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High Resolution Palynological, Multiple Profile and Radiocarbon Dating Studies of Early Human Impacts and Environmental Change in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland

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High Resolution Palynological, Multiple Profile and Radiocarbon Dating Studies of Early Human Impacts and Environmental Change in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland High resolution palynological, multiple profile and radiocarbon dating studies of early human impacts and environmental change in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland Q Heather Sugden Department of Archaeology and Prehistory University of Sheffield Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. December 1999 ý ý Yt .ýt. ý ti Ais,ý i'.. l Y.ti. ýl ) Nach rud söileacha'drasda n'a b'hnn hirnia b'hbhsuibanaite dhuibhbi' phalbh. "Would it not be a beautiful thing now if you were just coming rather than going" A traditional Hebridean farewell VOLUME 1 012 ABSTRACT The Inner Hebrides comprise a diverse range of environmentsand vegetation, and archaeologicalevidence suggests that people were interacting with thesefrom early Holocene times. There are relatively few detailed palynological investigations from the islands for the early Holocene and not all the published data include quantification of microscopic charcoalwhich may assistin the interpretation of human impacts. Radiocarbon datesare also lacking from a number of the published profiles so that inter-site comparisonsand comparisonswith the archaeologicalrecord are difficult. Some pollen profiles from the Inner Hebrides contain possible indications of human impact in the first half of the Holocene (Lowe and Walker, 1986a;Andrews et al., 1987; Heronsand Edwards, 1990; Edwards and Berridge, 1994). Theseprofiles lack detail however, and it was clear that a multiple profile approachwould provide a clearer picture of vegetation changeand allow more confident interpretations of the pollen data. The coring of several sites would assistin defining the spatial differences in early Holocene vegetation within the islands and differences in the scaleof human impacts which may reflect different types of interference. Multiple profiles were obtained from Loch a'Bhogaidh (Islay), A'Chrannag bog and Livingstone's Cave bog (Ulva) and Kinloch (Rum), all of which are close to areasof known Mesolithic occupation. A single core was obtained from Loch an t'Suidhe at Bunessan,south west Mull, from where there is currently no archaeologicalrecord for the Mesolithic. All cores were analysedfor pollen and microscopic charcoal and AMS dateswere obtained for all profiles. The results provide evidence for changesin vegetation due to climatic impacts and inferred Mesolithic activity. The possible effects of human influence vary from temporary woodland reductions to the creation of heathlandand cereal cultivation. The use of multiple profiles is validated in that it provides an indication of spatial variation in inferred land use patternsover short timescales.The results are compared with previously published studies and the factors influencing the early Holocene spreadof arboreal taxa, and the elm decline, are re-evaluated. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to a large number of people and organisationswho have assistedin many ways with the production of this thesis. First and foremost I must thank my supervisor, Prof. Kevin Edwards, for his encouragement,sound advice and resilience in the face of early drafts. Thanks are also due to NERC for my personal funding and for providing the 43 AMS datesused in this project under the supervision of Dr. Charlotte Bryant. Archie Wood, Scottish Nature, Rum ReserveTrust and the Hon. J. Howard kindly granted accessto the coring sites, and assistedwith transportationof equipment and cores to and from site. Vic Hughes,Ross Dean, Vicki Vale, Rob Craigie and John Tweddle all assistedwith coring, despite the wet and the midges. I would like to thank the islanders for all their hospitality, particularly Marie Kirk, Donald and Scruff from Eigg. Additional thanks must go to Rob Craigie for assistancein the laboratory, to John Tweddle for his commentson my data and ideas, and to Dr. Rex Harland for dinoflaggelate analysis of samplesfrom Ulva. I am also grateful to Prof. Mike Walker and Alan Savile for answeringmy e-mails and providing informal advice. I am extremely grateful to all those who provided a baby-sitting service, and to my son Nathaniel, for learning to sleep through the night from an early age and tolerating his mother's long absences.A big thankyou also to Vic Hughes,Neil Wigfield, Rachel and Dave Roebuck, EiblQs, Neil Oliver, Althea Davies and Ben Hensman,all of whom helped me maintain my sanity through a long and difficult year. Most of all I must thank my parentsfor emotional and financial support and my husband Seanfor all his support, and for maintaining his senseof humour. LIST OF CONTENTS i LIST OF FIGURES vii INTRODUCTION 7 The Project 2 Structure of the thesis 4 Conventions and Definitions 5 CHAPTER 1 Geographical,archaeological and palaeoenvironmental background to the Inner Hebrides, Western Scotland 6 1.1 Geographyof the Inner Hebrides 6 1.1.1 Climate 6 1.1.2 Geology, Geomorphologyand Topography 7 1.1.3 Soils 10 1.1.4 Vegetation 11 1.2 Archaeological evidencefor early Holocene human occupation in the Inner Hebrides 14 1.2.1ThePalaeolithic 14 1.2.2The Mesolithic 15 1.2.1.1Archaeological sites 16 1.2.1.2 Excavationsand evidencefor resourceutilisation 17 1.2.1.3Dates and other evidence 19 1.2.3 The Neolithic 21 1.3 The early Holocene pollen record for the Inner Hebrides 22 1.3.1 Islay and Jura 23 1.3.2 Oronsay and Colonsay 25 1.3.3Mull 26 1.3.4Rum 28 1.3.5 Skye 31 1.4 Reasonsfor further pollen analysis in the Inner Hebrides 32 CHAPTER 2 Methods and Site Selection 36 2.1 Methods 36 2.1.1Multiple coring 36 2.1.1.1 Pollen distribution and multiple coring in lake sediments 37 2.1.1.2 Multiple coring of peat 41 2.1.2 Microcsopic charcoal: problems of distribution and taphonomy 43 2.1.2.1 Microscopic charcoal in lake sediments 46 2.1.2.2Microscopic charcoal in peatbogs 49 2.1.3 Interpretation of microscopic charcoal in pollen preparations 49 2.1.4 Quantification of microscopic charcoal 50 2.1.5 AMS radiocarbondating of pollen profiles 51 2.1.5.1 Choice of levels for dating 51 2.1.5.2 Processingof samples 51 2.1.5.3 Calibration of dates 52 2.1.5.4 Extrapolation of datesand construction of age-depthcurve 52 2.1.6 The detection of cereal-typepollen grains 53 2.1.6.1 Cereal scanning 53 2.1.6.2 Criteriafor the identificationof cereal-typepollen 54 2.1.7 Damagedpollen 55 2.1.7.1 Presentationof damagedpollen data 58 2.1.8 Dinoflagellate analysis 58 2.1.9 Sample treatmentand laboratory methods 59 2.1.10 Loss on Ignition (LOI) 60 2.1.11 Construction of pollen diagrams 60 2.2 Choice of sites 61 2.3 Coring 63 CHAPTER 3 Loch a Bhogaidh, Islay. Discussion and interpretation of pollen from lake sediments 64 3.1 Site location and description 64 3.2 Background to the current project 65 3.3 The possible extent of the earlier loch 65 3.4 The pollen diagrams 66 3.5 AMS dateson the Loch a'Bhogaidhprofiles 68 3.5.1 LABI 68 68 3.5.2 LABIII - LABVIII 3.5.3 The early hazel peak, LABIb(i) 69 3.5.4 LABIIIc 70 3.5.5 Extrapolation of age-depthcurves and pollen influx calculation 71 3.6 Isoetes lacustris sporesas an indicator of erosion 72 3.7 Damagedpollen analysis 74 3.8 General representationsof the pollen profiles 74 3.8.1 Pollen concentrationand influx 75 3.8.2 Microscopiccharcoal concentrations and influx 79 3.9 Interpretation of the profiles 81 3.9.1 LABIa(i), LABIa(ii), LABIIb (Pre 10,000BP) 81 3.9.2 LABIb(i), LABIb(ii), LABIIc, LABIIIa, LABIVa, LABVa, LABVIa, LABVIIa. LABVIIIa 81 ,0 3.9.3 LABIc(i), LABIIb(i), LABIVb(i), LABVb(i), LABVIb, LABVIIb(i), LABVIIIb 85 3.9.4 LABIc(i), LABVIIb(i) andb(ii), LABIIIb(ii), LABVb(i) and(ii), LABVb(i), b(ii) and b(iii), LABVIb(ii) 86 3.9.5 Discussion of the different featuresin the profiles 88 3.9.5.1 Feature la, LABIIIb(i) 88 3.9.5.2 Feature 1 89 3.9.5.3 Features2,3,4,5 and 6 91 3.9.5.4 Feature7 LABIVc, LABVIc. and d, LABVIIc and d, LABIc(i), LABVIIIc and d, LABIId(ii), LABIIIc and d, LABVc and d 96 3.10 Infilling of the loch with peat 102 3.10 Conclusions 103 11 CHAPTER 4 Pollen analysis of sedimentsfrom Loch an t'Suidhe, Ross of Mull 105 4.1 Site description 105 4.2 Backgroundto presentstudy 106 4.3 Pollen diagrams and zones 107 4.4 Discussion of zones 107 4.4.1 2LSa c. 9800 - 7900 BP (8910 - 8500 cal. BC) 107 4.4.2 2LSb c. 7900 - 6850 BP (8500 - 6810 cal. BC) 109 4.4.3.2LSc Alnus - Corylus - Betula - Quercusc. 6850 - 5200 BP (6880 - 4100 cal. BC) 115 4.4.4 2LSd Betula - Alnus - Corylus - Poaceaec. 5200 - 4550 BP (4010 - 3260 cal. BC) 117 4.5 Summary of Holocene vegetation history at Loch an t'Suidhe to c. 5000 BP (3860 cal. BC) 118 CHAPTER 5 ULVA. Discussion of multiple profiles from two peat filled basins 120 5.1 Site descriptions and backgroundto the project 120 5.2 Minerogenic sediments 122 5.3 AMS dates 123 5.3.1 A'Chrannag bog profiles 123 5.3.2 Livingstone's Cave bog profiles 125 5.4 Presentationand discussionof A'Chrannagpollen data 128 5.4.1 ACIa Betula - Cyperaceae- Filipendula; AClb(i) Sphagnum; Corylus - Calluna - 6250 BP AClb(ii) Corylus - Poaceae- Cyperaceaec. 8700 - 129 (7790 - 5160 cal. BC) 5.4.2 AClb(iii); AClc; AC2a; AC2b c. 6250 - 5300 BP 132 (5160 - 4150 cal. BC) 5.4.3 ACId Betula-Calluna;AC! e(i) Betula; ACIe(ii) Corylus-Calluna;AC2c(i) Alnus - Corylus- Poaceae 136 c. 5300- 4200BP (4150- 2790cal.
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