Dieter J. Weiß Katholische Reform Und Gegenreformation

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Dieter J. Weiß Katholische Reform Und Gegenreformation Dieter J. Weiß Katholische Reform und Gegenreformation Dieter J.Weiß Katholische Reform und Gegenreformation Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Einbandgestaltung: Peter Lohse, Büttelborn Abbildung: Ausschnitt aus: Peter Paul Rubens, „Triumph der Kirche über Unwissenheit und Verblendung“; 1627/28. Foto: akg-images, Berlin Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung in und Verarbeitung durch elektronische Systeme. © 2005 by Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt Gedruckt auf säurefreiem und alterungsbeständigem Papier Satz: Fotosatz Janß, Pfungstadt Printed in Germany Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: www.wbg-darmstadt.de ISBN 3-534-15121-6 Inhalt Inhalt Vorwort ............................... 9 I. Einleitung ........................... 11 Epochendiskussion ...................... 11 Gegenreformation ..................... 11 Katholische Reform .................... 12 Konfessionalisierung .................... 14 Konzeption des Bandes .................... 16 II. Spätmittelalterliche Reformansätze .............. 18 Die Reformdiskussion in Kirche und Reich .......... 18 Die Reformkonzilien .................... 18 Kirchliche Missstände ................... 20 Die Ordensreformen .................... 21 Die Frömmigkeitsformen .................. 22 Die Devotio moderna ..................... 23 Die Erneuerung in Spanien .................. 24 Die Reformbewegung in Italien und Frankreich ....... 26 Der christliche Humanismus .................. 28 III. Reformation und katholische Abwehr im Reich bis 1555 . 31 Die Auswirkungen der Reformation ............. 31 Staatskirchenpolitik und Reform am Beispiel des Herzogtums Bayern ........................... 32 Verfall des religiösen Lebens und konfessionelle Unsicherheiten 35 Kontroverstheologie und Ringen um einen Kompromiss . 37 Reformansätze in der Reichskirche .............. 42 Der Augsburger Religionsfriede ................ 43 IV. Das Konzil von Trient ..................... 45 Die Vorgeschichte ....................... 45 Die erste Sitzungsperiode 1545 –1547 ............. 47 Die zweite Sitzungsperiode 1551/52 .............. 49 Die dritte Sitzungsperiode 1562/63 .............. 51 Die päpstliche Bestätigung und die Publikation der Trienter Dekrete ........................... 53 6 Inhalt V. Papsttum und Kirchenreform ................. 56 Reformansätze ......................... 58 Das Renaissancepapsttum ................. 58 Hadrian VI. ......................... 59 Clemens VII. ........................ 60 Paul III. ........................... 60 Der Durchbruch der Reform ................. 62 Julius III. und Marcellus II. ................. 62 Paul IV. ........................... 62 Pius IV. ........................... 63 Der Höhepunkt der Reform .................. 63 Pius V. ............................ 63 Gregor XIII. ........................ 65 Sixtus V. und seine unmittelbaren Nachfolger ....... 66 Clemens VIII. ........................ 68 Der päpstliche Absolutismus ................. 69 Paul V. ........................... 69 Gregor XV. ......................... 70 Urban VIII. ......................... 71 Innozenz X. ......................... 72 Alexander VII. ....................... 72 VI. Das Ordenswesen ....................... 74 Die Jesuiten .......................... 75 Gründung durch Ignatius von Loyola ........... 75 Konsolidierung und Ausbreitung .............. 77 Die Kapuziner ......................... 79 Weitere Neugründungen .................... 80 Regularkleriker ....................... 80 Frauenorden ........................ 82 Säkularkongregationen ................... 84 Frauenkongregationen ................... 85 Die alten Orden ........................ 86 Die Bettelorden ...................... 86 Die Prälatenorden ..................... 89 VII. Gegenreformationen und konfessioneller Fürstenstaat im Reich ab 1555 ......................... 91 Bayern als Vormacht der Gegenreformation im Reich .... 93 Herzog Albrecht V. und die Adelsfronde .......... 93 Herzog Wilhelm V. und die Reichskirchenpolitik ...... 94 Der Kölner Krieg ...................... 95 Inhalt 7 Der Südwesten ....................... 96 Die habsburgischen Erblande ................. 97 Innerösterreich ....................... 97 Nieder- und Oberösterreich ................ 99 Tirol und die Vorlande ................... 100 Die Länder der Böhmischen Krone ............ 101 Die Spanischen Niederlande ................ 101 Die Reichskirchenpolitik .................. 102 Die Reichskirche ....................... 103 Das Kurfürstentum Köln und die norddeutschen Hoch- stifte ........................... 103 Das Kurfürstentum Mainz und die mainfränkischen Hoch- stifte ........................... 104 Hochstifte in Randlage zu Frankreich ........... 105 Hochstifte in Randlage zu Bayern und Österreich ..... 106 Hexen- und Zaubererverfolgung ............... 107 Die Formierung konfessioneller Sonderbündnisse ...... 110 Der böhmisch-pfälzische Krieg ................ 112 Die Rekatholisierung Böhmens, Österreichs und der Oberpfalz 114 Das Restitutionsedikt von 1629 ................ 118 Vom Prager Frieden 1635 zu den Westfälischen Friedens- schlüssen 1648 ....................... 120 Ausblick auf die europäische Entwicklung .......... 122 VIII. Die Umsetzung der kirchlichen Reformbestimmungen .... 126 Persönlichkeiten als Muster der Reform ........... 126 Teresa von Ávila ...................... 126 Karl Borromäus ...................... 127 Franz von Sales ....................... 129 Vinzenz von Paul ...................... 129 Instrumente der kirchlichen Reform ............. 130 Die Visitationen ...................... 130 Die Congregatio Germanica ................. 131 Die Nuntiaturen ...................... 132 Das jesuitische Bildungswesen ............... 134 Die römischen Kollegien und die Priesterausbildung .... 135 Die katholischen Universitäten im Reich .......... 137 Varianten der kirchlichen Reform ............... 140 Untridentinische Reformen ................. 140 Konfessionelle Mischformen ................ 141 Reformhindernisse ..................... 143 Die katholische Konfessionalisierung im Reich ........ 145 8 Inhalt Bayern als Muster eines geschlossenen Konfessionsstaates . 145 Die geistlichen Territorien der Kirchenprovinz Salzburg . 147 Die habsburgischen Erblande ............... 148 Die Kirchenprovinz Mainz ................. 152 Die Kirchenprovinz Köln .................. 156 Die Kirchenprovinz Trier .................. 158 Der Nordosten ....................... 159 Die Entwicklung außerhalb des Heiligen Römischen Reiches 159 Die Weltmission ........................ 160 IX. Der Barockkatholizismus ................... 163 Die Kunst als Manifestation von Glauben und Kirche .... 163 Architektur und bildende Kunst .............. 163 Literatur und Theater .................... 166 Musik ............................ 169 Formen der Frömmigkeit von Klerikern und Laien ...... 170 Die Sakramentenspendung ................. 170 Verehrung der Eucharistie ................. 171 Marienverehrung ...................... 172 Herz-Jesu-Verehrung .................... 173 Bruderschaften und Kongregationen ............ 174 Heiligenverehrung und Reliquienkult ........... 175 Prozessionen und Wallfahrten ............... 177 Mystik ........................... 178 Katechese und Predigt ................... 179 Dynastische Frömmigkeit .................. 180 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick: Katholische Reform und Barockkultur ........................ 180 Auswahlbibliographie ........................ 185 Register ............................... 201 Vorwort Vorwort Katholische Reform und Gegenreformation waren innovative Ereignisse der abendländischen Geschichte, die von einer theologischen Problemstel- lung ausgehend alle Lebensbereiche erfassten. Sie bilden einen Ausschnitt aus dem Reformprozess der Kirche, prägten aber in nennenswertem Um- fang nur noch den romanischen Kulturbereich, die katholischen Gebiete des Heiligen Römischen Reiches sowie einige östlich benachbarte Länder. Das Festhalten an dem von Hubert Jedin geprägten Begriffspaar katho- lische Reform und Gegenreformation betont die historische Kontinuität der Reform seit dem Spätmittelalter wie ihre europäische Dimension stär- ker als das besonders in der deutschen Forschung entwickelte Konfessiona- lisierungskonzept. Unter Reform wird die im Spätmittelalter einsetzende Selbsterneuerung der Kirche verstanden, der das Konzil von Trient die prägnante Form ver- lieh. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Ansätze zur Reform besonders in Spanien und Italien, die Entwicklung der neuen Orden, die Geschichte des Tridentinums und das Reformpapsttum vorgestellt. Die doktrinelle Aus- einandersetzung mit dem Protestantismus, aber auch der Einsatz kirch- licher und staatlicher Zwangsmittel gehören zum Bereich der Gegenrefor- mation. In vielen Fällen ging die kirchliche Reform ein enges Bündnis mit dem erstarkenden fürstlichen Absolutismus ein, wie besonders in Bayern und mit zeitlicher Versetzung in den österreichischen Ländern. Die politi- sche Entwicklung des Reiches unter dem Leitfaden konfessioneller Inter- essen wird bis zum Jahr 1648 knapp dargestellt. Für die katholische Reform aber stellt das Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges keine Epochengrenze dar. Die Durchsetzung
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