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An Australian Pelican Pelecanus Conspicillatus Benefits from the Beating Behaviour of a Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax Varius: a Possible Precursor to Kleptoparasitism

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An Australian Pelican Pelecanus Conspicillatus Benefits from the Beating Behaviour of a Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax Varius: a Possible Precursor to Kleptoparasitism University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Biological Sciences Publications Department of Biological Sciences 2002 An Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus benefits from the beating behaviour of a Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius: a possible precursor to kleptoparasitism O. P. Love University of Windsor Christina A.D. Semeniuk University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/biologypub Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Love, O. P. and Semeniuk, Christina A.D., "An Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus benefits from the beating behaviour of a Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius: a possible precursor to kleptoparasitism" (2002). Corella, 26, 1, 27-30. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/biologypub/1035 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biological Sciences at Scholarship at UWindsor. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarship at UWindsor. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Corella, 2OO2,26(1'1:27-30 AN AUSTRALIANPELICAN Pelecanus conspicitlatus BENEFITSFROM THE BEATINGBEHAVIOUR OF A PIEDCORMORANT Phalacrocorax vATiusiA POSSIBLEPRECURSOR TO KLEPTOPARASITISM O. P.LOVE andC. A. D. SEMENIUK Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Bumaby, British Columbia, V5A 156 Canada Received:27 December2000 Food parasitism on pelican species by many groups of birds, especially Larus and Sterna spp. is well known and documented.Although the Pelicanidaeexhibit many behaviouraland ecologicaltraits known to facilitate parasitism,few accountsand studiesof this feedingstrategy by pelicansare known.The followingreport describes a series of inshore parasitic bouts by an Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatuson a Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius in Monkey Mia, Shark Bay, Western Australia.The pelican made no attempt to feed prior to the arrival of the cormorantand remained in associationwith the cormorantlor well over a quarter of an hour.The observedbehaviour was clearlyone ol interceptionof prey by the pelicanand not merely of capitalizing on irod which could not escape. Ecologicaland behaviouralfactors known to encourage parasiticbehaviour, 'beating', such as are discussedin relationto these observations,as is the possibilityof this feedingassociation leading to kleptoparasitism,or food theft. Potentialcosts and benefitsof this associationfor both species are briefly discussed,as is the possibilitythat the associationwas precipitatedby the protectionafforded by the physicalpresence of humans and their structures. INTRODUCTION METHODS Many birds are known to take advantageof the feeding Study site activities of other animals which frighten prey, a 'beating' Shark Bay (Fig. l) is a large (13 000 km2),shallow basin behaviourknown as (Rand 1954).Such feeding containing the largest seagrass meadows in the world associationsmay lead to kleptoparasitism,or food theft, (Walker 1989). In addition, the basin is home to many which is a fairly common foraging strategy occurring in species protected through a World Heritage Site listing, many bird species (see Brockman and Barnard 1979 for including breeding colonies of the Australian Pelican and review). In addition, parasitic behaviour can arise under Pied Cormorant (Burbidge and Fuller 2000). However, a number of different ecological and behavioural although listed as a World Heritage Site, there exists a conditions (Brockman and Barnard 1979).Although the substantialhuman presence,especially at the dolphin resort parasitic and kleptoparasitic associationsbetween Brown in Monkey Mia (Fig. l), located on the Eastern side of Pelicans Pelecanusoccidentalis and their gull laras spp. Peron Peninsula(72"00'5, 115'00'W). This is one of the and tern Sterna parasites spp. has been well studied few locations in Australia where the public may witness (Schnell et al. 1983; Carrol and Cramer 1985; Tershey human-subsidizedfeeding and close-upencounters of wild et al. 1990; Shealeret al. 1997),kleptoparasitic behaviour Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops aduncus. This activity, in in the Pelicanidae has been documented in only one addition to that of recreational fishers and boaters species, the American White Pelican Pelecanus combined with small-scalecommercial fishing in the area, erythrorhyncftos (Johnson et al. L996). This specieshas draws many birds to the potential sources of food and been observed parasitizing and kleptoparasitizing shelter afforded by humans. In addition to the numerous conspecifics as well as Ospreys Psndion haliaetus, Silver Gulls Larus novaellandidiae present year round, a Double-crested Cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus arrd group of 6-10 Australian Pelicans are usually in close Great-blue Herons Ardea herodlas (O'Malley and Evans associationwith the resort. These birds obtain some of their 1983; Hart 1989; Anderson l99l; Johnsonet al. 1996). subsistencefrom distraction feeding by rangers targeting We discuss the parasitic behaviour exhibited by an select dolphins for tourist interaction, as well as from Australian Pelican Pelecanusconspicillatu.r on a foraging handoutsby recreational fishermen returning from trips and Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius. We also dicuss the preparing their catches on shore. The pelicans' nearly ecological and behavioural factors which can lead to this continuous presence along the shoreline around human type of association and briefly introduce how this may structures at the resort predisposes them to be able take lead to kleptoparasitism. advantageof other speciesforaging in the same area. 2A O P Love and C. A. D Semeriuk AustralianPelican bonefits from behaviourol Pied Cormorant Corelta26(1) I130 I 140 FiEwe \. b.ation,nap, showing the position of Shark Bat on the W?st At'ltrclian rcastline and tlrc obsenation site (*) Monkey Mia. March, 2002 O. P Love and C. A. D. Semeniuk: Australian Pelican benelits from behaviour of Pied Cormorant Real-time field notes from surface observations were observed this associationin Snowy Egrets Egretta thula used as the basis for the following description which was relying on flocks of Red-breasted Mergansers Mergus recordedduring another study in Shark Bay. serrator to locate and obtain fish, where the egrets made no attempt to feed prior to the mergansers' arrival. Only OBSERVATIONS when the mergansersapproached the shoreline, driving schools of fish in front of them, did the egrets begin At approximately 1400hrs, on the 25th of June 2000, feeding. a single Australian Pelican was observed 10 metres from the shoreline approachinga foraging Pied Cormorant off As noted by Brockman and Barnard (1979) a number of Monkey Mia Dolphin Resort. The tidal sequenceat the ecological and behavioural factors in this pelican-connorant time of observationwas high-rising with a high-tideof 2.41 associationcould facilitate parasitic behaviour.Firstly, the metres occurring at 1450 hrs. Soon after the observer's presenceof large quantities of food, such as schools of fish arrival, the pelican was observed following the Pied herded by the cormorant near the shoreline, cannot be Cormorant which was engaged in underwater foraging monopolized or protected by an individual foraging behaviour in 50 centimetres of water, parallel to the shore. cormorant and hence the pelican is able to take advantage. The pelican swam parallel to the cormorant in a water Secondly, the habits of the host in this case are very depth of 35 centimetres keeping 1-2 metres to the shore- predictable. The cormorant forages in more or less a side of it and angled slightly behind it. When the foraging straight line with side to side movement limited by the cormorant located and chased a small school of fish shoreline and the pelican. Thirdly, the diving and towards the shoreline,the pelican quickly acceleratedand resurfacing behaviours of foraging cormorants are highly swam in front of the cormorant, intercepting at least part visible, reducing the chances of the pelican chasing a of the catch. At this point, the cormorant surfacedfor air cormorant host which has not located food. This in turn and resumed its underwater foraging as the pelican reduces the amount of time and energy invested by the followed. The cormorant would forage in this manner over pelican. Finally, it has been noted by severalauthors that a distance of approximately 35 metres at which time it kleptoparasitism by many species increasesduring periods would surfaceand turn 180'to begin anotherfeeding bout of food shortage, tides or during the winter months in the oppositedirection. As it did, the pelican also turned (Palmer 1941; Munro 1949; Snow 1958; Bergman 1960; to stay betweenthe foraging cormorant and the shoreline. King 1966; Hays 1970). These observationstook place During this period, the pelican was seento interceptthe during Australia's winter and further study is needed to cormorant's potential catches 17 separatetimes and was determine the influence of this factor together with food observedswallowing prey during some of theseoccasions. shortageon the observedbehaviour. The cormorant was observed swallowing prey on 10 Although kleptoparasitism in the strict senserefers to the occasionsduring the association,although it was difficult stealing by one animal of food which has already been to note whether thesewere single or multiple-fish catches. caught by another (Brockman and Barnard 1979; Vickery All prey chased and captured by the cormorant appeared
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