DOCSLIB.ORG

Building a Modern Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Building a Modern Japan 01-Bamj_FM.qxd 28/2/05 7:08 PM Page i B M J This page intentionally left blank 01-Bamj_FM.qxd 28/2/05 7:08 PM Page iii B M J S, T, M M E B Edited by Morris Low 01-Bamj_FM.qxd 28/2/05 7:08 PM Page iv BUILDING A MODERN JAPAN Selection, editorial matter, Introduction © Morris Low 2005; Chapter 1 © Christian Oberländer 2005; Chapter 2 © Sabine Frühstück 2005; Chapter 3 © Sumiko Otsubo 2005; Chapter 4 © Yuki Terazawa 2005; Chapter 5 © Robert J. Perrins 2005; Chapter 6 © David G.Wittner 2005; Chapter 7 © Martha Chaiklin 2005; Chapter 8 © Gregory Clancey 2005; Chapter 9 © W. Miles Fletcher III 2005. A version of chapter 2 was published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Vol. 15, no. 1 [2005]).We thank the society for permission to reprint it here. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 1–4039–6832–2 hardback Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Building a modern Japan : science, technology, and medicine in the Meiji era and beyond / edited by Morris Low. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–4039–6832–2 1. Japan—History—1869– 2. Medicine—Japan—History. 3. Science— Japan—History. I. Low, Morris. DS881.9.B85 2005 610Ј.952—dc22 2004062063 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: May 2005 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America. 01-Bamj_FM.qxd 28/2/05 7:08 PM Page v C List of Illustrations vii Notes on Contributors ix Preface xiii Introduction 1 Morris Low P 1 S, M, H N 11 1. The Rise of Western “Scientific Medicine” in Japan: Bacteriology and Beriberi 13 Christian Oberländer 2. Male Anxieties: Nerve Force, Nation, and the Power of Sexual Knowledge 37 Sabine Frühstück 3. The Female Body and Eugenic Thought in Meiji Japan 61 Sumiko Otsubo 4. Racializing Bodies through Science in Meiji Japan: The Rise of Race-Based Research in Gynecology 83 Yuki Terazawa 5. Doctors, Disease, and Development: Engineering Colonial Public Health in Southern Manchuria, 1905–1926 103 Robert John Perrins P 2 T, I, N 133 6. The Mechanization of Japan’s Silk Industry and the Quest for Progress and Civilization, 1870–1880 135 David G. Wittner 7. AMiracle of Industry: The Struggle to Produce Sheet Glass in Modernizing Japan 161 Martha Chaiklin 01-Bamj_FM.qxd 28/2/05 7:08 PM Page vi vi C 8. Modernity and Carpenters: Daiku Technique and Meiji Technocracy 183 Gregory Clancey 9. The Impact of the Great Depression: The Japan Spinners Association, 1927–1936 207 W. Miles Fletcher III Index 233 01-Bamj_FM.qxd 28/2/05 7:08 PM Page vii L I F 2.1 A pamphlet advertising a 20-volume, abridged Japanese version of Havelock Ellis’s Studies in the Psychology of Sex 38 2.2 An advertisement for techniques to lengthen the body promising that “Even Short Men Will Become Tall” 46 2.3 The home medical handbook Katei ryphp hyakka jiten (1952) 53 5.1 Manchuria and the South Manchuria Railway 105 5.2 Planned layout of Dairen, ca. late 1910s 111 5.3 The New South Manchuria Railway Hospital, ca. 1926 120 5.4 Floor plans of the New South Manchuria Railway Hospital in Dairen, ca. 1926 121 6.1 Detail of samples of a filature’s exterior 147 6.2 Chambon method of croisure 148 6.3 A tavelle 149 7.1 Production by the cylinder method 172 7.2 Iwasaki Toshiya 173 7.3 Amagasaki Factory 174 T 4.1 Average age of menarche for Japanese, Ainu, Ryukyuan, and Chinese women 92 4.2 Average age of menarche for Japanese women of different categories at the Kumamoto Prefectural Hospital 94 This page intentionally left blank 01-Bamj_FM.qxd 28/2/05 7:08 PM Page ix N C Morris Low, the editor, is Assistant Professor at Johns Hopkins University where he is the Bo Jung and Soon Young Kim Professor of East Asian Sciences and Technology. He has previously taught and conducted research at the University of Queensland, the Australian National University, and Monash University. He is coauthor of Science, Technology and Society in Contemporary Japan (CUP, 1999) and coeditor of Asian Masculinities: The Meaning and Practice of Manhood in China and Japan (Routledge Curzon, 2003). He has edited special issues of several journals including Osiris (University of Chicago Press), History and Anthropology (Harwood), Asian Studies Review (Blackwell), and History and Technology (Taylor and Francis). His three-volume anthology Science, Technology and R&D in Japan (Routledge, 2001) has attracted considerable attention. Martha Chaiklin is Curator of Asian History at the Milwaukee Public Museum. Her Ph.D. was awarded from the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. She is the author of Cultural Commerce and Dutch Commercial Culture—The Influence of European Material Culture on Japan, 1700–1850 (Leiden: CNWS, 2003) and several articles and translations. Gregory Clancey is Assistant Professor of History at the National University of Singapore. He has been a Fulbright Graduate Fellow at the University of Tokyo, and a Lars Hierta Fellow at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Clancey has coedited Major Problems in the History of American Technology (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1998) and Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine (Singapore: Singapore University Press & World Scientific, 2002). His most recent book, Foreign Knowledge: The Cultural Economy of Japanese Earthquakes, is forth- coming from the University of California Press. W. Miles Fletcher III received his M.A. in East Asian Studies and his Ph.D. in History in 1975 from Yale University, where he specialized in modern Japanese history. He is now Professor of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he has served as chair of the Curriculum in Asian Studies. His first book, The Search for a New Order: Intellectuals and Fascism in Prewar Japan (University of North Carolina Press, 1982), focused on intel- lectual and political history, while his second monograph, The Japanese Business Community and National Trade Policy, 1920–1942 (University of North Carolina Press, 1989) dealt with business history. Since that time, his research has centred on the history of Japanese industrialization with a focus 01-Bamj_FM.qxd 28/2/05 7:08 PM Page x xN C on the Japanese textile industry, about which he has written several articles. His current project examines the recovery of that sector after the Pacific War. Sabine Frühstück is Associate Professor of Modern Japanese Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Her academic interests include modern Japanese cultural studies, history and anthropology, the theory and history of sexuality and gender, knowledge systems, post/colonialism, and military–societal relations. She is the author of Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan (2003), and the coeditor of The Culture of Japan as Seen through Its Leisure (1998), and Neue Geschichte der Sexualität: Beispiele aus Ostasien und Zentraleuropa (1999). Frühstück has also pub- lished in Journal of Asian Studies, Journal of Japanese Studies, American Ethnologist and Jinbun Gakuhp, among others. She is currently completing a monograph on the armed forces, Japan Avant-garde: The Army of the Future. Christian Oberländer is Professor in the Department for Japanese Studies at the University Halle-Wittenberg and Visiting Scientist at The University of Tokyo. He previously taught at the University of Bonn. His publications include Between Tradition and Modernity: The Movement for the Preservation of Kanpo Medicine in Japan (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1995), and Technology and Innovation in Japan coedited with Martin Hemmert (London: Routledge, 1998). Sumiko Otsubo completed her Ph.D. at Ohio State University and has been a postdoctoral fellow at the Reischauer Institute, Harvard University, and taught at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska. Currently she is Assistant Professor in the Department of History, Metropolitan State University in St. Paul, Minnesota. Publications include “Eugenics in Japan: Some Ironies of Modernity, 1883–1945,” (with James R. Bartholomew), Science in Context (Vol. 11, nos. 3–4 [1998]); and “Feminist Maternal Eugenics in Wartime Japan,” U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal (English Supplement, no. 17 [1999]). Robert Perrins is Associate Professor in the Department of History and Classics, at Acadia University in Nova Scotia, Canada, where he is also the Director of the university’s Northeast Asia Research Centre. He completed his Ph.D. in modern Chinese at York University, Toronto. His doctoral thesis was entitled: “ ‘Great Connections’: The Creation of a City, Dalian, 1905–1931: China and Japan on the Liaodong Peninsula.” He has been the editor of the China Facts and Figures Annual Handbook (published by Academic Press International), since 1999. He is currently completing a project on the history of disease and Japanese colonial medicine in Manchuria under the sponsorship of the Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine. Yuki Terazawa received her Ph.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles, where she completed her dissertation entitled, “Gender, Knowledge, and Power: Reproductive Medicine in Japan, 1690–1930.” She currently teaches at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Exponent of Breath: The Role of Foreign Evangelical Organizations in Combating Japan's Tuberculosis Epidemic of the Early 20th Century Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/32d241sf Author Perelman, Elisheva Avital Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Exponent of Breath: The Role of Foreign Evangelical Organizations in Combating Japan’s Tuberculosis Epidemic of the Early 20th Century By Elisheva Avital Perelman A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Andrew E. Barshay, Chair Professor John Lesch Professor Alan Tansman Fall 2011 © Copyright by Elisheva Avital Perelman 2011 All Rights Reserved Abstract The Role of Foreign Evangelical Organizations in Combating Japan’s Tuberculosis Epidemic of the Early 20th Century By Elisheva Avital Perelman Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Andrew E. Barshay, Chair Tuberculosis existed in Japan long before the arrival of the first medical missionaries, and it would survive them all. Still, the epidemic during the period from 1890 until the 1920s proved salient because of the questions it answered. This dissertation analyzes how, through the actions of the government, scientists, foreign evangelical leaders, and the tubercular themselves, a nation defined itself and its obligations to its subjects, and how foreign evangelical organizations, including the Young Men’s Christian Association (the Y.M.C.A.) and The Salvation Army, sought to utilize, as much as to assist, those in their care.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolving Cultural Landscape and Development of Modern Japan
    IKEGAYA, MAKOTO, M.A. Geographic Study of Historic Preservation: Evolving Cultural Landscape and Development of Modern Japan. (2013) Directed by Dr. Susan M. Walcott. 131 pp. The development of new architectural styles, infrastructure and construction materials in the Meiji period (1868-1912 CE), is tied to the creation of a modern Japanese identity. Despite recent developments toward preserving important historic property in Japan, many lesser known historical and vernacular sites continue to be ignored and have been ruined over time. An academic study of historic preservation is rare in Japan and in geography. The main purpose of this research is to clarify the role of historic preservation and to identify it with the rise of Japanese nationalism, economic development, and construction of the built environment during the pivotal Meiji period. The natural setting and history of Japan was examined and strategic plans for potential improvement in the field of Japanese historic preservation in the future are illustrated using case studies of the preservation projects of the Ise Jingu, Horyu-ji, the Tomioka Silk Mill, the Tokyo Station, and the Meiji Mura. Keywords: Built environment, cultural landscape, historic preservation, Meiji-Japan, national identity GEOGRAPHIC STUDY OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION: EVOLVING CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN JAPAN by Makoto Ikegaya A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Greensboro 2013 Approved by Committee Chair APPROVAL PAGE This thesis has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW Modern Japanese Medical History and the European In¯Uence
    REVIEW Modern Japanese medical history and the European in¯uence Yoshio Izumi and Kazuo Isozumi1 Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 1 Department of Neurology, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Tochigi, Japan (Received for publication on January 19, 2001) Abstract. Before the ®rst European visited Japan in 1549, traditional Chinese medicine was mainly employed in Japan. Francisco de Xavier, a missionary of the Society of Jesus, tried to promote the introduction of Christianity by providing a medical service for Japanese citizens. However, Japan implemented a national isolation policy in 1639 and cut off diplomatic relations with the rest of the world, except Holland and China. For over 200 years, until the American admiral Matthew Perry forced Japan to open its doors in 1853, Japan learned about western medicine only from doctors of the Dutch merchants' of®ce or from Dutch medical books. After 1853, Western medicine was rapidly introduced into Japan, and great achievements by Japanese medical doctors soon followed, such as the serum therapy for tetanus, the discovery of the plague and dysentery bacilli, the invention of Salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis, and the demonstration of the neurosyphilis spirochete. (KeioJMed50(2): 91±99, June 2001) Key words: Kaitai-Shinsho, Seishu Hanaoka, Siebold, Pompe, Shibasaburo Kitasato Xavier's Visit to Japan and Obtaining the permission of the feudal lord of Satsuma, ``Southern Barbarian Style Surgery'' Shimazu, he engaged in missionary work in the western parts of Japan. According to the record of Nippon- The God of medicine in Europe is Asclepius, but the Seikyo-Shi (History of Western Religion in Japan), person honored as the founder of medicine is Hippo- Xavier nursed sick persons during his missionary work.
    [Show full text]
  • Siemens and the Business of Medicine in Japan, 1900–1945
    Pierre-Yves Donzé Siemens and the Business of Medicine in Japan, 1900–1945 This article focuses on the involvement of Siemens in the mar- ket for radiology equipment in Japan between 1900 and 1945. It explores why the German multinational company was un- able to keep its dominant position in the Japanese market in the interwar years despite its technological competitiveness. At this time the Japanese medical market was already well structured when the country opened up to the West. In partic- ular, it examines the fi rm’s strategic choices in relation to the changing economic and technological environment, highlight- ing the importance for foreign multinationals of working to- gether with national trading fi rms involved in the distribution of drugs and products for doctors. edicine experienced a paradigm shift in the twentieth century, M changing from a small-scale, half-charitable activity to one of the main sectors of the economy. The transformation of medicine into a business came about in the fi rst half of the twentieth century, largely driven by the introduction of new technologies, such as drugs mass- produced by the pharmaceutical industry, medical laboratories, and surgery equipment.1 Among the innovations that made medicine a prof- itable and growing activity, X-ray machines changed the very nature of This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellow (21.09015). For their kind as- sistance, comments, and advice, the author thanks Angela Huang (Siemens Med-Archives), Akira Kudo (the University of Tokyo), and Minoru Sawai (Osaka University). In this article, the names of persons follow the usage in Japan, that is, with the family name preceding the fi rst name.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 200 201
    199 4.3 Asia and the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Kintomo Takakura Introduction Asian countries, especially China and India, enjoy a long history of neurosurgery. Chinese archaeologists have found skulls with primitive trephination performed by the ancient Dawenkon aboriginal people in Shendong province approximately five thousand years ago. The actual operative instruments have, however, not been found and the reasons for drilling a hole in the cranium have not been clarified. There is a well known legend that Hua-Tuo of three Kingdoms (222-280 ad) tried to perform craniotomy on Cao Cao, the King of the Wei Kingdom, to treat his severe headache possibly caused by a brain tumour (6). But the operation was not performed because of the King’s furious refusal. The doctor was punished and put in prison where he later died. No further detailed historical record of this story has been found. In India, it was reported that a famous Indian doctor, Jivaka, per- formed craniotomies to remove intracerebral worms around the 5th century bc. Neurosurgery in each Asian country has developed differently. I asked several neurosurgeons about the history of neurosurgery in their country and many of them kindly sent me summaries. I would like to thank all those who have kindly contributed to this report. The membership of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies in the early stages consisted of the following societies. – Japanese Neurosurgical Society 1957 – Neurosurgical Sub-Section of the Neurological Society of India 1959 – Middle East Neurosurgical Society 1959 – Korean Neurosurgical Society 1965 – Neurosurgical Society of Iran 1965 – Turkish Neurosurgical Society 1969 – Neurosurgical Section of the Neurological Society of Thailand 1971 – Neurosurgical Section of the Neurological Society of the r.o.c.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Foreign Evangelical Organizations in Combating Japan’S Tuberculosis Epidemic of the Early 20Th Century
    The Exponent of Breath: The Role of Foreign Evangelical Organizations in Combating Japan’s Tuberculosis Epidemic of the Early 20th Century By Elisheva Avital Perelman A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Andrew E. Barshay, Chair Professor John Lesch Professor Alan Tansman Fall 2011 © Copyright by Elisheva Avital Perelman 2011 All Rights Reserved Abstract The Role of Foreign Evangelical Organizations in Combating Japan’s Tuberculosis Epidemic of the Early 20th Century By Elisheva Avital Perelman Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Andrew E. Barshay, Chair Tuberculosis existed in Japan long before the arrival of the first medical missionaries, and it would survive them all. Still, the epidemic during the period from 1890 until the 1920s proved salient because of the questions it answered. This dissertation analyzes how, through the actions of the government, scientists, foreign evangelical leaders, and the tubercular themselves, a nation defined itself and its obligations to its subjects, and how foreign evangelical organizations, including the Young Men’s Christian Association (the Y.M.C.A.) and The Salvation Army, sought to utilize, as much as to assist, those in their care. With both Japanese government officials and foreign evangelical leaders employing moral entrepreneurism in their approach to the victims of the nation’s epidemic, the tubercular became pawns in the relationships between the Meiji and Taishō governments, the Y.M.C.A., The Salvation Army, St. Luke’s Hospital, and the Omi Mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Perhaps Back at First, but by Degrees They Yielded to the Constant Erers
    Milk from Tuberculous Cows. Worcester, Pa., Oct. 16, 1899. To the Editor: In vol. xxxiii, page 988 of the Journal, Correct Use of Words. you say: "Considerable positive evidence exists of the danger Chicago, Nov. 4, 1899. from use of milk derived from tuberculous cows." This state- To the Editor:\p=m-\Theformer usage of the Latin word sutura, ment and statements like it are very misleading and can not and its English derivative suture, always had three meanings: be accepted by one that has given the matter much thought. It 1, a seam, or the line of union made by sewing parts together; has by no means been proved that the disease is transmittable 2, the seam-like lines of junction of the cranial bones; 3\x=req-\ from bovine to man or vice versa, and yet this is a question in surgical use\p=m-\thethread used to make the row of stitches that should be decided. composing a suture. Such statements will have a discouraging influence on scien- According to the best authority the Latins did not apply tific investigators. It certainly has not been proved that man the word sutura to a single stitch. For the latter they em- will take tuberculosis from milk of cows or from their meat, ployed a phrase of two words signifying "a passage of the and expressions like the above are accountable for so few in- thread." There was also a rare word, punctio, for stitch, but vestigators working up this subject at the present time. it almost never appears in their literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Dimoia
    The Japanese Medical Empire and Its Iterations John DiMoia, National University of Singapore Hoi-eun Kim. Doctors of Empire: Medical and Cultural Encounters between Imperial Germany and Meiji Japan. University of Toronto Press, 2014. 272 pp. $55 (cloth/e-book). Transforming the East Asian STM Field As recently as the early 1980s, the literature in English concerning the broader transformation of East Asia as a space for emerging developments in science, technology, and medicine (STM) was dominated almost exclusively by works on imperial China. This is not surprising, given its considerable historical legacy as the dominant cultural force in the region.1 It was perfectly acceptable within the field, moreover, to treat neighboring countries within this Sinocentric framework, or at least to regard their cultural and historical indebtedness to China as one of their central features of interest.2 If I exaggerate the hegemonic force of China studies in the recent past to make a rhetorical point, I do so to mark the arrival of a great deal of newer scholarship concerning the transformation of the East Asian region since the nineteenth century, and arguably since at least the seventeenth century, particularly within the field of medicine— whether Western, “traditional” (a problematic term, admittedly), or even, in more complex cases, those practices embedded within a dense nexus of religious worship and healing. The work under review here, Hoi-eun Kim’s Doctors of Empire, provides a new and welcome addition to the growing literature on Meiji Japan, following in the tradition of a substantial body of previous work on scientific and technological accomplishments, including studies by James Bartholomew (1993), Tessa Morris-Suzuki (1994), and Morris Low (2005), among many others.3 If these earlier works tended to concern themselves primarily with the domestic story of the transition from Tokugawa to Meiji, and how the adoption of an eclectic Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review E-Journal No.
    [Show full text]
  • La Restauració Meiji. L'inici Del Japó Modern
    La Restauració Meiji. L’inici del Japó modern. Víctor Aregall Mañas NIUB 94172024 Tutora: Paola Lo Cascio Universitat de Barcelona Curs 2012-13 Resum La Restauració Meiji va ser un punt d’inflexió en la història del Japó. El país va passar, del que en podríem dir feudalisme a ser un estat modern. Es van dur a terme una sèrie de reformes encaminades a situar al Japó al mateix nivell que les potències occidentals del moment. El propòsit d’aquest text és conèixer què ha dit la historiografia d’aquest període, confrontant la bibliografia d’autors d’origen japonès i la d’autors occidentals per posar de relleu aquells aspectes o el tractament que es dóna als fets històrics partint de la tradició cultural tant d’occident com d’orient. Paraules clau: Japó, Restauració Meiji, reformes, estat modern, emperador Abstract The Meiji Restoration was a turning point in Japanese history. The country moved on from a feudalism to a modern state. Some reforms were made in order to place Japan among the Western superpower countries of the time. The main purpose of this text is to know what the historiography said about this period, confronting Japanese and Western writers' bibliography to heighten the treatment given to historical facts based on the cultural tradition of both East and West. Keywords: Japan, Meiji Restoration, reforms, modern state, emperor Índex Introducció 3 1. Antecedents. El final del període Tokugawa. 5 1.1. Estructura administrativa i social en el període Tokugawa. 5 1.2. Desenvolupament administratiu i econòmic. 7 1.3. Era Tenp ō.
    [Show full text]
  • Siemens and the X-Ray Machine Business in Japan (1900–1960)
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Technological advantage and market loss: Siemens and the X-ray machine business in Japan (1900–1960) Donze, Pierre-Yves Osaka University, Graduate School of Economics June 2010 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23190/ MPRA Paper No. 23190, posted 10 Jun 2010 13:37 UTC Discussion Papers In Economics And Business Technological advantage and market loss: Siemens and the X-ray machine business in Japan (1900–1960) Pierre-Yves DONZÉ Discussion Paper 10-17 Graduate School of Economics and Osaka School of International Public Policy (OSIPP) Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JAPAN Technological advantage and market loss: Siemens and the X-ray machine business in Japan (1900–1960) Pierre-Yves DONZÉ Discussion Paper 10-17 June 2010 Graduate School of Economics and Osaka School of International Public Policy (OSIPP) Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JAPAN Technological advantage and market loss: Siemens and the X-ray machine business in * Japan (1900–1960) † Pierre-Yves DONZÉ Abstract This paper focuses on the involvement of Siemens on the market for radiology equipment in Japan between 1900 and 1960 from a business history perspective. It explores why the German multinational was unable to keep its dominant position on the Japanese market in the interwar years, despite its technological competitiveness. In particular, it examines the strategic choices made by the firm (export, licensing, direct investment) in relation to the changing economic and technological environment, highlighting the importance, for foreign multinationals, of working together with national trading firms involved in the distribution of drugs and products for doctors, as the Japanese medical market was already well structured when the country opened up to the West.
    [Show full text]
  • რი, 2014 23 დეკემბერი, 2014 1
    23 დეკემბერი, 2014 23 დეკემბერი, 2014 1 დიპლომატი 23 დეკემბერი, 2014 იაპონიის სახელმწიფო ზოგადი ინფორმაცია იაპონია-ოფიციალურად იაპონიის ამჟამინდელი იაპონიის სახელმწიფო იმპერატორი არის აკიჰიტო. კუნძულოვანი სახელმწიფოა ძალაუფლებას სახელმწიფოში აღმოსავლეთ აზიაში. იგი ფლობს პრემიერ-მინისტრი და მდებარეობს წყნარ ოკეანეში, პარლამენტი. იაპონიის ზღვის აღმოსავლეთით. მსოფლიოს ერთ-ერთ წამყვან ესაზღვრება ჩინეთის სახალხო ეკონომიკურ ძალას, იაპონიას რესპუბლიკას, ჩრდილოეთ მსოფლიოში სიდიდით მესამე და სამხრეთ კორეასა და ეკონომიკა აქვს მთლიანი რუსეთის ფედერაციას. იაპონიის შიდა პროდუქტის მიხედვით ორიგინალური სახელწოდების და მესამე — მყიდველობითი ზუსტი ქართული თარგმანია უნარის პარიტეტის მიხედვით. „მზის სამშობლო“. ცხოვრობს, დედამიწის უდიდესი გარდა ამისა, იაპონია არის იაპონია 6,852 კუნძულისგან ქალაქია. ერთადერთი აზიური ქვეყანა შემდგარი არქიპელაგია. მისი არქეოლოგიური გამოკვლევების დიდ რვიანში და გაეროს ოთხი უდიდესი კუნძულია საფუძველზე დადგენილია, რომ უშიშროების საბჭოს არამუდმივი ჰონსიუ, ჰოკაიდო, კიუსიუ ადამიანი იაპონიის კუნძულებზე წევრი. მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ და სიკოკუ, რომლებიც ჯერ კიდევ ზემო პალეოლითის იაპონიამ ოფიციალურად უარყო ერთობლივად ქვეყნის პერიოდში სახლობდა. იაპონია ომის წარმოების შესაძლებლობა ტერიტორიის 97%–ს შეადგენენ. პირველად მოხსენიებულია ჩ. წ. მას გააჩნია ძლიერი და კუნძულთა უმრავლესობას I საუკუნით დათარიღებულ ჩინურ თანამედროვე ჯარი, რომელიც გააჩნია მთიანი რელიეფი ტექსტში. იაპონიის ისტორია გამოიყენება თავდაცვისა და მრავალი ვულკანით. ხასიათდება თვითიზოლაციის სამშვიდობო ოპერაციებისათვის. მაგალითისთვის, იაპონიის ხანგრძლივი პერიოდით, ამომავალი მზის
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Medical Journal Vol.2 No.4
    Editor's Note Sadataka TASAKA, M. D. Professor of Tokyo University More than sixty years have elapsed since cal Associations of Asia and Oceania, where the inauguration of Japan Medical Congress, delegates participated from Philippines ,and and during those times Japanese medical other Southeastern Asian countries. To our science has reached the world level, a num- great pleasure, this fact has augmented the ber of valuable researches having been pub- fruits of the Assembly. lished. It is believed that the 15th General Heartfelt gratitude must be expressed to- Assembly of Japan Medical Congress has wards authorities who attended the Assembly promised a bright prospect for future of from all over the world, as well as members Japanese medical circle. Main themes adopt- of the Assembly amounting to 25,000 in num- ed by the Assembly were taken up in the ber. form of symposium. Those themes received Moreover, our sincere thanks must be ex- studies and speeches on the part of specialists tended to Dr. R. P. Gonzalez, President of from 48 scientific meetings of Japan Medi- Philippine Medical Association, who was cal Congress, and consequently they seemed pleased to take a seat in the editorial ad- • o bring about more results than expected . visory board in agreement with the purposes In addition there was held in Tokyo on of this journal. this occasion the First Confederation of Medi- A Journal of Medical Scienc s of Japan and Asian Countries Vol. 2 No® 4 April, 1959 Editor Sadataka TASAKA CONTENTS Editorial Advisory Board Editor's Note S. Tasaka... 1 Takeo TANIYA, M.
    [Show full text]