15 92 1 36 ( )

Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus (Lep.:Nymphalidae)

5 4 3 2 1 ( [email protected] ) : 1 2 34 5 91 14/8/ : 91 20/1/ : Danaus chrysippus L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) . Calotropis procera Aiton . ( ) 1386 1385 . . 8 . 12 10× . 1385 . . 37 8/ ± 5/0 . . 25 26 7/ ± 8/0 22 . 5 . Danaus chrysippus :

Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae Aiton 16 ... :

Calotropis gigantean Aiton . ) 3 ) 60/2 ± 54/0 ( 1979 3 58/9 ( 2005 4 ) 1100 ( 1979 ) 10 66/ .( 1373 1373 1373 (2005 ) 80/9 ± 27/0 ) 96/6 86/5 . ) 80/8 ± 27/0 ( 1979 15 5 ( 2005 9 51 2 60/6 ± 54/0 ( 1979 ) 3729 2229 51 . ( 2005 ) 2000 .( 1379 ) .( 1979 ) L. . 80 75 Danaus chrysippus . Nymphalidae Danainae ) .( 2005 5 2005 ) . ) ( 1972 D. . ( 1972 .( 1378 ) C. gigantea chrysippus D. chrysippus ( 1995 ) . ( 1378 ) . C. D. chrysippus Cryptostegia grandiflora gigantea . Brown . ) 24 22 ) D. chrysippus .( 1998 6 .( 1992 1 . 23 .( 1996 2 ) 2743 . Calotropis procera 3 - Wadnerkar et al. 4 - Sharma & Verma 5 - Swailem & Ismail 1 - Gay et al. 6 - Ramana et al. 2 - Gaonkar

17 92 1 36 ( )

2:1 ( ) . . .( 1972 ) 2 . ( ) . . . 3 10 4 . . 120 1 ) . (1993 . . D. chrysippus ) 15 10 ( 50 . . . 100 . ( IPM ) .

2 - Two Stage Cluster Sampling 1 - Carey 18 ... :

8 . SPSS . 12 10 1385 . . ± 25 26 7/ 8/0 . ± 22 37 8/ 5/0 5 . 10 .( 1 ) 30 . . ± . 4/2 1/0 . ± 10 4/ 7/0 ) ± 22 15 1/ 4/0 25 ( ± 8/7 3/0 . ± 11 2/ 3/0 25 2.( ) 22 ) . ( . 1 ( 2005 ) . (1972 ) 2 ( 1988 ) (1979 ) . ± ± 60 22 252 )2 1 - Kunte . ( 16 2 - Smith et al.

19 92 1 36 ( )

( 1386 1385 ) 1 1386 1385 1386 1386 1386 ( ) 1386 1386 1386 1386 ( ) 1386 . 12 . ( 2005 ) 46 5/4 ± 1/0 4/3 ± 1/0 . 22 25 .( 2 ) . (. 1 ) (. 1 ) 19 1/ ± 4/0 12 5/ ± 2/0 . . 22 25 ( 1988 ) . 10 7 1(. ) 4/2 ± 1/0 5/1 ± 1/0 . . 22 25 . ( ) 17 4/ ± 4/0 . . 5/7 ± 4/0 . 20 ... :

. 1 ( ) )( ( ) ( ) ( 1 ) (2000 ) 1 (1972 ) ( 2005 ) ( 1998 ) ( 1998 ) ( 1979 ) . ( 2005 ) ( 1979 ) ( 1972 ) . . . .( 1 ) ( ) 14 6/ ± 7/0 8/9 ± 3/0 22 25 2.( )

1 - Braby

21 92 1 36 ( )

( ±SE ) 2 25 22 25 22 ( ) ( ) 4/3 ± 1/0 5/4 ± 1/0 86 79 ( n) 5/2 ± 1/0 4/3 ± 1/0 65 61 ( n) 5/2 ± 1/0 9/3 ± 1/0 61 58 ( n) 5/2 ± 1/0 9/3 ± 1/0 60 56 ( n) 5/2 ± 1/0 9/3 ± 1/0 60 55 ( n) 5/2 ± 1/0 9/3 ± 1/0 60 55 ( n) 12 5/ ± 2/0 19 1/ ± 4/0 5/1 ± 1/0 4/2 ± 1/0 58 52 ( n) 10 2/ ± 3/0 16 1/ ± 7/0 32 28 ( n) 1/8 ± 2/0 11 6/ ± 3/0 23 21 ( n) 8/9 ± 2/0 14 6/ ± 7/0 55 49 ( n) 26 7/ ± 8/0 37 8/ ± 5/0 51 43 ( n) 10 4/ ± 7/0 15 1/ ± 4/0 29 24 ( n) 8/7 ± 3/0 11 2/ ± 3/0 22 19 ( n) : 3 . . 9:1/0 7:1/0

22 ... :

3 ( : ) %42 /3 0/7:1 33 45 78 %47 /7 0/9:1 21 23 44 . .( 2 ) ) . ( .( 2 ) ( ) . C. procera Pripluca Pergularia tomentosa Asclepiadaceae aphylla 700 600 ( ) ( 1996 ) . 2 ( 1975 ) 1 ( 1992 ) ( 40 35 ) ( 1998 ) ( 1972 ) 1 - Smith

23 92 1 36 ( )

) . . ( ) ( ( ) . ) . ( 15 11 . . C. procera .( 1 4 ) . (1998 ) ( 1972 ) . 30 18 ) ( 1993 ) 1 ( 25 . D. plexippus . ( ) 1385 . . ( 2005 ) 1386 . . 1386 .( 5 ) . ( 2 ) 30 25 . ( 40 35 ) ( 15 10 ) . Pearson .

SPSS Correlation 1 - Malcolm & Zalucki

24 ... :

. 4 (1386 1385 ) 0 0 0 0 0 1385 18 4 5 6 3 1385 26 5 6 9 6 1386 23 5 8 6 4 1386 6 0 0 2 4 1386 0 0 0 0 0 1386 0 0 0 0 0 1386 0 0 0 0 0 1386 10 6 4 0 0 1386 20 7 4 4 5 1386 10 0 2 3 5 1386 0 0 0 0 0 1386 0 0 0 0 0 1386

( 1386 1385 ) 1

25 92 1 36 ( )

5 ( 1386 1385 ) 37 /20 66 /15 15 /10 0 1385 2 54 /50 18 /60 18 1385 37 /80 50 /97 24 /30 26 1386 1 33 /10 31 /92 23 1386 0 36 /98 34 /31 6 1386 0 38 /05 35 /08 0 1386 0 43 /55 36 /12 0 1386 0 46 /02 34 /73 0 1386 0 45 /35 31 /50 10 1386 0 45 /00 24 /80 20 1386 27 /10 60 /50 18 /10 10 1386 62 /70 74 /50 11 /70 0 1386 34 /20 67 /00 14 /15 0 1386

120

2 ( 1386 1385 )

26 ... :

Sturnia ( 1978 ) 2 convergens Wiedemann (Diptera: D. chrysippus D. chrysippus ) ( 1972 ) Trichogramma evanescens . Westwood . . . . . 3 ( 1989 ) C. procera . 4 ( 1994 ) Asclepiadaceae (Chameleo delipes ) Pripluca Pergularia tomentosa Rhynocoris 5 ( 2002 ) aphylla D. marginatus ( ) . . chrysippus . . ) . ( 1 (1991 ) 2 - Mathur & Mathur 3 - Malcolm & Brower 4 - Larsen 5 - Irudayaraj et al. 1 - Tiwari & Shukla

27 92 1 36 ( )

. 410 . 1373 .. 1.

. 1379 . .. 2. . . 85

. . 1378 . 3. . 178

. 100 . 1373 . 4.

. 532 . .( ) . 1373 . 5.

6. Braby, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution. CSIRO Publishing.

7. Carey, J.R. 1993. Applied Demography for biologists: with special emphasis on . Oxford University Press, 224 p.

8. Gaonkar, H. 1996. Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India ( including Sri Lanka) a biodiversity assessment of a threatened mountain system. Center for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore, India & Natural History Museum, London,UK.

9. Gay, T., Kehimkar, I., and Punetha, J.C. 1992. Common butterflies of India. WWF India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.

10. Kunte, K. 2005. India – A lifescape: butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India.

11. Irudayaraj, V., Martin, P., Selvaraj, P., and Sahayaraj, K. 2003. Predatory behaviour of Rhynocoris marginatus on Danaus chrysippus L. Environment, 8(4): 146. 12. Larsen, T. 1994. Butterflies of Egypt. Saudi Aramco World. 5: 24-27.

13. Malcolm, S.B., and Brower, L.P. 1989. Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the . Experientia, 45: 284-295.

14. Malcolm, S .B., and Zalucki, M.P. 1993. Biology and conservation of the Monarch butterfly. Natural history museum of Los angeles county. Preface, pp: 397-398.

15. Mathur, S., and Mathur, R. 1978. Sturmia convergens Wied. (Diptera: Tachinidae) an endo larval – pupal parasitoid of Danaius chrysippus . Indian Journal of Entomology, 40(3): 353.

28 ... :

16. Pazuki, A., and Wazrick, N. 1995. New butterflies for Iranian fauna (1) additions and corrections to the list given by (Eckweiler & Hofman 1980). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 15: 53-63.

17. Ramana, S.P.V, Atluri, J.B., and Reddi, C.S. 1998. Life cycle of Danaus chrysippus (Lep.:Danaidae) from India. Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 51(1): 125-128.

18. Sharma, N., and Verma, T.D. 2005. Life stages and development of Danaus chrysippus L. infesting commercially cultivated medicinal plants of mid hill regions of Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Hill Research, 18: 33-34.

19. Smith, D.A.S. 1975. Genetics of some polymorphic forms of the African butterfly Danaus chrysippus L.(Lep.: Danaidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 6: 134-144.

20. Smith, D.A.S., Shoesmith, E., and Smith, A. 1988. Pupal polymorphism in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L.: environmental, seasonal and genetic influences. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 33: 17-50.

21. Swailem, S.M., and Ismail, I.I. 1972. Biological studies on Danais chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae ). Bulletin De La societe Entomologique Egypte, 55: 211- 218.

22. Tiwari, R.K., and Shukla, R.S. 1991. A record of parasitism of Sturmia convergens Wiedemann (Dip.: Tachinidae) on Danaus chrysippus L. from Varanasi. Uttar Pradesh Bioved, 2(2): 223-224.

23. Wadnerkar, D.W., Tayde, D.S., and Thombre, U.T. 1979. Bionomics of Danaus chrysippus Linn. (Danaidae: Lepidoptera) on Calotropis gigantea Linn. Research Bulletin Marathwada Agricultural University, 3: 43.