DOCSLIB.ORG

An Australian Pelican Pelecanus Conspicillatus Benefits from the Beating Behaviour of a Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax Varius: a Possible Precursor to Kleptoparasitism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Biological Sciences Publications Department of Biological Sciences 2002 An Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus benefits from the beating behaviour of a Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius: a possible precursor to kleptoparasitism O. P. Love University of Windsor Christina A.D. Semeniuk University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/biologypub Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Love, O. P. and Semeniuk, Christina A.D., "An Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus benefits from the beating behaviour of a Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius: a possible precursor to kleptoparasitism" (2002). Corella, 26, 1, 27-30. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/biologypub/1035 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biological Sciences at Scholarship at UWindsor. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarship at UWindsor. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Corella, 2OO2,26(1'1:27-30 AN AUSTRALIANPELICAN Pelecanus conspicitlatus BENEFITSFROM THE BEATINGBEHAVIOUR OF A PIEDCORMORANT Phalacrocorax vATiusiA POSSIBLEPRECURSOR TO KLEPTOPARASITISM O. P.LOVE andC. A. D. SEMENIUK Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Bumaby, British Columbia, V5A 156 Canada Received:27 December2000 Food parasitism on pelican species by many groups of birds, especially Larus and Sterna spp. is well known and documented.Although the Pelicanidaeexhibit many behaviouraland ecologicaltraits known to facilitate parasitism,few accountsand studiesof this feedingstrategy by pelicansare known.The followingreport describes a series of inshore parasitic bouts by an Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatuson a Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius in Monkey Mia, Shark Bay, Western Australia.The pelican made no attempt to feed prior to the arrival of the cormorantand remained in associationwith the cormorantlor well over a quarter of an hour.The observedbehaviour was clearlyone ol interceptionof prey by the pelicanand not merely of capitalizing on irod which could not escape. Ecologicaland behaviouralfactors known to encourage parasiticbehaviour, 'beating', such as are discussedin relationto these observations,as is the possibilityof this feedingassociation leading to kleptoparasitism,or food theft. Potentialcosts and benefitsof this associationfor both species are briefly discussed,as is the possibilitythat the associationwas precipitatedby the protectionafforded by the physicalpresence of humans and their structures. INTRODUCTION METHODS Many birds are known to take advantageof the feeding Study site activities of other animals which frighten prey, a 'beating' Shark Bay (Fig. l) is a large (13 000 km2),shallow basin behaviourknown as (Rand 1954).Such feeding containing the largest seagrass meadows in the world associationsmay lead to kleptoparasitism,or food theft, (Walker 1989). In addition, the basin is home to many which is a fairly common foraging strategy occurring in species protected through a World Heritage Site listing, many bird species (see Brockman and Barnard 1979 for including breeding colonies of the Australian Pelican and review). In addition, parasitic behaviour can arise under Pied Cormorant (Burbidge and Fuller 2000). However, a number of different ecological and behavioural although listed as a World Heritage Site, there exists a conditions (Brockman and Barnard 1979).Although the substantialhuman presence,especially at the dolphin resort parasitic and kleptoparasitic associationsbetween Brown in Monkey Mia (Fig. l), located on the Eastern side of Pelicans Pelecanusoccidentalis and their gull laras spp. Peron Peninsula(72"00'5, 115'00'W). This is one of the and tern Sterna parasites spp. has been well studied few locations in Australia where the public may witness (Schnell et al. 1983; Carrol and Cramer 1985; Tershey human-subsidizedfeeding and close-upencounters of wild et al. 1990; Shealeret al. 1997),kleptoparasitic behaviour Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops aduncus. This activity, in in the Pelicanidae has been documented in only one addition to that of recreational fishers and boaters species, the American White Pelican Pelecanus combined with small-scalecommercial fishing in the area, erythrorhyncftos (Johnson et al. L996). This specieshas draws many birds to the potential sources of food and been observed parasitizing and kleptoparasitizing shelter afforded by humans. In addition to the numerous conspecifics as well as Ospreys Psndion haliaetus, Silver Gulls Larus novaellandidiae present year round, a Double-crested Cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus arrd group of 6-10 Australian Pelicans are usually in close Great-blue Herons Ardea herodlas (O'Malley and Evans associationwith the resort. These birds obtain some of their 1983; Hart 1989; Anderson l99l; Johnsonet al. 1996). subsistencefrom distraction feeding by rangers targeting We discuss the parasitic behaviour exhibited by an select dolphins for tourist interaction, as well as from Australian Pelican Pelecanusconspicillatu.r on a foraging handoutsby recreational fishermen returning from trips and Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius. We also dicuss the preparing their catches on shore. The pelicans' nearly ecological and behavioural factors which can lead to this continuous presence along the shoreline around human type of association and briefly introduce how this may structures at the resort predisposes them to be able take lead to kleptoparasitism. advantageof other speciesforaging in the same area. 2A O P Love and C. A. D Semeriuk AustralianPelican bonefits from behaviourol Pied Cormorant Corelta26(1) I130 I 140 FiEwe \. b.ation,nap, showing the position of Shark Bat on the W?st At'ltrclian rcastline and tlrc obsenation site (*) Monkey Mia. March, 2002 O. P Love and C. A. D. Semeniuk: Australian Pelican benelits from behaviour of Pied Cormorant Real-time field notes from surface observations were observed this associationin Snowy Egrets Egretta thula used as the basis for the following description which was relying on flocks of Red-breasted Mergansers Mergus recordedduring another study in Shark Bay. serrator to locate and obtain fish, where the egrets made no attempt to feed prior to the mergansers' arrival. Only OBSERVATIONS when the mergansersapproached the shoreline, driving schools of fish in front of them, did the egrets begin At approximately 1400hrs, on the 25th of June 2000, feeding. a single Australian Pelican was observed 10 metres from the shoreline approachinga foraging Pied Cormorant off As noted by Brockman and Barnard (1979) a number of Monkey Mia Dolphin Resort. The tidal sequenceat the ecological and behavioural factors in this pelican-connorant time of observationwas high-rising with a high-tideof 2.41 associationcould facilitate parasitic behaviour.Firstly, the metres occurring at 1450 hrs. Soon after the observer's presenceof large quantities of food, such as schools of fish arrival, the pelican was observed following the Pied herded by the cormorant near the shoreline, cannot be Cormorant which was engaged in underwater foraging monopolized or protected by an individual foraging behaviour in 50 centimetres of water, parallel to the shore. cormorant and hence the pelican is able to take advantage. The pelican swam parallel to the cormorant in a water Secondly, the habits of the host in this case are very depth of 35 centimetres keeping 1-2 metres to the shore- predictable. The cormorant forages in more or less a side of it and angled slightly behind it. When the foraging straight line with side to side movement limited by the cormorant located and chased a small school of fish shoreline and the pelican. Thirdly, the diving and towards the shoreline,the pelican quickly acceleratedand resurfacing behaviours of foraging cormorants are highly swam in front of the cormorant, intercepting at least part visible, reducing the chances of the pelican chasing a of the catch. At this point, the cormorant surfacedfor air cormorant host which has not located food. This in turn and resumed its underwater foraging as the pelican reduces the amount of time and energy invested by the followed. The cormorant would forage in this manner over pelican. Finally, it has been noted by severalauthors that a distance of approximately 35 metres at which time it kleptoparasitism by many species increasesduring periods would surfaceand turn 180'to begin anotherfeeding bout of food shortage, tides or during the winter months in the oppositedirection. As it did, the pelican also turned (Palmer 1941; Munro 1949; Snow 1958; Bergman 1960; to stay betweenthe foraging cormorant and the shoreline. King 1966; Hays 1970). These observationstook place During this period, the pelican was seento interceptthe during Australia's winter and further study is needed to cormorant's potential catches 17 separatetimes and was determine the influence of this factor together with food observedswallowing prey during some of theseoccasions. shortageon the observedbehaviour. The cormorant was observed swallowing prey on 10 Although kleptoparasitism in the strict senserefers to the occasionsduring the association,although it was difficult stealing by one animal of food which has already been to note whether thesewere single or multiple-fish catches. caught by another (Brockman and Barnard 1979; Vickery All prey chased and captured by the cormorant appeared
Recommended publications
  • Brown Pelican

    Brown Pelican

    118 Pelicans — Family Pelecanidae Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis The failure of Brown Pelican nesting in southern California in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and its link to DDT, was a key case alerting the world to the unintended ill effects of persistent pesticides. Happily, once the release of DDT in the United States was banned, the pelicans recovered quickly. By the 1990s Brown Pelican was again common along San Diego County’s coast, numbers peaking in late summer and early fall. Nevertheless, the popu- lation remains fragile, and in California the Brown Pelican is still formally listed as an endangered spe- cies. The nesting colony nearest San Diego County is on Los Coronados Islands off Tijuana. Winter: The Brown Pelican is common all along San Diego County’s coast, as well as over the nearby ocean. Photo by Anthony Mercieca The largest numbers are where secure roost sites, on coastal bluffs or man-made structures, lie near good fish- ing, as at Torrey Pines State Reserve (N7; up to 218 on Diego Bay the pelican is more numerous north and west 26 December 1999, B. C. Moore), La Jolla (P7; 150 on 26 of the bridge than to the south of it, though many roost December 1998, L. and M. Polinsky), Point Loma (S7; 156 on the dikes of the salt works at the south end. on 18 December 1999, J. C. Worley), and North Island Brown Pelicans enter all lagoons open to the tide (S8; 302 on 18 December 1999, R. T. Patton). In San but, except at one site, are only casual on fresh water.
  • 156 Glossy Ibis

    156 Glossy Ibis

    Text and images extracted from Marchant, S. & Higgins, P.J. (co-ordinating editors) 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1, Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks. Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Pages 953, 1071-1 078; plate 78. Reproduced with the permission of Bird life Australia and Jeff Davies. 953 Order CICONIIFORMES Medium-sized to huge, long-legged wading birds with well developed hallux or hind toe, and large bill. Variations in shape of bill used for recognition of sub-families. Despite long legs, walk rather than run and escape by flying. Five families of which three (Ardeidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae) represented in our region; others - Balaenicipitidae (Shoe-billed Stork) and Scopidae (Hammerhead) - monotypic and exclusively Ethiopian. Re­ lated to Phoenicopteriformes, which sometimes considered as belonging to same order, and, more distantly, to Anseriformes. Behavioural similarities suggest affinities also to Pelecaniformes (van Tets 1965; Meyerriecks 1966), but close relationship not supported by studies of egg-white proteins (Sibley & Ahlquist 1972). Suggested also, mainly on osteological and other anatomical characters, that Ardeidae should be placed in separate order from Ciconiidae and that Cathartidae (New World vultures) should be placed in same order as latter (Ligon 1967). REFERENCES Ligon, J.D. 1967. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 651. Sibley, C. G., & J.E. Ahlquist. 1972. Bull. Peabody Mus. nat. Meyerriecks, A.J. 1966. Auk 83: 683-4. Hist. 39. van Tets, G.F. 1965. AOU orn. Monogr. 2. 1071 Family PLATALEIDAE ibises, spoonbills Medium-sized to large wading and terrestial birds. About 30 species in about 15 genera, divided into two sub­ families: ibises (Threskiornithinae) and spoonbills (Plataleinae); five species in three genera breeding in our region.
  • Status and Ecology of the Brown Pelican in the Greater Puerto Rican Bank Region Jaime Agustin Collazo Iowa State University

    Status and Ecology of the Brown Pelican in the Greater Puerto Rican Bank Region Jaime Agustin Collazo Iowa State University

    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1985 Status and ecology of the brown pelican in the Greater Puerto Rican Bank region Jaime Agustin Collazo Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Collazo, Jaime Agustin, "Status and ecology of the brown pelican in the Greater Puerto Rican Bank region " (1985). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8684. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8684 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to Indicate this.
  • The Andean Condor: a Field Study ______

    The Andean Condor: a Field Study ______

    _____________________________________ THE ANDEAN CONDOR: A FIELD STUDY _____________________________________ By: Jerry McGahan Box 71 Arlee, MT 59821 (406) 726-3480 [email protected] JerryMcGahan.com With photographs, field, and clerical assistance by: Libby Sale Dedicated to the Memory of Carlos Lehmann V Maria Koepcke Enrique Avila William Millie i Table of Contents PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDMENTS……………………………………………………… 1 1 THE STUDY .............................................................................................................................. 6 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 6 STUDY AREAS .............................................................................................................. 15 Colombia .............................................................................................................. 15 Cerro Illescas ....................................................................................................... 18 Paracas ................................................................................................................ 20 THE SUBJECT ................................................................................................................ 21 Taxonomy ............................................................................................................. 21 Description ........................................................................................................... 22
  • Pelecanus Occidentalis) in Costa Rica

    Pelecanus Occidentalis) in Costa Rica

    First record of leucism in brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) in Costa Rica Primer registro de leucismo en el pelícano pardo (Pelecanus occidentalis) en Costa Rica Roberto Vargas-Masís*1,2 & Pilar Arguedas-Rodríguez1,3 ABSTRACT Leucism in birds is rarely observed in the Pelecaniformes order and has not been recorded for the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) in Costa Rica. We describe an observation of a leucistic brown pelican with white plumage, pink coloration on the bill and feet, but normal color on the eyes. Leucism in birds is the most frequently reported color aberration and these cases present low survival rates for individuals. Although isolated cases occur in birds, these reports help determine the frequency of these events for spe- cific bird populations and species. Keywords: Leucism, brown pelican, plumage, albinism, Costa Rica. RESUMEN El leucismo en las aves se observa raramente en el orden Pelecaniformes y no ha sido registrado para el pe- lícano pardo (Pelecanus occidentalis) en Costa Rica. Describimos una observación de un pelícano marrón leucístico con plumaje blanco, coloración rosa en el pico y las patas, pero color normal en los ojos. El leu- cismo en las aves es la aberración de color más frecuentemente reportada y estos casos presentan tasas bajas de supervivencia para los individuos. Aunque se presentan casos aislados en aves, estos reportes permiten determinar la frecuencia de estos eventos en ciertas poblaciones y especies de aves. Palabras claves: Leucismo, pelícano pardo, plumaje, albinismo, Costa Rica. INTRODUCTION Birds obtain their coloration from pigments or refractive structures in feathers and skin (Yusti-Muñoz & Velandia-Perilla, 2013).
  • P0529-P0540.Pdf

    P0529-P0540.Pdf

    RESPONSES TO HIGH TEMPERATURE IN NESTLING DOUBLE-CRESTED AND PELAGIC CORMORANTS ROBERT C. L^$IEWSKI AND GREGORY K. SNYDER ADULTand nestlingcormorants are often subjectto overheatingfrom insolationat the nest. Their generallydark plumage,exposed nest sites, and reradiation from surroundingrocks aggravate the thermal stress. Young nestlingsmust be shieldedfrom the sun by their parents. Older nestlingsand adults compensatefor heat gain throughbehavioral adjust- mentsand modulationof evaporativecooling by pantingand gular flutter- ing. This study was undertakento examinesome of the responsesto high temperaturein nestlingsof two speciesof cormorants,the Double-crested Cormorant,Phalacrocorax auritus, and the PelagicCormorant, P. pelagicus. The evaporative cooling responsesin birds have been studied in some detail in recent years (see Bartholomewet al., 1962; Lasiewski et al., 1966; Bartholomewet al., 1968; Calder and Schmidt-Nielsen,1968, for more detailed discussions),although much still remains to be learned. MATERIALS AND •VIETI-IODS The nestling cormorantsused in this study (four Phalacrocoraxpelagicus and four P. auritus) were captured from nests on rocky islands off the northwest coast of Washington. As their dates of hatchingwere not known it was impossibleto provide exact ages. From comparisonsof feather developmentwith descriptionsin the literature (Bent, 1922; Palmer, 1962), we judged that the pe'lagicuschicks were approximately 5, 5, 6, and 6 weeksold, while'the auritus chickswere 3.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 6 weeksof age upon capture. The nestlingswere taken to the laboratoriesat Friday Harbor, Washington on the day of capture and housed in three 4' X 4' X 4' chicken wire cages. The cageswere equippedwith plywood platforms for the birds to sit on and coveredon top and two sides to shield birds from wind and rain.
  • American White Pelican (Pelecanus Erythrorhynchos) Francesca J

    American White Pelican (Pelecanus Erythrorhynchos) Francesca J

    American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) Francesca J. Cuthbert Florida. 4/6/2008. © Jerry Jourdan (Click to view a comparison of Atlas I to II) Weighing up to 15 pounds (6.8 kg) and with a were described as transients. These observations were scattered throughout the state but most wingspan of nine feet (2.7 m), the American were in the LP and were associated with the White Pelican is among the largest birds in the Great Lakes as well as several inland sites (e.g. world. In the U.S., this species is found Houghton Lake). During MBBA I, the only primarily in the western and southern regions of observations for this species were from the country, but its range is slowly moving Manistee and Monroe counties, and Isle Royale eastward into the Great Lakes. The first National Park. At this time, the species was still confirmed breeding in Michigan was in 1999 a non-breeder. By the time of the current during the third Great Lakes Colonial Waterbird MBBA II survey, pelicans were nesting Census when a research team (Cuthbert et al. irregularly and in small numbers on one island 2003) found nests with eggs and young on an in Michigan. Sightings, however, were reported island in Delta County. from nine counties inland in the SLP and at coastal sites in lakes Michigan and Huron in Distribution both the NLP and UP. Recent observations by F. A major region of the breeding range of the Cuthbert and N. Seefelt indicate there is American White Pelican in North America is potential for pelicans to nest at other locations in the northern Great Plains.
  • American White Pelicans in Idaho 2016-2025

    American White Pelicans in Idaho 2016-2025

    Management Plan for the Conservation of American White Pelicans in Idaho 2016-2025 Prepared by IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME May 2016 Recommended Citation: Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 2016. Management plan for the conservation of American white pelicans in Idaho 2016–2025. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, USA. Front and Back Cover Photographs: Front Cover: “One pelican on the foreground and a small group of pelicans on the background”, Image ID 94978795, Igor Kovalenko©, shutterstock.com. Back Cover: “American white pelican lifting off”, Image ID 94978789, Igor Kovalenko©, shutterstock.com. Additional copies: Additional copies can be downloaded from the Idaho Department of Fish and Game website at idfg.idaho.gov Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) adheres to all applicable state and federal laws and regulations related to discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, gender, disability or veteran’s status. If you feel you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility of IDFG, or if you desire further information, please write to: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, P.O. Box 25, Boise, ID 83707 or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Federal Assistance, Mailstop: MBSP-4020, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, Telephone: (703) 358-2156. This publication will be made available in alternative formats upon request. Please contact IDFG for assistance. Costs associated with this publication are available from IDFG in accordance with Section 60-202, Idaho Code. Approved May 2016 Idaho Fish and Game Commission Meeting. Printed 1/2015/50/PCA 47872 Idaho Department of Fish & Game iii Executive Summary umbers of practices were modified to reduce opportunistic NAmerican white predation by pelicans.
  • American White Pelicans (Pelecanus Mississippi Were Limited, and Birds Were Erythrorhynchos, Figure 1) Threaten Easily Dispersed from the Area

    American White Pelicans (Pelecanus Mississippi Were Limited, and Birds Were Erythrorhynchos, Figure 1) Threaten Easily Dispersed from the Area

    U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services May 2019 American Wildlife Damage Management Technical Series White Pelicans Tommy King Research Wildlife Biologist USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Starkville, Mississippi Figure 1. American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) Human-Wildlife Conflicts American white pelicans (Pelecanus Mississippi were limited, and birds were erythrorhynchos, Figure 1) threaten easily dispersed from the area. Since Quick Links aquaculture producers by direct predation 1992, however, pelicans have become Human-Wildlife Conflicts 1 and the spread of disease. They are also more persistent in their foraging efforts considered competition and a nuisance by and more difficult to disperse. Their Damage Identification 2 some sports fishermen. Pelicans can also increased persistence requires an equally Management Methods 2 damage pond levees and crops, such as persistent response to limit their damage. Economics 6 rice, by trampling the vegetation and Around-the-clock harassment patrols may depositing guano. A combination of wildlife be necessary especially where pelicans Species Overview 7 damage management techniques is often forage at night. The most effective Legal Status 11 necessary to reduce pelican damage to technique involves harassing the birds at these resources. their loafing sites near catfish farms. This Glossary & Key Words 12 often causes them to abandon the site, Resources 13 Aquaculture thus reducing or eliminating predation at nearby facilities. Appendix 14 Prior to the winter of 1992, American white pelican depredations at catfish facilities in The impact of direct pelican predation on the Delta regions of Arkansas and catfish farms can be substantial. For Page 2 WDM Technical Series─Pelicans vegetation and depositing guano, although the extent of these losses is not known.
  • Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central

    Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central

    id23306625 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central provinces of Sri Lanka Kanchana Weerakoon and Harsha Athukorala Eco Friendly Volunteers (ECO-V) Sri Lanka Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central provinces of Sri Lanka Final Report of project Pelecanus 2003 Kanchana Weerakoon & Harsha Athukorala Eco Friendly Volunteers (ECO-V) 93/5 Jambugasmulla Mawatha, Nugegoda Sri Lanka Email: [email protected] Tel: 0094112 646361 Web: www.eco-v.org With the Support of: Project Pelecanus 2003 ________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents ________________________________________________________________________ i Executive Summery 5 ii Conclusions and Recommendations 7 ii Organisational Profile - Eco Friendly Volunteers (ECO-V) 8 iv Acknowledgements 10 v Abbreviations 12 1 Introduction 13 2 Objectives 18 3 Methodology 19 4 Study Area 22 5 Results 25 6 Discussion 35 7 References 42 8 Budget 45 Executive Summery (English) Spot-billed Pelican became a candidate for the IUCN Red Data list in 1988 and it is the second pelican of the world to become threatened. The Known breeding populations of SBP are now confined to India (c.2000 birds) Sri Lanka (500-3000 birds) and Cambodia (more than 5000 birds around Tonle Sap Lake). However the situation of Spot-billed Pelicans in Sri Lanka is more poorly documented. There were no systematic studies carried out in Sri Lanka on this globally threatened bird species. The present study is the first ever systematic field study and awareness programme carried out on the Spot Billed Pelicans in Sri Lanka.
  • Songbird Remix Africa

    Songbird Remix Africa

    Avian Models for 3D Applications Characters and Procedural Maps by Ken Gilliland 1 Songbird ReMix Pelicans Contents Manual Introduction 3 Overview and Use 3 Conforming Crest Quick Reference 4 Creating a Songbird ReMix Bird 5 Using Conforming Crests with Poser 6 Using Conforming Crests with DAZ Studio 8 Field Guide List of Species 9 American White Pelican 10 Brown Pelican 12 Peruvian Pelican 14 Great White Pelican 15 Dalmatian Pelican 16 Spot-billed Pelican 17 Pink-backed Pelican 18 Australian Pelican 19 Resources, Credits and Thanks 21 Rendering Tips for Vue and other 3D Applications 23 Copyrighted 2009-11 by Ken Gilliland www.songbirdremix.com Opinions expressed on this booklet are solely that of the author, Ken Gilliland, and may or may not reflect the opinions of the publisher, DAZ 3D. 2 Songbird ReMix Pelicans Introduction “Songbird ReMix Pelicans” includes all eight species of Pelican found throughout the world. Each pelican was digital recreated with a sharp focus on detail and the features Songbird Remix series users have come to expect such as real-time folding wings, webbed feet that can fold together and a large compliment of morphs . From the American Brown and White Pelicans to the exotic looking Peruvian and Pink-backed Pelicans, these birds from this package are a worthy centerpieces in any form of imagery. Overview and Use Select Figures in Runtime Folder and go to the Songbird ReMix folder. Here you’ll find an assortment of files that are easily broken into 2 groups: Conforming Parts and Bird Base models. Let’s look at what they are and how you use them: Bird Base Models o Pelican Base Model - This model is used specifically for Pelicans.
  • The Double-Crested Cormorant and American White Pelican in Minnesota: a Statewide Status Assessment

    The Double-Crested Cormorant and American White Pelican in Minnesota: a Statewide Status Assessment

    State Wildlife Grants Program Division of Ecological Services Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Final Report: State Wildlife Grants Program 18 November 2005 Project Title: The Double-crested Cormorant and American White Pelican in Minnesota: A Statewide Status Assessment Project Leaders: Dr. Francie Cuthbert, Professor University of Minnesota, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Linda Wires, Research Associate University of Minnesota, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology DNR Liaison: Katherine V. Haws DNR Ecological Services-Bemidji Prepared by: L.R. Wires, K.V. Haws and F.J. Cuthbert. This project is a cooperative venture between the Department of Natural Resources, Nongame Wildlife Program, and the University of Minnesota, Dept. of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology. 2 Introduction In North America, numbers of the federally protected fish-eating bird species, Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) (DCCO) and American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) (AWPE), have increased dramatically over the last 20-25 years in many portions of their ranges (Wires et al. 2001; Evans and Knopf 1993). In Minnesota, data collected from the 1960s to present suggest that both species have increased since the 1960s (DNR Natural Heritage Program Data Base). As these species have become more abundant, citizens in some regions of Minnesota have expressed concern over potential impacts on aquaculture and sport fishing (Wires et al. 2003; K.V. Haws, pers. comm., S. Mortensen, pers. comm.). Both species are perceived to affect recreation opportunities and local business economies. Despite public interest in management of these species and the inclusion of Minnesota in the Depredation Order (established by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1998 to allow individual fish farmers to kill unlimited numbers of cormorants at their ponds), little is known about current distribution and abundance of cormorants or pelicans in Minnesota.