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ProEnvironment

ProEnvironment 12 (2019) 221-230

Original Article

New Data on Wheat Pests and Their Integrated Control in the Conservative No Tillage Soil System in Transylvania

MALSCHI Dana1*, Ana-Maria VĂLEAN1, Ionel Dragoş DĂRAB2, Adina Daniela TĂRĂU1, Laura ŞOPTEREAN1, Felicia CHEŢAN1, Cornel CHEŢAN1, Felicia MUREŞANU1

1 Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, 27 Agriculturii St., 401100 Turda, Romania 2Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Received 2 May 2019; received and revised form 21 May 2019; accepted 25 June 2019 Available online 30 June 2019

Abstract

Under the conditions of climatic warming, the long-term research at SCDA Turda (2006-2015) revealed that the main insect pests of wheat, represented by thrips, wheat flies, aphids, leafhoppers, wheat fleas and cereal leaf beetle, etc. have reached higher numerical potential in soil conservative no tillage crops than in conventional plowing crops. The paper states that these differences have increased in recent years (2015-2018) by increasing the share of pest groups in no-tillage winter wheat crops. Also, the pest attack has increased, reaching dangerous values with potential to compromise production, in the spring of 2018-2019, especially in aphids, leafhoppers, wheat flies and fleas. The populations of aphids and leafhoppers have caused the outbreaks of yellow dwarf viruses and mycoplasma in the case of early winter wheat sowing in the 2018-2019 vegetation year. The reported situation requires the planning and application of an integrated pest management (IPM) system under these conditions. IPM in this case and in the current situation of the biological and attack potential of wheat pests begins with the agro-technical methods, destruction of volunteers and the optimal sowing period especially, the insecticide seed treatment, and the insecticides treatments at two optimal spring-time moments (at the end of tilling and at the bellows phenophase - beginning of ears appearance) plus a continuous check on the occurrence and dynamics of insect pests for insecticidal warning interventions in case of attack caused by unexpected population explosions.

Keywords: wheat pests, IPM, conservative system no tillage.

1. Introduction - aphids: Schizaphis graminum, Macrosiphum In the last years, under the conditions of avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium climatic warming, technological and entomo-cenotic dirhodum etc.; - leafhopprs: Psammotettix alienus, changes, the main pests were noted, at ARDS Turda, Macrosteles laevis, M. sexnotatus, Javesella represented by: - flies: Opomyza florum, Delia pellucida etc.; - wheat thrips: Haplothrips tritici; - coarctata, Phorbia securis, Ph.penicillifera, leaf beetles: Oulema malanopus; - wheat fleas: Oscinella frit etc.; Chaetocnema aridula, Phyllotreta vittula; - sunbugs: Eurygaster maura, Aelia acuminata etc; - soil pests: Agriotes, Opatrum, Zabrus, Agrotis etc. It was *Corresponding author. revealed the useful entomophagous fauna, especially Tel: +40-264-311680 Fax: +40-264-311792 predators: Aranea; Heteroptera (Nabidae etc.); E-mail: [email protected] Coleoptera (Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Cantharidae,

221 MALSCHI Dana et al./ProEnvironment 12(2019) 221-230

Staphyllinidae, Malachiidae etc.); Diptera the share of pest groups in no-tillage winter wheat (Syrphidae, Scatophagidae, Empididae etc.); crops (Figs. 2, 3, Table 1). Hymenoptera (Formicidae etc.); Neuroptera Under the conditions of 2015 (Table 1) no (Chrysopidae) etc. The presence of entomophagous tillage wheat pest populations (thrips, aphids, in wheat, with a 25-30% share in arthropod structure, leafhoppers, Diptera, cereal bugs) have reached a is of particular importance in the natural pests higher annual risk potential than the number achieved limitation [6, 7, 9, 10]. by chemical and biological control in crops (Fig. 6). The paper presents the situation of the year Also, the pest attack has increased, reaching 2019 regarding the wheat pest attack, in no tillage soil dangerous values with potential to compromise conservativ system, in relation to the multiannual production, in the spring of 2018-2019, especially in evolution of biological and attack potential of pests, aphids, leafhoppers, wheat flies and fleas (Fig. 8). at SCDA Turda (2006-2015, 2015-2018) and the The populations of aphids and leafhoppers have aadaptation of the strategy for integrated control of caused the outbreaks of yellow dwarf of wheat wheat pests. (WYDV and mycoplasma) in case of early winter In accordance with his profession of faith the wheat sowing in fhe autumn during 2018-2019 specialist in agricultural entomology must inform and (Table 2).It is noted that the increased abundance of warn the importance of biological and destructive pests (especially thrips, aphids, Oulema etc.) in wheat potential reserve of the main groups of insect pests, crops attracts the increase of the abundance of indicating the integrated control strategies for auxiliary entomophages (Figs. 4, 5, 6). integrated pest management. Integrated pest This situation indicates the importance of the management (IPM) provides to the agricultural protection and sustainable use of entomophagus practice assessing the occurrence and dynamics of useful fauna (Fig. 7).The reported situation requires pest populations, biological potential forecast and the planning and application of an integrated pest warning times, the best IPM methods and the best management (IPM) system under these conditions. "environmentally friendly - systemically" control IPM in this case and in the current situation of the methods, using natural environmental and biological and attack potential of wheat pests begins technological factors to limit the attack to the levels with the optimal sowing period and other that do not cause damage to economic importance or agrothecnical measures, especially the destruction of to the levels below the economic density threshold volunteers; the insecticide seed treatment; insecticide (EDT) [1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16]. spraying on vegetation treatments at two optimal spring-time moments (at the end of tillering and at the 2. Material and Method bellows - ears appearance) plus a continuous check on the occurrence and dynamics of insect pests for During 2006-2019, the dynamics and structure insecticidal warning interventions in case of attack of arthropods collected in different systems of wheat caused by unexpected population explosions. culture (with agroforesty curtains, in open field with Particularly in recent years, 2018 and 2019, traditional ploughing or conservative-no tillage have there have been alarming increases in the potential been studied at ARDS Turda. for attack, over EDT of flies, fleas, adults and larvae Pest monitoring was performed based on the of Oulema, aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, cereal bugs, samples collected with entomological net, by decadal sometimes requiring insecticide treatments at 100 sweep-net catches/sample, in wheat crop on large warning. Compared with traditional plowing system, experimental lots. To complete the biology and the conservative no tillage system practiced in the last ecology data of the pests and entomophagous species, 12 years has increased zone biological reserve and Barber traps and white glue plates were used. potential of flies pests, aphids, leafhoppers, thrips. Most biological wheat pests reserves reported 3. Results and Discussion (Fig. 8) and their potential for attack in 2019 indicate the importance of implementing an integrated Under the conditions of climatic warming, the prevention and control system that recommends: long-term research at SCDA Turda (2006-2015) sowing in the optimal time for the area (in the second revealed that the main insect pests of wheat, decade of October), in order to avoid the infestation represented by thrips, wheat flies, aphids, and autumn attack of wheat flies, leafhoppers and leafhoppers, wheat fleas and cereal leaf beetle, etc. aphids; compliance with preventive agrotechnic have reached higher numerical potential in soil methods, including the destruction of volunteer conservative no tillage crops than in conventional plants and insects (aphids, leafhoppers, flies); - seeds plowing crops (Fig. 1). treatment with insect-fungicides; application of The paper states that these differences have general phytosanitary treatments including two increased in recent years (2015-2018) by increasing treatments with insecticides (first at the end of

222 MALSCHI Dana et al./ProEnvironment 12(2019) 221-230 tillering, the second at the bellows-the ear apparition - At the same time, samples highlighted the phase) in the integrated phytosanitary complex. presence of large populations (formed on wheat) of Certain treatments with insecticides may also be different species of Diptera, aphids and leafhoppers, required, especially in case of abundant populations, indicating an important biological potential and above the economic density threshold.In the attack from the early winter wheat crops.- In these synthesis, for the current period (2015-2019) stands conditions, which have favored the development of accentuation and chronic structural changes of wheat phytophagous insects, there is also an increase in pests, especially by: populations of entomophagous arthropods useful in - increasing the share of aphids and the natural biological limitation of the pests leafhoppers, outbreaks of dwarf and yellowing of (Empididae - Platypalpus and Syrphidae – wheat; Episyrphus, Aranee, Nabidae, Staphyllinidae - - increasing the share of group Diptera species, Tachyporus, many other Coccinellidae species, causing the Spring attacks expanding; Cantharidae, Chrysopidae, Carabidae etc., known in - the appearance of surprisingly strong attacks previous researches that have substantial predatory caused by abundant populations of adults or larvae of activity, feeding on eggs, larvae and pupae of Oulema malanopus; Diptera, of Oulema, with eggs of Eurygaster and - increasing the potential of attack of ear pests Aelia, and especially with aphids. (aphids, thrips, cereal bugs), at densities above EDT, Thus, they may make a 18-23% contribution warning requiring chemical control. Towards the end to grain yield compared with the isolated ears of the baking period, the limiting potential of infrequently by entomophagous but attacked by ear auxiliary entomophagous in crops was overcome by pests (aphids, thrips). It is necessary to protect and the development of ear pest populations (aphids conserve the fauna of active entomophagous in colonies, cereal bugs) requiring chemical control. limiting pests in crops [6, 9, 10].

Leafhoppers (Psammotettix etc)

2006- 4 14 57 5 3 12 Aphids (Sitobion etc. 2015

Thrips (Haplothrips) 2003- 13 7 35.2 6.4 3 15.1 5 13.7 2005

Sunbugs (Eurygaster, Aelia etc.

2000- 5 5 18.4 6 25 24 8 7.6 2002 Oulema

1990- Chaetocnema 9.4 40.4 23.3 4 3 16 1999

Phyllotreta 1980- 10.5 32.5 30 5 4 16.5 1989 Wheat flies (Opomyza, Delia, Phorbia, Oscinella etc.) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Other pests (Agriotes, Zabrus, Anisoplia, Cephus etc.)

Figure 1. Structure of wheat pests, ARDS Turda, 1980-2015 [8, 9, 10]

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1.2 1.5 2.6 3.8 Leafhoppers

Aphids

14.8 18.6 20.6 36.3 0.6 2018 Thrips

Sun bugs 3.1 1.2 2.7 Oulema

10 33.7 22.7 10.4 12.2 4 Chaetocnema 2017 Phylotreta 4.5 2 2.2 Wheat flies

Other pests 18 21 17 6.4 25 3.9 2016

Clase de dominanta: 2 1.6 5.2 2.7 Eudominante: 32 - 100%; Dominante: 10 -31,9%; Subdominante: 3,2 - 9,9 %; Semnalate : 1 - 3,1%; Slab 3.5 14 57.8 12.40.8 semnalate: 0,32 - 0,99%; 2006-2015 Intamplatoare: < 0,32% (Wetzel, 1995).

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 2. Dynamics of the structure of wheat pests, % (ARDS 2006-2015, 2016, 2017, 2018)

Table 1. Temperature and rainfall regime in the years 2015-2018 in Turda Source of primary data: Turda meteorological station (longitude: 23° 47', latitude 46° 35', altitude 427 m)

Issue Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 Temperature (C) Annual average 10.6 10.0 10.5 11,2 Average for 60 years 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 Deviation from normal +1.6 +0.9 +1.4 + 2,1 Characterization Warm Warmly Warm Warm Rainfall s (mm) Annual amount 641.2 816.8 532.3 540,7 Average for 60 years 520.6 513.6 531.0 531.0 Deviation from normal +120.6 +303.2 +1.3 + 9.7 Characterization Very rainy Excessively rainy Normal Normal

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Sola netratata BOLDUT Sola tratata BOLDUT 588 Lot netrat TURDA 600 Lot tratat TURDA 550 ARAT TURDA 500 516 NEARAT TURDA 450 400 145 350 132 218 110 347 81 8 300 34 5 3 98 174 4 11Sola netratata BOLDUT 250 130 26 68 182 176 99 2 2 3 200 218 89 29 15 7 2 1 1 11 150 70 49 192 16 12 204 11 21 0 0 1 Lot5 tratat TURDA 100 19 9 8 29 12 9 0 0 1 7 50 18 14 9 9 53 11 15 0 8 2 3 1

Figure 3. Abundance of wheat pest populations in different technologies, in 2015, at ARDS Turda, in the farm with agroforesty belts Bolduț, in open field at Turda, in classic plouwing and in conservative no tillage systems (no./100 double sweep net catches)

Untreated plot/ BOLDUT Treated plot/ BOLDUT Untreated plot/ TURDA Treated plot/ TURDA Plowing plot/ TURDA No tillage plot/ TURDA 340

101 26 5 4 14 4 111 62 No tillage plot/ TURDA 350 23 1 1 6 4 15 76 Plowing plot/ TURDA 300 139 41 111 250 13 5 38 1 4 5 17 Treated plot/ TURDA 143 200 30 51 6 4 33 2 33 5 146 Untreated plot/ TURDA 150 47 27 100 2 1 24 6 25 2 2 Treated plot/ BOLDUT 17 66 41 57 50 7 19 4 15 15 Untreated plot/ BOLDUT 0

Figure 4. Abundance of entomophagous arthropods wheat crops with different technologies, in 2015, at ARDS Turda, in the farm with agroforesty belts Bolduț , in open field at Turda, in classic plouwing and in conservative no tillage systems (no./100 double sweep net catches)

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Tripşi (Haplothrips tritici) Coccinella 7punctata Propylaea14-punctata Cantharidae Malachiidae Nabidae s.a. No. arthropods Chrysopidae Syrphidae Empididae (Platypalpus) Hymenoptere Aranea

300 108 68 250 53 30 22 4 15 7 5 15 Tripşi… Coccinella… 200 292 Propylaea14-… Cantharidae 150 Malachiidae 2 10 3 1 2 9 2 Nabidae s.a. Chrysopidae 100 24 35 558 8 15 10 6 Syrphidae 25 23 21 12 2 17 4 Empididae… 50 7 4 13 7 3 Hymenoptere 35 24 18 32 17 9 12 4 12 Aranea 0 Plowing No tillage

Figure 5. Biological potenţial and dynamics of thrips and entomophagous predators in plouwing and in no tillage soil conservative systems in ARDS Turda, 2015 (no./100 double sweep net catches)

80% A. BOLDUȚ B. TURDA 66.67 C. Turda, no tillage system forestry belts system open field system 60 50 45.28 40 35.71 37.17

20 13.73 5.21 0 A. BOLDUȚ B. TURDA C. No tillage -8.97 -12.2 -20 -16.05 Haplothrips tritici -23.53 Diptera Chloropidae -28.57 -26.67 -40 -31.54 Dipt. Anthomyidae, Opo. Oulema melanopus -44.83 Chaetocnema aridula etc. -60 -50 -50.5 Aphids (Sitobion avenae etc.) -66.67 Leafhoppers (Psammottetix, etc.) -77.78 -67.82 -80 Bugs (Eurygaster, Aelia) Other bugs (Trygonothylus s.a.) -100

Figure 6. Percentual impact of insecticidal treatments and technologies on the yearly abundance of wheat pests in 2015, annual efficiency/-E% or + The side effect /+ Eff.% (in TURDA: the I treatment/17.04 and the II–nd treatment/2.06 2015. In BOLDUȚ: the I treatment /19. 04 and the II–nd treatment/25.05.2015)

226 MALSCHI Dana et al./ProEnvironment 12(2019) 221-230

100 A. BOLDUȚ, B. TURDA, open field system C. Turda, no tillage system forestry belts system 78.42 80 67.35 57.69 60 53.85 40 40 33.33 38.61 20.83 23.08 20 13.16 0 A. BOLDUȚ B. TURDA C. No tillage -20 -19.61 -40 -34.15 -31.53 -36.36 -60 -47.17 -80 -85.71 -100 -88.24 -86.67 -87.88 Ccoccinella 7-punctata Propylaea14punctate s.a. Cantharidae Malachiidae Nabidae s.a. Staphylinidae (Tachyporus) Chrysopidae Syrphidae Empididae (Platypalpus) Hymenoptere Aranea

Figure 7. Percentual impact of insecticidal treatments and technologies on the yearly abundance of useful entomophagous in 2015, annual mortality/-M% or + The side effect /+ Eff.% (in TURDA: the I treatment/17.04 and the II–nd treatment/2.06 2015. In BOLDUȚ : the I treatment /19.04 and the II–nd treatment/25.05.2015)1

The first optimal moment of treatment application is in April, at the end of tillering, the second optimal moment of application is in May, in the flag leaf to the ear apparition

Haplothrips tritici Dipt. Chloropidae 193 Dipt. Anthomyidae,Opomyzidae Lema, Chaetocnema ș.a. 180 250 210

200 65 68 67 80128 36 150 65 47 99 3743 36 19 1914 13 36 74 52108 0 4 1 5 5 Haplothr… 16 15 9 15 25 100 7 7 7 3 1110 7 4 10 82 Dipt.… 24 2522 13147 95 45 0 4 9 4 4 78 10 75 2 9 0 4 81 30 1 257 Dipt.… 1724 16 24 26 7 3 7 14 13 13 4 3 3 41 0 6 0 0 0 24 35 Lema, … 20 8 15 10 20 15 17 50 4 31 3 37 3 4 1 7 Afide 1514 14 15 26 21 19 4 3 8 5 4 4 11 2 3 6 12 1 11 5 6 5 3 12 5 8 7 2 7 3 7 Cicade 19 14 4 1 1 8 1 1 1 2 1 9 7 10 3 12 5 5 4 2 1 8 Eurygast… 0 2015: T1 / 17.04.-T2 / 2.06; 2016: T1 / 6.04.-T2 / 19.05; 2017: T1 / 27.04 - T2 28.05; 2018: T1 / 14.04 –T3 / 15.06. T1: neonicotinoid 0,2 l/ha BISCAYA 240 OD; T2: piretroid 0,1 Faster ; T3: 15.06.2018 SHERPA 0,1 l/ha Note: Some data from doctoral thesis carried out at SCDA Turda are partially published [4, 5, 15]

Figure 8. Abundance and dynamics of wheat pests groups in no tillage conservative soil technology, during 2015-2018, at ARDS Turda

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Table 2. Evolution of wheat pests attack in the spring of 2019

Period Entomocenotic particularities and attack, Observatios recommendations 26-28.03. From 26-28.03.2019 began concentrating black flies (Phorbia securis and Ph. penicillifera), captured on glue white plates, every spring. Follows the major larval attack in April, with delayed crops or spring wheat being preferred. Insecticide treatment will partially reduce this

attack as well as the attack in progress of larvae of Delia coarctata and Opomyza florum, after infection with eggs from the autumn. Phorbia securis și 5.04.2019 In April, 5-8, 2019, the Diptera attack from autumn Ph.penicillifera infestation caused by Opomyza florum and Delia coarctata is visible as the attack from spring infestation caused by Phobia securis, Oscinella frit etc.) and by wheat fleas (Chaetocnema aridula), especially in spring wheat fields and in small plots of winter wheat. Insecticide treatment is required. 8.04.2019 In experimental plots emerged in October and untreated with seed insecticide is highly visible dwarf viroses (WYDV) transmitted by leafhoppers and aphids, since autumn. Outbreak of WYDV, BYDV, other viruses and mycoplasma is of interest. This year, special measures are needed to prevent the proliferation of vectors attack. 15-23.04. On April 15, 2019, under climatic warming conditions there are a growing danger of dwarf outbreaks (YWDV) and the abundance of leafhoppers and aphids, represented by: Macrosteles sexnotatus and M. laevis larvae, which is wintering like eggs; Javesella pellucida, which is wintering like larvae, nymph and adult, the ovipositary period beginning in April; Psammotettix alienus which is wintering like as nymph and adult and the ovipositary period occurring in June; wingless forms of aphids: Schizaphis graminum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum, coming from autumn infestation and reported each year. The sample above demonstrates the opportunity to apply insecticides in the first optimal treatment of "integrated control strategy".

The problem of this danger can be solved by: - practice later sowing time (to prevent insect infestation, extension dwarf outbreaks, compromising grain production); - destruction of volunteers fields to limit insect pests; - treating seeds with persistent and systemic insecticides; - repeated insecticide spraying to control aphids and leafhoppers, taking into account the development life cycles. The urgency of the moment was: applying the first treatment with insecticides and attention to the evolution of flies, leafhoppers aphids, fleas, Oulema, in winter wheat crops, spring wheat and spring barley. It is noted first treatment applied at 22-23.04.2019 (with neonicotinoid insecticide).

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Table 2. Evolution of wheat pests attack in the spring of 2019 - continued

Period Entomocenotic particularities and attack, Observatios recommendations 11-15.05. Sample of wheat from 5/13/2019 signals abundance of 2019 thrips adults (concentrated in the bellows and ear), of leafhoppers, wings aphids, bugs and justifying the 2nd time treatment before submitting the eggs. The 2nd treatment is to combat thrips adults, leafhoppers (especially P.aliaenus et al.), Aphids, bugs, Oulema adult and larvae, flies Chloropidae, and others. It protects the development of entomophagous populations by using less toxic insecticides and reduced retention (pyrethroids).

13.05.2019. Wheat Turda 20.05.2019 In the WYDV hearth of winter whwat, the adults of the predominant species of leafhoppers (Psammotettix alienenus) appeared with the other species mentioned above, and which are the vectors of viruses and mycoplasma. The WYDV attack hearth should be treated early to prevent the spread of adult leafhoppers.

20.05.2019 In barley occurs attack by Oscinella frit (larvae), dwarf and yellowing, early atack of Oulema larvae.

29.05.2019 Sample images indicate numerous harmful insects but also useful entomofagous species that are partially and less affected by pyrethroids compared to other more toxic insecticides. The 2nd treatment began on 29.05.19. There is an exceptional and risk situation related of the biological and insect pest potential justifying the application of the 2nd treatment of the "Control Strategy". It is noted that populations with high densities are already present: adults of the wheat thrips, following the laying of the eggs in the ear; adults of cereal bugs, following the laying of the eggs; vectors (aphids and cicadas) propagating the pathogens of wheat yellowing, dwarf and sterility, spreading from outbreaks reported to other plants; the development of aphids colonies on leaves and ears; follows egg laying and Oulema larvae attack.

4. Conclusions insect pests of wheat, represented by thrips, wheat flies, aphids, leafhoppers, wheat fleas and cereal leaf Under the conditions of climatic warming beetle, etc. have reached higher numerical potential (2006-2015), the research revealed that the main in soil conservative no tillage crops than in

229 MALSCHI Dana et al./ProEnvironment 12(2019) 221-230 conventional plowing crops. The paper states that [7] Malschi D., A. Ivaş, M. Ignea, F. Cheţan, C. Cheţan, these differences have increased in recent years 2013, Adequate integrated control of wheat pests in no- (2015-2018) by increasing the share of pest groups in tillage conservative system. Proenvironment, 6: 332-341. no-tillage winter wheat crops. Also, the pest attack [8] Malschi D., A.D. Tărău, R. Kadar, N. Tritean, C. Cheţan, has increased, reaching dangerous values with 2015, Climate warming in relation to wheat pest dynamics and their integrated control in Transylvanian crop potential to compromise production, in the spring of management systems with no tillage and with agroforestry 2018-2019, especially in aphids, leafhoppers, wheat belts. Romanian Agricultural Research, 32: 279-289. flies and fleas. The populations of aphids and leafhoppers [9] Malschi D., A.M.Vălean, A.D. Tărău, I.D. Dărab, have caused the outbreaks of dwarf in the case of 2017, Prognoza privind potenţialul de atac al dăunătorilor early winter wheat sowing, in the 2018-2019 grâului şi planificarea măsurilor de combatere. Agricultura vegetation year. Transilvană, Buletin informativ, SCDA Turda, 27. The reported situation requires the application of an integrated pest management (IPM). IPM begins [10] Malschi D., A.D. Tărău, A.M. Vălean, L. Șopterean, with the destruction of volunteers and other I.D. Dărab, R. Kadar, F. Chețan, F. Mureșanu, C. Chețan, N. Tritean, 2018, Integrated pest management in relation preventive agro-technical methods, the optimal to environmental sustainability. Manual online Part II. sowing period, in the second decades of october, the Wheat pest management under the dynamics of insecticides seed treatment and at two optimal spring- agroecological changes in Transylvania. Bioflux time moments (at the end of tillering and at the Publishing House Cluj-Napoca. bellows - beginning of ears appearance), plus a continuous check on the occurrence and dynamics of [11] Malschi D., A.D. Tărău, A.M. Vălean, L. Şopterean, insect pests for insecticidal interventions in case of A.L. Suciu, I.D. Dărab, C. Chețan, N. Tritean, 2018. attack caused by unexpected population explosions. Wheat pest dynamics, forecasting and current importance of the attack to develop integrated control system in the References center of Transylvania (ARDS Turda, 2006-2016). Romanian Agricultural Research, 35: 203-220.

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