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Feasibility Study for Assessment of Seagrass Distribution in the NOWPAP Region

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Feasibility Study for Assessment of Seagrass Distribution in the NOWPAP Region Northwest Pacific Action Plan Special Monitoring and Coastal Environmental Assessment Region Activity Centre 5-5 Ushijimashin-machi, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0856, Japan Tel: +81-76-445-1571, Fax: +81-76-445-1581 Email: [email protected] Website: http://cearac.nowpap.org/ Feasibility Study for Assessment of Seagrass Distribution in the NOWPAP Region CEARAC Report 2018 Published by: NOWPAP CEARAC Ushijimashin-machi 5-5, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0856, Japan http://cearac.nowpap.org/ Editor: Teruhisa Komatsu1 Authors: Genki Terauchi2, 3, Tsuneo Maeda3, Wataru Mastumura3, Dingtian Yang4, Jong-Kuk Choi5, Keunyong Kim5 and Vasily Zharikov6 1. Faculty of Commerce, Yokohama College of Commerce 2. Secretariat of the NOWPAP CEARAC 3. Northwest Pacific Region Environmental Cooperation Center 4. South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 5. Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology 6. Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as: NOWPAP CEARAC, 2018. Feasibility Study for Assessment of Seagrass Distribution in the NOWPAP Region ISBN 978-4-9902809-8-7 Photos and credits: (We are planning to insert photos of seagrasses in the NOWPAP region as columns) Front cover: Zastera marina and sargassum beds in Nanao Bay, Japan Taken by Genki Terauchi Page X Page X Table of Contents of the Feasibility Study for Assessment of Seagrass Distribution in the NOWPAP Region - Executive summary...............................................................................................................1 - Introduction............................................................................................................................2 - Chapter 1 Data and method of the feasibility study………………….……………...………..3 1.1. Collection of data....................................................................................................3 1.2. Methodology of the feasibility study…………………….………………….....……..4 1.3. Flow of the study.....................................................................................................5 - Chapter 2 Seagrass in the NOWPAP region………………………………………………..…...6 2.1. Seagrass species in the NOWPAP region………………………...........................11 2.2. Threats to seagrass in the NOWPAP region........................................................17 - Chapter 3 Case studies of mapping seagrass distribution by satellite images in selected sea areas in the NOWPAP region.........................................................................23 3.1. A manual for mapping of seagrass and seaweed bed distribution with satellite images...........................................................................................................................23 3.2. Summary of case studies in the 2014-2015 biennium........................................23 - Chapter 4 For mapping of seagrass distribution in the entire NOWPAP region..............36 4.1. Available satellite images and tools for analysis................................................36 4.2. Estimation of cost to analyze and obtain satellite .............................................38 4.3. Potential collaborators .........................................................................................39 4.4. Possible funding options......................................................................................40 - Chapter 5 Summary and recommendations......................................................................42 5.1. Conclusions...........................................................................................................42 5.2. Recommendation..................................................................................................42 - References.............................................................................................................................43 - Executive summary Seagrasses provide important ecological functions and ecosystem services in coastal ecosystems. However, widespread and accelerated losses have been reported worldwide and some seagrass species are now under threat of extinction. In the NOWPAP (Northwest Pacific Action Plan) region, coastal areas of northeast China, Japan, Korea and the Russian Far East are parts of the most densely populated areas in the world, and their coastal ecosystems including seagrass beds are under pressure from human activities. Although seagrasses have attracted much attention for their functions to maintain marine biodiversity and mitigate climate change, information on their distribution and threats in the NOWPAP region is very limited. To help address these concerns, a feasibility study was conducted for the assessment of seagrass in the NOWPAP region in 2015 as an activity of the Special Monitoring and Coastal Environmental Assessment Regional Activity Center of NOWPAP. The objective of this activity was to investigate the usefulness of satellite images for the assessment of seagrass distribution in the NOWPAP region and identify obstacles and required resources and/or tasks for implementing the assessment. Collection and review of the literature on seagrass distribution and threats to seagrass in each member state were first conducted by national experts nominated in each NOWPAP member state. Among the ten species of seagrasses reported in the NOWPAP region, 6 species were listed on the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List of Threatened Species. More than 800 locations of seagrass observation records in the NOWPAP sea area were then mapped on a web-based GIS prototype developed by CEARAC. From the case studies to map seagrass distribution with satellite images in selected sea areas in the NOWPAP member states, it was suggested to use standardized procedures in analyzing satellite images with a manual for the mapping of seagrass and seaweed beds distribution with satellite images in the NOWPAP and WESTPAC regions. The time and cost to analyze satellite images for mapping seagrass were then estimated based on case studies in selected sea areas in the NOWPAP member states, and it was concluded that the conventional processing method using software for analyzing satellite images is laborious and impractical to map seagrass distribution in the entire NOWPAP sea area. Use of cloud computing technology for the analysis of satellite images is recommended to reduce the time and cost required to map the distribution of seagrass in the NOWPAP region. 1 Introduction Seagrass beds provide various ecological functions such as habitats, spawning and nursery and feeding grounds for aquatic biota (Beck et al., 2001). They also purify seawater by absorbing nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and absorb and fix CO2 in both plants and the sediment by photosynthesis (Hemminga and Duarte, 2000). However, widespread and accelerated losses of seagrasses have been reported (Waycott et al., 2009) and some seagrass species are under threat of extinction (Short et al., 2001). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) calls the carbon stored in the seas ‘Blue Carbon’, and its conservation, restoration and sustainable use is becoming well recognized among the public. Hence, as seagrasses are one of the coastal ecosystems that absorb a huge amount of carbon, they are subject to conservation for mitigating climate change under the Blue Carbon initiative, coordinated by Conservation International (CI), the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IOC-UNESCO). The Blue Carbon Initiative currently focuses on carbon in coastal ecosystems - mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrasses. Recently, the creation of a global network of regional centers for blue carbon data and knowledge sharing has been announced as one of the main commitments of the United Nation Ocean Conference (5-9 June 2017, New York) toward the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 for the conservation and and sustainable use of our oceans. The Northwest Pacific region is one of the most densely populated areas of the world, and its coastal system was identified as one of regions highly impacted by human activities (Halpern et al., 2008). In this region, the Action Plan for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Northwest Pacific region (NOWPAP) of the UNEP was adopted in 1994. Within the framework of NOWPAP, the Special Monitoring and Coastal Environment Assessment Regional Activity Center (CEARAC) is responsible for the coordination of regional activities for monitoring and assessment of the state of the marine, coastal and associated freshwater environment and development of new monitoring techniques such as remote sensing. Mapping seagrass by remote sensing is more difficult than mapping mangroves and tidal marshes due to water turbidity, color sun glint and the epiphytes that cover the blades of grass may dilute the spectral reflectance signal of seagrasses and hinder the ability of the instruments to see through the water (Howard et al., 2014). Then to clarify the usefulness and limitation of remote sensing for mapping seagrasses, a manual for mapping seagrass and seaweed beds distribution with satellite images was developed in 2015 (UNEP/NOWPAP/CEARAC/FPM 13/13 Annex XV) and case studies were carried out in selected sea areas in each NOWPAP member
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