX Abbreviations

RGAR Revue Générale des Assurances et des Responsabilités RGDC Revue Générale de Droit Civil Belge RGZ Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Zivilsachen Riv. Critica dir. Lav. Rivista critica di diritto del lavoro Riv. Critica Dir. Privato Rivista Critica del Diritto Privato Riv. Dir. Amm. Rivista di Diritto Amministrativo Riv. Dir. Civ. Rivista di Diritto Civile Riv. Dir. Comm. Rivista di Diritto commerciale Riv. It. Dir. e Proc. Pen. Rivista Italiana di Diritto e Procedura penale Riv. Trim. Dir. E Proc. Civ. Rivista trimestrale di diritto e procedura civile RIW Recht der internationalen Wirtschaft RJ Repertorio de Jurisprudencia Aranzadi RRD Revue régionale de droit RT Riigi Teataja Rt. Rechtskundig tijdschrift voor vlamsch België; Retstidende RTD civ. Revue trimestrielle de droit civil RTM Rotterdam Tramwegmaatschappij RTR Road Traffic Reports RvdW Rechtspraak van de Week RW Rechtskundig Weekblad

S SA Sąd Apelacyjny SAP Sentencia Audiencia Provincial Sb. Sbírka zákonůČeskoslovenské socialistické republiky (Republiky Československé) SC (HL) Session Cases (House of Lords) SC Session Cases (Scot.); Supreme Court SCLR Scottish Law Review and Sheriff Courts Reports sec. section sent. sentence Seuff. Arch Seuffert’s Archiv für Entscheidungen der obersten Gerichte in den deutschen Staaten SLT (Sh Ct) Times, Sheriff Court Reports SLT The Scots Law Times SN Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court of Poland) somm. sommaires spec. specimen SRNS Soubor rozhodnutí Nejvyššího soudu, (Collection of decisions of the Supreme Court) SSR Soviet Socialist Republic StGB Strafgesetzbuch (Austria, Germany) STS/SSTS Sentencia(s) Tribunal Supremo StVO Straßenverkehrsordnung subpar. subparagraph(s) subsec. subsection(s) SZ Entscheidungen des Österreichischen Obersten Gerichtshofes in Zivil- und Justizverwaltungssachen

T T Strafr Tijdschrift voor Strafrecht TF Tribunal fédéral suisse/Bundesgericht (BG) (Switz.) TFA Tribunal fédéral des assurances/Eidgenössisches Versicherungsgericht (EVG) (Switz.) TfR Tidsskrift for rettsvitenskap

XX Abbreviations

TGR Tijdschrift voor Gentse Rechtspraak tit. titulus TMA Tijdschrift voor Milieuaansprakelijkheid Tort L Rev Tort Law Review Tort LJ Tort Law Journal Torts L J Torts Law Journal Toscana giur. Toscana Lavoro giurisprudenza TPR Tijdschrift voor Privaatrecht tract. tractatus Trib. Civ. Tribunal Civil (France) TS Tribunal Supremo TVP Tijdschrift voor vergoeding personenschade

U UfR Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen UKHL United Kingdom House of Lords UmweltHG Umwelthaftungsgesetz UmweltHR Umwelthaftungsrecht unrep. unreported

V V. L. D. Vestre Landsrets Dom v/vs. versus (against) Vand. L. Rev. Vanderbilt Law Review VersR Versicherungsrecht VersRdSch Versicherungsrundschau vol(s). volume(s) Vorb v/Vor/Vorbem zu Vorbemerkungen VR/Dr Circ Verkeersrecht/Droit de la circulation

W WHG Wasserhaushaltsgesetz WLR Weekly Law Reports WoBl Wohnrechtliche Blätter

Z ZBJV Zeitschrift des Bernischen Juristenvereins ZBl Österreichisches Zentralblatt für die juristische Praxis ZŁ złoty ZÖR NF Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht, neue Folge ZPO Zivilprozessordnung ZRG Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistische Abteilung ZVglRWiss Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft ZVR Zeitschrift für Verkehrsrecht

XXI