Immaturity As Seen in Characters' Flaws in Hans

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IMMATURITY AS SEEN IN CHARACTERS’ FLAWS IN HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN’S THREE SELECTED FAIRY TALES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By AYU DIAN AGITA Student Number: 144214054

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018

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IMMATURITY AS SEEN IN CHARACTERS’ FLAWS IN HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN’S THREE SELECTED FAIRY TALES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By AYU DIAN AGITA Student Number: 144214054

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018

ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

IF YOU DON’T TAKE RISKS, YOU

CAN’T CREATE

FUTURE

MONKEY D LUFFY

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FOR MY DEAREST PARENTS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to God, for giving me strength and all

His blessings during these times I have spent finishing my thesis. I also want to sincerely express my gratitude to my thesis advisor, Theresia Enny Anggraini

Ph.D for her patience, guidance and support so that I can finish my undergraduate thesis, and to my thesis co-advisor Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari, S.S., M.Ed. for the detail correction and valuable input. My gratitude also goes to the lecturers and all the faculty members of English Letters Sanata Dharma University, especially Mbak Ninik, for the help and the support.

I want to thank my parents for giving me their trust and being supportive for whatever I chose in my life and make sure I do the right things. All the thanks also go to dek Gagah, Rio, Acit, Mon, Festy, Dinda, Moore and Regina for the support, to all my friends especially B kenyil friends for the help and the support so that my college life feels awesome, to them who have lighten up my darkest days and given me spirit when I am down, and to anyone who helps me pass the hard times, finish my study, and finish my thesis.

Ayu Dian Agita.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulations ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 8 1. Character and Characterization ...... 8 2. Tragic Flaw ...... 9 3. Immaturity ...... 10 a. They are Rigid and single minded ...... 11 b. They are Low Stress Tolerance ...... 12 c. They Do What Feels Best ...... 12 d. They are Subjective ...... 12 e. They Have Little Respect for Differences ...... 13 f. They are Egocentric ...... 13 g. They are Self-Preoccupied and Self-Involved ...... 13 h. They are Self Referential ...... 14 i. They Like to be the Center of Attention ...... 14 j. They are Low Empathy and emotionally sensitive ...... 14 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 15

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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 17 A. Object of the Study ...... 17 B. Approach of the Study ...... 19 C. Method of the Study ...... 19

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 21 A. Character’s Characteristics ...... 21 1. Karen’s Characteristics in Red Shoes ...... 21 2. Main Character’s Characteristics in The Little Mermaid ...... 26 3. Main Character’s Characteristics in Fir Tree ...... 33 B. Character’s Flaws...... 38 1. Karen’s Flaws ...... 38 2. Little mermaid’s Flaw ...... 29 3. Fir Tree’s Flaw ...... 41 C. Relation Between Characters’ Flaw and Immaturity ...... 41 1. Relation between Karen’s Flaw and Immaturity ...... 42 2. Relation between Little Mermaid’s Flaw and Immaturity ...... 45 3. Relation between Fir Tree’s Flaw and Immaturity ...... 49

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 50

REFERENCES ...... 58 APPENDIX ...... 60

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ABSTRACT

AGITA, AYU DIAN. (2018). Immaturity As Seen in Characters’ Flaws in Hans Christian Andersen’s Three Selected Fairy Tales Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

This undergraduate thesis analyses three Hans Christian Andersen’s fairy tales which are The Little Mermaid, The Fir Tree, and The Red Shoes. Usually, people expect the main characters to be perfect, but these characters are described as someone who has flaw. From the flaw that the character has, the researcher can see that it actually represents immaturity. There are two objectives in this study. The first one is to find out the flaws in Andersen’s three selected fairy tales by showing the flaw which the characters have in each story. The second one is to relate and signify the flaws to the immaturity in Andersen’s three selected fairy tales. This study uses library research method and the source of the study is taken from books, articles, journals, dictionaries that can be found in the library or the internet. The primary sources are the three selected fairy tales, The Fir Tree, The Little Mermaid, and The Red Shoes. Psychological approach is used in this study to understand and find out the characteristics and the behavior of the main characters. In the first analysis, it is discovered that Karen’s flaw is her obsession over a red shoes, Little Mermaid’s flaw is her ambition to be a human, and Fir Tree’s flaw is being enthusiastic to a new adventure. The flaws have brought the characters to their downfall. As what it is mentioned in The Red Shoes, because of Karen’s obsession, she has suffered from the unstoppable dancing shoes that are stuck in her feet and got her feet cut off. Little Mermaid’s ambition brings her to her death and sacrifices many things in her life. Fir Tree of being enthusiastic about anything new makes him come closer to his own death and being alone. Even though the flaws have brought them into their downfall, the flaws actually represent the characteristics of immature people. All of the flaws of those characters signify immaturity because those three flaws show the ten characteristics of immaturity. In brief, they are all ignorant, single minded, subjective, and self centered as it is presented as immature people.

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ABSTRAK

AGITA, AYU DIAN. (2018). Immaturity As Seen in Characters’ Flaws in Hans Christian Andersen’s Three Selected Fairy Tales Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Tesis ini menganalisis tiga cerita dongeng dari Hans Christian Andersen yang berjudul The Little Mermaid, The Fir Tree, dan The Red Shoes. Biasanya orang- orang mengira tokoh utama selalu sempurna, namun tokoh di cerita ini memiliki kekurangan. Dari kekurangan tersebut, penulis menemukan bahwa kekurangan tersebut menggambarkan sifat kekanak-kanakan. Obyek dalam penelitian ini dirancang ke dalam dua rumusan masalah. Yang pertama, untuk menemukan kekurangan dari masing-masing karakter di ketiga cerita dongeng Andersen dengan menunjukkan kekurangan yang dimiliki oleh karakter. Rumusan masalah yang kedua ialah untuk mencari hubungan dan kesamaan dari sifat kekanak-kanakan dan kekurangan yang dimiliki oleh karakter di ketiga cerita dongeng Andersen. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode riset pustaka dan menggunakan buku, artikel, jurnal, kamus yang bisa ditemukan di perpustakaan atau di internet. Sumber utama dari penelitian ini adalah ketiga dongeng dari Andersen, The Fir Tree, The Little Mermaid, dan The Red Shoes. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan psikilogis untuk mengetahui dan mencari tahu sifat dan kebiasaan dari tokoh utama yang diteliti. Pada analisis pertama, dapat ditemukan bahwa kekurangan Karen adalah obsesinya kepada sepatu merah, kekurangan dari Little Mermaid yaitu ambisinya untuk menjadi manusia dan kekurangan dari Fir Tree ialah antusiasnya untuk merasakan pengalaman baru. Kekurangan tersebut mengantarkan mereka pada suatu kehancuran. Di The Red Shoes, obsesi Karen membuatnya menderita karena sepatu merah yang dia pakai tidak bisa berhenti menari dan akhirnya kakinya dipotong. Ambisi Little Mermaid membawanya pada kematian dan dia harus mengorbankan banyak hal dalam hidupnya. Sedangkan Fir Tree yang sangat antusias pada hal baru membawanya pada kematiannya dan dia harus hidup sendiri. Meskipun kekurangan tersebut membawa mereka pada kehancuran, hal itu sebenarnya menggambarkan sepuluh ciri-ciri dari sifat kekanak-kanakan. Singkatnya, ketiga karakter memiliki sifat tidak mau tahu, berpikiran sempit, subyektif, dan berorientasi pada diri sendiri seperti digambarkan sebagai orang yang kekanak-kanakan.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literature is a kind of art that is expressed in writing text. Mario Klarer says that,

Literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word. (Klarer, 2004, p. 1)

While Robson (1982), said that literature becomes important to human life since they live side by side. People enjoy literature as the media of entertainment or even as studies. Literary works may contain something valuable to human life because sometimes they are written inspired by human problems and human feelings.

According to Klarer, literature has four genres. They are fiction, poetry, drama and film. Fiction is something that can be written as prose, especially novel or short story, which describes imaginative characters and events and does not present fact. This study only focuses and analyzes short stories. The length of short story in the form of text is shorter than a novel. As Klarer mentions in his book that a concise form of prose fiction, has received less attention from literary scholars than the novel (Klarer, 2004, p. 12).

This study analyzes short stories which are fairy tales since its length is shorter than the novel as mentioned by Klarer. Sometimes, fairy tale is considered as children books whose readers are only children. Actually, fairy tales can be

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read by everyone, but nowadays some of fairy tales are adopted into movie and people tend to watch the movie instead. People may know the story from the film version but do not know the real story from the text because sometimes when it is produced as film there are some differences that can be found. Sometimes the story is reduced and modified. People usually know that the stories are written as happy stories with a lot of magical things and full of imagination which represent the characteristics of children who are fun, energetic and curious. There are many children books which bring up magical characters or animals as its characters, which are called fables, which gives them place to develop their imagination. The messages or the moral values to children come from the story. The character in the story is described as good person and perfect because the character might become an idol for the children. Besides the happy things, there are some stories that show the opposite. When children find something new, their mind will work, think about it, and create imagination out of it to make a concept of the thing that is described in the story as stated by Ariel.

The mental images animated in their play are usually borrowed from the world of ﬁction they meet in stories, children’s books, the movies, television and computer games. Children often reorganize these materials in their own minds in highly creative, imaginative manners. The resulting contents are sometimes as way-out and bizarre as dreams (Ariel, 2002, p. 10-11).

One of the famous writers of children stories is Hans Christian Andersen.

Andersen has written many play scripts, novels and poems. He also wrote many fairy tales which are popular such as Little Mermaid and Red Shoes. In most of

Andersen’s stories, the characters are not described as the perfect ones but having PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

flaws which are different from most of children story where the characters are described as flawless like a hero.

The researcher can see immaturity when analyzes the flaw. The characters in the three stories are shown that they are immature from the flaws that they have. The characters in the three selected fairy tales are presented as immature people. It can be seen from how then they fall to their downfall. Immaturity itself represents the character of a person that someone is not fully growing up and still has the characteristics that the children usually have.

In this study, the researcher wants to analyze selected Andersen’s fairytales about the characters’ flaw and the way of the story showing immaturity by mentioning each flaw of the main character in each story. The study analyzes what the flaws are and how they are related to immaturity. Then the study uses psychological approach to analyze the problem. Studying the psychology helps to understand human characteristics and their behavior to know what are the characteristics of immature people. There are three selected fairy tales that the researcher uses which are Red Shoes, Fir Tree, and Little Mermaid. These three stories are the only ones that have the characters that show immaturity in Hans

Christian Andersen. These three stories are relatable to be discussed by the researcher in this study. From this study, people can see how the immaturity is presented from the characters’ flaws in the four Andersen’s fairy tales later.

B. Problem Formulation

In this study, the problem formulations are as follows: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

1. What are the main characters’ characteristics in Andersen’s three

selected fairy tales?

2. What are the main characters’ flaws in Andersen’s three selected fairy

tales?

3. How does the flaw relate the immaturity in Andersen’s three selected

fairy tales?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives are the answer of the problems formulation. The first one is to find out the characteristics of the main characters in Andersen’s three selected fairy tales. The next one is finding the flaw of each main character by analyzing the characteristics first. The last one is to relate the flaws to immaturity in

Andersen’s selected fairy tales. This study explains the representation of immaturity from the flaw of each character that is discussed from the fairy tales.

D. Definition of Terms

There are some terms, functioned as the keyword, in this study to help the readers understand the focus of the study. Here are some terms that are being discussed in this study; flaw, innocence, character and characteristic.

The first term is flaw. The flaw that is discussed in this study is the flaw of the character in literary works. Flaw is imperfection or weakness presents in a character. Flaw usually belongs to tragic hero as Abrams (1996) states in his PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

book. According to Aristotle who introduced this term first in his book Poetics, it means error of judgment on the part of a hero that brings to his/her downfall.

The third term is characters. Abrams said in his book that a character is:

The persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue—and from what they do—the action (Abrams,1996, pp. 32-33).

The last term is fairy tales. Here is the definition of fairy tales according to

Hunt:

Fairy tales, unlike tales about fairies, as often as not have no fairies in their cast of characters. They are generally brief narratives in simple language that detail a reversal of fortune. Magical creatures regularly assist earthly heroes and heroines achieve happiness, and the entire story exemplifies a proverb, demonstrates a moral point (Hunt, 2004, p. 261).

The characters in Fairy Tales usually are human or it can be magical creatures that sometimes the reader cannot find in the real world, but not fairies. In Fairy Tales, the characters usually have bad luck or misfortune in their lives. These characters are described as the heroes and heroines who try to get happiness. Fairy Tales tell the reader some meaningful messages and moral point that the reader can learn from it. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

The researcher reviews undergraduate thesis and a journal as the materials for the comparison to this study. There are similarities in the topic and the object of the studies.

The first one is a thesis titled Illustrating Hans Christian Andersen’s Fairy

Tales in Comic-Strips form As Supplementary Reading Materials for Young

Learners by Valentinus Brama Sukmajati. The similarity of this thesis to this study is the object, both of the studies use Andersen’s fairy tales as the object to be studied. This similarity can be used by the researcher in order to understand

Andersen’s fairy tales more. However, this study shows some differences to

Brama’s thesis. The first one is, even though the object is the same, both use

Andersen’s fairy tales, the researcher only uses three selected fairy tales such as

Red Shoes, The Little Mermaid and Fir Tree, while Brama uses all Andersen’s fairy tales in his study. The second one, the focus of the studies is also different.

In this study, the researcher focuses on the character and the message of the story, meanwhile Brama’s thesis studies the fairy tale as a comic-strip and how it becomes the media to children to read more books. Another difference is Brama’s study involves the children as the respondents so that his study uses data collecting of the responses to do the analysis while this study does not need respondents to find out the data.

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The last one is an article of a journal, Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics Vol.4 No.4, from Thomas Gould (1965, p.363-386) entitled The

Innocence of Oedipus: The Philosophers on Oedipus the King: II. This article studies how Oedipus’s flaw brings him into difficulties. The flaw which Oedipus has represents the value of innocence instead of the weakness. The object of the study is different. This article studies the play script titled Oedipus the King, while this study analyzes the fairy tales from Andersen. The topic of the article is similar to the topic of this study, both studies about how the characters show their flaw and how the flaw represents the characteristics of certain kind of human development. The article explains that Oedipus' flaw is naturally happen, it is not his mistake, it is because he does not know how to fight the prophecy. Oedipus believes that it comes from God and cannot be avoided. He follows the rule because if God wants it to happen then it will be happened. This study also sees the flaw of each character in the story. What they do not really know about life will later bring them to face some difficulties just like what happen in Oedipus story. The characters are excited about the happy life and imagine about the good things that will come after they do certain acts. Gould explains in his article that:

“Plato's criterion is simple and uncompromising: if the man is animated by enthusiasm for what is truly desirable, he is rational; if his desires are for things that cannot make him happy, then and only then are his energies irrational. Because we think that complete rationality would bring the absence of all passions, we feel that it would be ridiculous not to "enrich" our lives with non-rational enthusiasms; because Plato thought that the line should be drawn, not between reason and passion, but between rewarding and self-destructive passions, he could see only danger.” (Gould, 1965)

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The character’s flaw in Gould article is showing innocence meanwhile this study the flaws represents the immaturity of the characters.

B. Review of Related Theories

The researcher compiles some theories in order to observe the objects.

1. Character and Characterization

M.H. Abrams mentions in his book titled A Glossary of Literary Terms, seventh edition, that character is person who is presented in a dramatic or narrative work, he states:

Persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue—and from what they do—the action (Abrams, 1996, pp. 32-33).

The readers can study and analyze the character by seeing it from the character’s dialogues, speeches and actions. From the dialogue, the characteristics of the character can be described directly from others’ speech or by his/her own speech. The actions, what the characters do, can also show their characteristics, personalities and behavior.

Arp and Johnson in their book titled Perrine’s Story and Structure state that the opportunity literary fiction affords us to know its characters so thoroughly and also enables us to understand the motives and behavior of people in real life

(2012, p. 104). Characterization is used to understand the character’s mind, emotion, and behavior. It shows what happen in character’s thought and feeling. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Observing characteristics of fictional character can be as a reflection of real people’s life.

Arp says that the author can present their characters either directly or indirectly. In direct presentation, the author describes the characters straight out, it can be by an exposition or analysis, what they are like or it has other characters describe directly what they are like. In indirect presentation, the characters showed by their action or what they do. The action that the character does may show what kind of person he/she is.

Studying the characters shows the quality of them. It makes the readers understand better about the characters. After understanding the characters, the readers can judge what kind of person the character is.

2. Tragic Flaw

According to Aristotle’s Poetics, Watson mentions that:

Aristotle states that the cause of a tragic hero's downfall must lie 'not in any depravity, but in some great error on his part' – and he mentions Oedipus as a good example. Aristotle's word for this 'serious error' is hamartia, often explained as the flaw in the character of the tragic hero that brings about his downfall. Clearly this formulation, and indeed the whole notion of a 'tragic flaw', invites scrutiny of the moral nature of the hero. (Watson, 1983, p. 22)

In literature, a character can be described as a person who has flaw, which is sometimes called as tragic hero. Abrams states Aristotle’s statement that kind of person is exhibited as suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of their mistaken choice of act (Abrams, 1996, p. 322). The heroes suffer from misery in their lives because they do certain acts that lead them to a misfortune life. Their mistaken choice of acts is the reasons how they are fall to their own downfalls. Character’s behavior can bring him/herself to the downfall PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

which later those behavior will be called as flaw. So, flaw can be found by seeing character’s characteristics, behavior or acts that those characteristics will lead them suffer to a downfall. A character with a flaw shows that he/she has weaknesses so that he/she is not a perfect character. He/she has to suffer from difficulty so that there is something the character can learn from his/her mistakes.

3. Immaturity

Immaturity is needed to study one of the personalities of human, which can be seen from their behaviors and minds. This theory helps to understand what the characteristics of immature person are. It shows what the kind of behaviors that the person has to be described as immature person and how they deal with their selves and the world. Even though immature means the person is not yet mature or developed and showing they think and act like someone younger, it does not mean that immature is always addressed to children. This theory tells about the development of human, how a person thinks and acts that way. Bjorklund says that immature forms are seen as "unfinished" and incomplete versions of the adult; the child is a "work in progress." From this viewpoint, immaturity is a necessary evil, something that people must get through on their way to adulthood

(Bjorklund, 1997, p.153). It means that adults also can experience immaturity, even though they are already grow up but their mind and the way they think may be slowly developed. This theory studies the development of human, what are the signs and characteristics of immature person. It studies how they have their own perceptions and opinions in seeing life. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

It is impossible to separate the relative contributions of heredity and environment in shaping human characteristics, since heredity always interacts with environment and learning (Mussen, 1963, p. 58).

There are certain characteristics of immaturity. Those characteristics show how they still do not grow up. It shows how ignorance they are. They still think about their own selves and not thinking about the consequences whenever they want to do something. They still cannot control their desire. Because of their curiosity and ignorance, they cannot differentiate what is good and what is wrong.

Most people that are immature are self centered and ignorance, they think only about their selves and do not care about others. They also do anything as they please without considering the consequences and the other thing that may harm them. They believe anything inside their mind.

Gibson says in her book that emotionally immature people, on the other hand, tend to have quite a different set of behavioral (Gibson, 2015, p. 21).

Gibson mentions there are ten characteristics of emotionally immature people. a. They Are Rigid and Single Minded

The immature people are either or impulsive, and try to cope with reality by narrowing it down to something manageable. Once they form an opinion, their minds are closed. There is one right answer, and they become very defensive and humorless when people have other ideas (Gibson, 2015, p. 21). These people only stuck on their own ideas and do not welcome any input or thoughts from other people. They think that their selves will always right even though there maybe people who disagree with their thoughts.

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b. They Have Low Stress Tolerance

Emotionally immature people do not deal with stress well. They have trouble admitting mistakes and instead discount the facts and blame others.

Regulating emotion is difficult for them, and they often overreact. Once they get upset, it is hard for them to calm down, and they expect other people to soothe them by doing what they want (Gibson, 2015, p.21). c. They Do What Feels Best

Young children are ruled by feelings, whereas adults consider possible consequences. As we mature, we learn that what feels good isn’t always the best thing to do. Among emotionally immature people, however, the childhood instinct to do what feels good never really changes. They make decisions on the basis of what feels best in the moment and often follow the path of least resistance

(Gibson, 2015, p.21-22). d. They Are Subjective, Not Subjective

Emotionally immature people assess situations in a subjective way, not objectively. They do not do much dispassionate analysis. When they interpret situations, how they are feeling is more important than what is actually happening.

What is true does not matter nearly as much as what feels true (Gibson, 2015, p.

22). The immature people only see something from one point of view which they think the right one, his/her point of view. As long as anything happens is related to their feeling, they consider that correct without seeing further the other information.

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e. They Have Little Respect for Differences

Emotionally immature people are annoyed by other people’s differing thoughts and opinions, believing everyone should see things their way. The idea that other people are entitled to their own point of view is beyond them. They may be prone to making social gaffes because they do not have enough awareness of other people’s individuality to avoid being offensive. They are only comfortable in role-defined relationships where everyone holds the same beliefs (Gibson,

2015, p. 22). f. They Are Egocentric

Normal children are egocentric as youngsters, but the self-involvement of emotionally immature adults is more childish than childlike. Different from children, their egocentrism lacks of joy and openness. Emotionally immature people are self-preoccupied in an obsessed way, not with the innocence of a child.

Young children are self-centered because they are still commanded by pure instinct, but emotionally immature adults are commanded by anxiety and insecurity. They live in a perpetual state of insecurity, fearing that they’ll be exposed as bad, inadequate, or unlovable. They keep their defenses high so other people cannot get close enough to threaten their sense of self-worth (Gibson,

2015, p. 22). g. They Are Self-Preoccupied and Self-Involve

All emotionally immature people share a quality of anxious self- preoccupation. They are constantly monitoring whether their needs are being met or whether something has offended them. Their self-esteem rises or falls PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

depending on how others react to them. Terms like self-absorbed and narcissistic make it sound as if these people enjoy thinking about themselves all the time, but they really have no choice in the matter. They have fundamental doubts about their core worth as human beings. In this way, their egocentrism is more like the self-preoccupation of someone with a chronic pain condition, rather than someone who cannot get enough of himself or herself (Gibson, 2015, p. 23). h. They Are Self-Referential, not Self-Reflective

All emotionally immature people are highly self-referential, everything leads back to them. Even though they want everything leads to them, they are not self reflective. All they want is being the center of attention. As you talk to them, self- referential people will turn whatever you say back to one of their own experiences. (Gibson, 2015, p.23) i. They Like to be the Center of Attention

Like children, emotionally immature people usually end up being the center of attention. In groups, the most emotionally immature person often dominates the group’s time and energy. If other people allow it, all the group’s attention will go to that person, and once this happens, it is hard to redirect the group’s focus. If anyone else is going to get a chance to be heard, someone will have to force an abrupt transition—something many people aren’t willing to do. It may seem like they are extroverted but they aren’t. The difference is that most extroverts easily follow a change of topic. Because extroverts crave interaction, not just an audience, they’re interested and receptive when others participate. Extroverts do PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

like to talk, but not with the purpose of shutting everyone else down (Gibson,

2015, p.24) j. They Have Low Empathy and Emotionally Sensitive

Impaired empathy is a central characteristic of emotionally immature people, as is avoidance of emotional sharing and intimacy. Being out of touch with their own deeper feelings, they’re strikingly blind to how they make other people feel.

This casts light on a curious fact about emotionally immature people. In spite of not resonating empathically, they are often quite canny when it comes to reading other people’s intentions and feelings. However, they don’t use their understanding of people to foster emotional intimacy. Instead, their empathy operates at an instinctual or superficially sentimental level. Lack of resonant empathy suggests a lack of self-development (Gibson, 2015, p.25-26).

C. Theoretical Framework

This study, Immaturity as seen in Character’s Flaw in Han’s Christian

Andersen’s Three Selected Fairy Tales, uses the 3 theories.

These theories in this chapter are used to support the researcher in solving problem formulations and get the objectives from the problem formulations that the researcher mentions in the previous chapter. This study has two objectives.

The first objective is to find out the character’s flaw in Andersen’s three selected fairy tales. The second is to find out the relation between the characters’ flaw and the immaturity. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The researcher uses the theories which have been explained above and applies it into problem formulations. The theories that are used are theory of character and characterization, theory of flaw, theory of immaturity, and this study uses psychological approach.

Theory of character and characterization and the theory of flaw are used to help answering the first problem. Then, theory of immaturity is used to answer the second problem which are the characters’ flaws have relation the characteristics of immature people. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of The Study

There are three selected fairy tales from Hans Christian Andersen that will be discussed in this study.

The first one is Fir Tree, it is a fairy tale that Andersen made and is first published on December 21, 1844 along with The Snow Queen: A Tale in Seven

Stories, in Copenhagen, Denmark, published by C.A. Reitzel. The story is about a fir tree that is curious about growing up life. It always sees others on how they face the grown ups’ life which are interesting and exciting. The little fir tree always dreams to be more and more so that it can be like others. First, it wants to grow as tall as the other trees so that it can spread out the branches and its top will overlook the worldwide. After it finally grows taller, the fir tree thinks that it is still not enough. It sees that the old-enough-trees are being cut, brought, and sailed the sea. The fir tree wants it too. It wants to be cut and brought sailing the sea.

After, again, its dream comes true, it still wants something else, which is displayed in the house as Christmas tree. Its dream comes true again, the fir tree is happy since it is displayed in the family room, but since Christmas tree only displayed on Christmas days, when Christmas is over it is kept in the warehouse.

The fir tree is bored staying inside the warehouse. Again, it wants something else than being stuck in the ware house, it wants to play outside with the children.

Finally, the people bring it outside and cut it off into fire woods.

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The second one is The Little Mermaid. The script is originally in Danish titled Den Lille Havfrue, published by C.A. Reitzel on April 7, 1837 in Denmark.

The story is about the sacrifice of a mermaid that tries to be human because she falls in love to a human prince. She is the youngest among the king’s daughters.

She tries everything as long as she can be a human. Finally she meets a witch who can grant her wish. The witch says that she can have legs and live as human, but it is not for free, she must sacrifice her tail and her voice. When she is in the human land, the prince lets the little mermaid lives in his castle and treats her as his little sister. The little mermaid faces many difficulties, she cannot tell the prince that she has saved his life and that she walks in pain and so on. Even though they are always together, the little mermaid cannot make the prince falls in love with her.

At the end of the story, she disappears into the sea.

The last fairy tale that is discussed in this story is The Red Shoes. It is also published in Denmark by C.A. Reitzel, on April 7, 1845. Its original title, in

Danish, is De Rode Sko. It is a story of a little girl that loves red shoes so much.

Her name is Karen. She lost her mother when she is young and then she is adopted by a kindhearted old woman. One day, she goes to a shop to buy some clothes and shoes. Her mother offers her a beautiful lathered shoes but she chooses a simple red shoes instead. She is so happy and wants to show to the people in the church that she has beautiful shoes but sadly, the shoes which are worn in her feet, starts to move and dancing. She cannot handle it and make them stop until she finally decided ask someone to cut her feet off so that the shoes can be released from her feet. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. Approach of the Study

This study uses psychological approach. According to Rohrberger and

Woods (1971), psychological approach is a form of literary criticism which involves the attempt to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent pattern that refers to a different body of knowledge, which is psychology (p. 13). This study can be applied to study literary work from the psychological side of human being since this approach studies the behavior and mind of human, as Ryan mentions in his book that psychology is associated with more recent developments in the sciences of the mind (2012, p. 44). This approach helps to study the psychology side of human as it is presented from the character of literary works by seeing the character’s mind and behavior. The researcher uses this approach to find out about the behaviors and characteristics of each character from the fairy tales and the characters’ mind. Studying characters’ mind and behavior is important to find out how their behaviors and characteristics that that can be considered as flaw and take part to lead their lives to downfalls and how those are related to immaturity.

Warren mentions in her book that psychology can be used to interpret and evaluate literary work through characters (1956, pp. 90-91). It means that in order to study the characters of the literary works, psychology is needed to know their behavior and minds to find out the reason why they do something in their lives.

C. Method of The Study

The researcher used a library research to analyze the texts. To collect the data, the primary sources and secondary sources were used. The primary sources PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

were the three fairy tales from Hans Christian Andersen which were The Fir Tree,

The Little Mermaid, and The Red Shoes. The secondary sources were some books, articles, journals, dictionaries which could be found in the library or the internet.

There were several steps to do this research. The first step was reading and rereading the short stories for several times and applied the Perrine’s theory to find out the characteristics of the main characters from each fairy tales by seeing how the characters were presented. Then, the researcher formulated two problems formulation which is related to the story. Second, by using theory of flaw, the researcher analyzed the first problem, which was the main characters’ flaw. After the researcher found out the characters’ flaws, the researcher related the flaw with immaturity by seeing the ten characteristics of immature person in each flaw. The researcher used some relevant books to support the answers of the problems. The last step was making a conclusion based on the answers of the problems.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

The first problem formulation is to examine the characters’ characteristics in

Red Shoes, Fir Tree, and Little Mermaid. After finding the characteristics, then find the flaws of each character which are the most significance ones that lead them to their downfall. The other characteristics are the supporting points to their flaws to bring them to their downfalls. The characters that are discussed are the main characters of the three fairy tales. Then, through the analysis from the first and second problem formulation, the researcher relates how the immaturity is shown in the characters’ flaws.

A. Characters’ Characteristics

1. Karen’s Characteristics in Red Shoes

The main character in Red Shoes is a little girl, whose name is Karen, who falls in love with Red Shoes. The characteristics of the Karen can be seen from analyzing them using Perrine’s theory about direct or indirect presentations. In the story, Karen’s characteristics are obsessive, egocentric, ignorant, stubborn, impulsive and over confident.

Karen is obsessive over a pair of red shoes. Whenever she sees red shoes, she wants to own them and wear them. What she always has in her mind is red shoes. When she does not have red shoes, she always wants to own them and while she already has them, she always wants wear them every time. One day, her shoes are burnt and she no longer has a pair of red shoes because her mother does

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not like it. She sees the queen along with her daughter taking a journey through the country. She sees the princess wearing red shoes which reminds her of her old red shoes. Even though there is no direct statement tells the reader that she is an obsessive girl, but it can be seen indirectly from this statement.

At this time the queen was taking a journey through the country, and she had her little daughter, the princess with her. The people, and among them Karen, crowded round the palace where they were staying, to see them. The little princess stood at a window to show herself. She wore neither a train nor a golden crown, but she was dressed all in white with a beautiful pair of red morocco shoes. They were indeed contrast to those the poor old mother shoemaker had made for Karen. Nothing in the world could be compared to these red shoes (p. 1).

Karen’s eyes stare at the princess’ shoes and compare it to her old shoes.

Even though it is more beautiful than her old shoes, she thinks that hers is a lot better. It shows indirectly that Karen is thinking too much about her red shoes.

She loves the red shoes very much that she cannot forget them and she thinks her shoes cannot be comparable to others. Thus, actually Karen wants to have red shoes again after the old ones are burnt. There are some other parts in the story show that Karen is obsessive over red shoes. It is when her adoptive mother brings her to shop for new clothes and shoes because she is already old enough to be confirmed. She brings Karen to the rich shoemaker in town and there are full of glass cases of the most charming shoes and shinny leather boots but there is one particular pair of red shoes like the princess’. Instead of buying the other charming shoes and even though her mother will not allow her, she still buys a pair of red shoes since her mother cannot see very well what shoes Karen buy.

Another proof that she is obsessive indirectly can be seen from this quotation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

They fitted and were bought; but the old lady had not the least idea that they were red, and she would never allowed Karen to wear them for her confirmation. This she did however (p. 2).

Her obsession of having red shoes makes her not interested in any other shoes and not afraid to lie to her mother. She uses the chance when her mother cannot see properly to own the shoes, it is her chance to have red shoes again.

This characteristic can be found indirectly by seeing what Karen does and from her speech that shows how her love and thinking too much about the red shoes shows that she is being so obsessive over the red shoes. She always thinks about her red shoes in any place and situation. It seems like she cannot live without red shoes.

Karen is also egocentric and ignorant. It is presented directly from her speech and actions. Because of her obsession over red shoes, it makes her do not care about others and only thinking about herself and her want. As it is told above, that Karen still buys the red shoes even though she knows that her mother will not like it. She does not only buy them but also not telling the truth to her mother about what the shoes looks like while she actually knows that her mother hates red shoes. These characteristics are also presented indirectly by seeing her acts.

“I suppose they are patent leather,” said the old lady, “they are so shinny.” “Yes, they do shine,” said Karen, who tried them on. They fitted and were bought; but the old lady had not the least idea that they were red, and she would never allowed Karen to wear them for her confirmation. This she did however (p. 2).

The way how Karen do not tell her mother about the red shoes shows that she does not think about what her mother will feel and she does not respect her mother. She thinks only about herself and her desire of having the red shoes. If PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

she tells her mother about the red shoes, her mother would not allow her to buy it, so she takes it as a chance to finally own a pair of red shoes again.

By the afternoon the old lady had been told on all sides that the shoes were red, and she said it was very naughty and the most improper. For the future, whenever Karen went to the church, she was to wear black shoes, even if they were old. Next Sunday was Holy Communion, and Karen was to receive it for the first time. She looked at the black shoes and at the red ones-then she looked again at the red, and at last put them (p. 2).

From the quotation above, indirectly Karen seems to be ignorant since she is already told that wearing red shoes to the church is considered to be naughty and improper, however she still chooses the red shoes than the black ones. She does not listen to her mother and does something as she wants. That is why she is egocentric because she does not want to do what other’s command and does anything she likes, even though it is a mistake. Another proof that she is an egocentric and ignorant girl can be seen from the indirect presentation when her mother is sick and she has the responsibility to take care of her, but she comes to the ball with her red shoes on her feet.

The old lady became very ill; they said she could not live; she had to be carefully nursed and tended, and no one was nearer than Karen to do this. But there was to be a grand ball in the town, and Karen was invited. She looked at the old lady, who after all could not live; she looked at the red shoes; she thought there was no harm in doing so. She put the red shoes, even that she might do; but then she went to the ball and began to dance (p.4)!

Karen is being put in two conditions and she must chose one of them, taking care of her mother or attending the ball so that she can wear the red shoes. Instead of taking care of her mother, she is more interested to wear the red shoes so she chooses to attend the ball. Her irresponsibility shows how ignorant she is. She PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

does not think about her mother’s health while she knows exactly that her mother is in serious sick.

The third characteristic of Karen is stubborn. There is also no direct presentation showing that Karen is stubborn, but indirectly by seeing how Karen loves her red shoes very much, makes her being stubborn. Since her love for her red shoes is very big, she will do anything which is related to the red shoes. She always thinks about her red shoes, wears them even though it is clear that her mother does not like it. She does anything she likes. When her mother has told her not to wear red shoes when in the church, she does not listen that and still goes to church with her red shoes. Even though she knows very well about how her mother does not like the red shoes, she will put them on again and again, it is indirectly can be seen from this quotation.

By the time she is told that wearing red shoes in the church is improper, she must know that what she does is wrong, but she still wears them again on the next day. It seems that she still follows her desire so that she is willing to do anything as long as she likes it and suits to her wants.

Karen is an impulsive girl, she does anything without thinking the consequences and she mostly does anything that has bad consequences. She buys the red shoes while her mother does not like them. She goes to the ball when her mother is sick. Every time she looks at her red shoes there appears a desire to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

wear them and she will definitely wear the red shoes after looking at them. Once, she cannot stop dancing because wearing the red shoes, she asks the executioner to cut her feet to free the dancing shoes that stuck on her feet, again it is indirectly presented by what Karen does.

“Don’t chop my head off,” said Karen, “for then I can never repent of my sins, but pray, pray chop my feet off with the red shoes!” Then she confessed all her sins, and the executioner chopped off her feet with the red shoes, but the shoes danced right away with the little feet into the depths of the forest (pp. 5-6).

The last characteristic of Karen that has been found from the story is that she is over-confident. She always believes to herself. She is proud of herself even though she is an orphan and she lives with her adoptive mother. She considers herself more than pretty. As mentioned in the story, people said she was pretty, but her mirror said, “You are more than pretty, you are lovely” (p. 1). From that sentence, it indirectly shows that actually the one who says that is not the mirror itself but herself, she tells that she is not only beautiful but more than that. She is proud of herself so that she tells herself that even though people already tells her that she is pretty, for her that is not enough.

All of Karen’s characteristics can be found from the indirect presentation from what Karen does in the story. From her behavior, it shows what kind of person Karen is, it shows her characteristics. There is no direct presentation that described what Karen characteristics are.

2. Main Character’s Flaw in The Little Mermaid

The main character in Little Mermaid is a little mermaid, who is the youngest daughter of the King who wants to be human because she falls in love PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

with the young prince. The characteristics of the Little Mermaid can be seen from how she is presented by analyzing using Perrine’s theory. From the story, Little

Mermaid’s characteristics are curious, quiet, thoughtful, dreamy, hopeful, ambitious, optimistic, brave, ungrateful, and generous. It is directly mentioned by the author that she was a curious child, quiet, and thoughtful (p. 2) and none of them was so full of longings as the youngest, the very one who had the longest time to wait, and who was so quiet and dreamy (p. 3).

Little Mermaid is a quiet girl. She is the type of a calm girl that is less cheerful and not talking too much. She is not easy to shares what is in her mind.

She prefers keep her thought in mind and imagines anything by herself. All of the young mermaids are allowed to rise up the sea when they are fifteen, but because she is the youngest, she has to wait for a long time to finally can rise up the sea (p.

3). She is excited about going up the sea, but she remains to keep silent and save that excitement inside her mind. Whenever her sisters talk about their first experiences when they rise up the sea, she only eagerly listens to their story without giving any comment. When her chance finally comes when she returns to the sea, she does not share anything to her sisters and remains silent. It is another direct presentation by the author that she is a quiet girl.

Always in silent and thoughtful, she became more so now than ever. Her sisters often asked her what she had seen on her first visit to the surface, but she never would tell them anything (p. 8).

It shows that Little Mermaid is a quiet girl. She even becomes quieter after going up to the shore and meets the prince. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Even though she is a quiet girl, she is curious about anything. She wonders about something that she has never seen before. She always asks her grandmother about anything related to her curiosity. She trusts her grandmother since she is well-experienced of knowing about the world both inside and outside the water.

When she is curious about what the world of human beings looks like, she asks her grandmother to tell her everything. It is indirectly shows that she is a curious girl because she always wants to know about the human world.

Nothing gave her pleasure than to hear about the world of human beings up above, she made her old grandmother tell her all that she knew about ships and towns, people and animal (p. 2).

Her desire to be a human makes her wants to know anything such as how human lives and what makes human and mermaid different. She wants to know anything about human. She asks her sisters but she is not quite satisfied with her sisters’ answer, according to her that is not answering her questions, so then she asks her grandmother to get the answer. It can be seen from this quotation that the way she always tries to get the answer to all of her questions from her grandmother shows indirectly that she is a curious girl.

There was so much she wants to know, but her sisters could not give an answer to all her questions, so she asked her old grandmother who knew the upper world well, and rightly called it the country above the sea (p. 6).

Other characteristics of Little Mermaid are thoughtful, dreamy and hopeful.

She has full of imaginations in her mind. She imagines anything when her grandparents talk about the human world. She listens to her sisters carefully about their stories of rising up the sea and she imagines everything in her mind. Before she rises up from the sea, she has always been dreamy in the world outside the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

water. She will have time to spend alone imagining and admiring the world outside the water. Besides, there is a direct presentation about these characteristics. It can be seen also indirectly from how she always imagines anything that comes in her mind.

And who was so quiet and dreamy. Many a night she stood by the open windows looked up through the dark blue water which the fish were lashing with their tails and fins. She could see the moon and the stars, it is true, their light was pale but they looked much bigger through the water tan they do to our eyes. When she saw a dark shadow glide between her and them she knew that it was either a whale swimming above her, or else a ship laden with human beings. “I am certain they never that a lovely mermaid was standing down below, stretching up her white hand towards the keel” (p. 3).

She is sure that the world outside the water is so beautiful, so that she always admires that. She believes everything in her imaginations. She fancies anything that can happen in the human world. After she finally rises up to the sea, she sees many things that she has never seen before and she is impressed by that.

She sees everything which can only be seen in her imagination before. After she saves the prince and has seen his handsome face, she falls for him and there is not a day without thinking about him. She imagines if she can live with her prince as a human. She knows that it is barely impossible but she dream of it anyway.

Never once does she forget about the prince’s face. She always thinks about the prince and will rise to the place where she leaves the prince and hopes she will meet him. She even imagines her handsome marble statue as the prince.

Many an evening and many a morning when would rise to the place where she had left the prince. She saw the fruit in the garden ripen, and then gathered, she saw the snow melt on the mountain-tops, but she never saw the prince, so she always went home still sadder than before. At home her only consolation was to sit in her little garden with her arms twined round the handsome statue which reminded her of the prince (p. 8).

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Because of her love for the prince, she always thinks about how if she lives with the prince. Of course to live with the prince, she cannot be a mermaid but a human. She imagines how pretty human is. They have legs to walk and live under the sun. For her, living as human is a lot better than mermaid. She thinks it will be more interesting. Her imagination indirectly shows how dreamy she is.

She became fonder and fonder of mankind, and longed more and more to be able to live among them, their world seemed so infinitely bigger than hers; with their ships they could scour the ocean, they could ascend the mountain high above the clouds, and their wooded, grass-grown lands extended further than her eye could reach (p. 10).

She always dreams and thinks about anything outside the sea. She is interested in anything there. In her place, she always spends time alone imagining what are the things there that she may not see inside the sea and what kind of life they have. She believes anything that she imagines. She believes anything she imagines will be the same as what she sees after she rises up. She is also always hopeful that she can meet the prince again and she can be human which has legs.

Since she believes that everything she imagines will come true, she always tries her best to prove it and to make it happen. Her belief that she will be able to reach the dream whatever it may cost shows indirectly that she is an optimistic, ambitious and brave girl. She will do anything to follow what she believes and she is so brave because in order to make her wish come true, she will do anything even though that will take risk. She strongly believes her thoughts and no one can ever change her mind. Her desire to become a woman comes after she sees the prince. After that, she rises to the place where she leaves the prince in hope she can see the prince again. She comes everyday just to see the prince. Although it is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

dangerous for her to rise up every day, she still does that because she believes she will meet the prince.

Her wants of becoming a human is bigger day by day, so she tries to find a way to be a human. Her grandmother tells her that it is so dangerous because although human has immortal soul, they do not live for long like mermaid does, about three hundred years. Knowing the truth, Little Mermaid still wants to be human as she tells her grandmother, “I would give all my three hundred years to be human being for one day, and afterwards to have share in the heavenly kingdom” (p. 11). From her statement, it shows that she is brave enough to sacrifice her life as mermaid and being optimist that she will be able to live as a human.

She knows that becoming human means she will lose her tail and she will successfully becomes human only if the prince loves her back. She is so optimist that she can be human, so she finds the witch and asks her to help her to be human. She is so brave to come to the witch’s place without her family knowing.

She leaves her family and chooses her own life to be human.

To be human, she must pay the witch her beautiful voice. Her desire to become a human is so big and she gives her beautiful voice in order to become human, which she actually knows that she will no longer talk and sing, and she will not be able to tell the prince that she has saved his life. Remembering she will be human, she wants to pay the witch. Little Mermaid knows the risks if she becomes human. There are many things she has to give up and many painful PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

things she might face after she changes herself, but she takes all the risks anyway as see agrees all the requirements the witch asks.

There are many things that she sacrifices to be a human which are leaving her family, losing her tail, losing her voice, and facing the death that may come to her life. She is so optimistic that she can be human and will find the prince. She is also brave enough to sacrifice many things in her life in order to become human and meet the prince. Once again, she must sacrifice one thing which is her life.

Her desire is not only to be with the prince but also to have immortal soul which means she becomes human. The fact that the prince cannot love her, she will only die. Then apparently, her sisters find a way on how to kill the prince before she finally meets her death. Instead of killing the prince, she lets herself die and dissolve into foam, the braveness of choosing death. Her braveness of losing her life also shows indirectly how generous she is that she lets herself to die instead of killing the prince.

The little mermaid drew aside the purple curtain from the tent and looked at the beautiful bride asleep with her head on the prince’s breast; she bent over him and kissed his fair brow, looked at sky where the dawn was spreading fast; looked at the sharp knife, and again fixed her eyes on the prince who, in his dream called his bride by name, yes! She was in his thoughts!- for a moment the knife quivered in her grasp, then she threw it far out among the waves now rosy in the morning light and where it fell the water bubbled up like drops of blood. (p. 20)

Little Mermaid’s characteristics are found both by direct presentation from the author and indirect presentation. Most characteristics can be found indirectly by analyzing her behavior, actions, and speech.

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3. Main Character’s Flaw in Fir Tree

The main character in this story is the fir tree itself, who never feels satisfied for anything that it has. The characteristics of the Fir Tree can be seen from how it is presented by analyzing using Perrine’s theory which is whether they can be presented directly or indirectly, and it also can be presented by both directly and indirectly. In the story, Fir Tree’s characteristics are ambitious, dreamy, enthusiastic, curious, ungrateful, insatiable, and optimistic.

The fir tree is so ambitious that it wants to get anything what it has in mind.

It never stops hoping that one day it will experience something like the other trees does. It does not stop feeling satisfied for something it has already achieved. In its mind there will be always ways to get and reach its dream. It shows indirectly when it is put in the shed, it is so ambitious that there will be someone helps it come outside to gather with the family. He is always being so ambitious in believing that it will gets everything it wants.

It is a dreamy fir tree who always imagines anything that the others have which he does not have. Its dream comes whenever the fir tree sees what other trees do. Seeing from the older trees do, it comes to its mind that what they do seems interesting, then the fir tree imagines how fun it is when he can be like the other older trees. Every imagination of the fir tree about the thing that the other fir trees experienced always comes as beautiful thing and never comes in its mind about the consequences that may happen. In its mind, being like the other fir trees seems cool and the fir tree is always excited about that. It never stops dreaming. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Its life is full of dreams. Every time it achieves one of the dreams, it will start adding other dreams that he wants to get. It is always excited in waiting the time when finally one by one of its dreams come true. There is no direct presentation from the author that the fir tree is dreamy, but it can be indirectly seen from its want to be like the others that in its imagination it will be better if he gets that.

“I wish I were as tall as the other trees, then I would spread out my branches on every side, and my top would over-look the wide world. I should have birds building their nests on my boughs and when the wind blew, I should I bow with stately dignity like my tall companions” (p. 1).

The fir tree expects that living like the adults, in this context as the older trees, is absorbing, it feels like it is the only and the biggest dream of the little fir tree. It brings pleasure to the fir tree to be tall and has long branches. Those statements indirectly shows that the fir tree is dreamy by seeing how it imagines other’s lives may be more interesting than its life. There are many indirect presentations that can be found from the story that show how dreamy the fir tree is. The first one is that it wants to grow older and taller by seeing the fir trees and pines that grow which grow around it as mentioned above. Then the other one is when it knows that the other trees are lopped off and taken away to be used as the material for the ship. What comes into fir tree’s mind is not the other thing but the feeling of going on the sea, so it wishes that he can grow taller so that it can sail the sea. As it is seen from its wish, “Oh, how I wish I were tall enough to go on the sea.” (p. 2). Another one can also be seen when the fir tree is finally cut down, be a Christmas tree and listen to a story about Humpty Dumpty from the family which gathers there. From the story, it remembers a pretty little birch tree which is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

considered as its princess that it likes. It imagines that he may marry the one that it loves. This statement comes when it talks to the mice about the Humpty Dumpty.

“Those were happy days, but they may come again. Humpty Dumpty fell down stairs, and yet he married the princess; perhaps I may marry a princess too” and the fir tree thought of the little birch tree that grew in the forest, which was to him a real princess (p. 8).

The fir tree is also always curious about what it feels like to be in the position that he has in his dream The fir tree wonders how great being growing up is, how great sailing the sea is, how great being tall and old enough to be useful for others and experience something new is. The fir tree is always curious and it tries to get to know about many things that it does not know before. It also wants to know what the older trees may do whenever they are lopped off and so on. Its curiosities that are shown in the story indirectly indicate that he is enthusiastic. It is always excited about something new, about growing old, bigger and taller so that he may be useful for others. Some of his acts show this kind of characteristic.

As it is seen when it has a conversation with the swallows and storks. It asks them about whether they know where the older trees that have been logged off are taken. He wonders where they are taken to, so he tries to find it out. After knowing that they are actually built becoming ship that go on the sea, the fir tree gets excited and wants to experience going to the sea. “Oh, how I wish I were tall enough to go on the sea,” said the fir tree. “What is the sea, and what does it look like?” (p. 2). The fir tree becomes curious about what will happen when he goes on the sea and what it feels like. The fir tree wants to know and what to experience it by itself. Indirectly, this statement tells that the fir tree being enthusiastic with the sea. The fir tree is often excited about many things, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

especially when it comes to the new adventure or something that it does not know before, like the example above. A quotation below shows another part which proves that the fir tree is an enthusiast.

“I wonder whether anything so brilliant will ever happen to me,” thought the fir tree. “It would be much better than crossing the sea. I long for it almost with pain. Oh! When will Christmas be he? I am now as tall and well grown as those which were taken away last year. Oh! That I where now laid on the wagon, or standing in the warm room, with all that brightness and splendor around me! Something better and more beautiful is to come after, or the trees would not be so decked out. Yes, what follows will be grander and more splendid. What can it be? I am weary with longing. I scarcely know how I feel.” (p. 3).

By that indirect presentation about how being excited even more than how it is excited about going on the sea shows enthusiasm in new journey and experience. Its expression shows excitement about that being a Christmas tree will be much more exciting than crossing the sea.

Another enthusiasm that has been shown by the little tree is after it is locked in the garret, someone finally takes the fir tree out from the room that it believes will be the day when it can be free from the loneliness and the dark place that it does not like. It is excited to be with the family again and expect something pleasing after that. He is so excited for that moment; then the servant dragged it out upon the staircase where the daylight shines. “Now life is beginning again,” said the tree, rejoicing in the sunshine and fresh air (p. 9). It is so excited but does not realize what happens after that. That statement also shows that the fir tree tries to think positively, even though after that he is put in the dark and quiet place that it does not like. It tries to think that maybe there is hope after this. As it always tries to give positive thought to itself that everything is ok, that it should be happy PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

of what happen and believe wonderful life awaits it (p. 9). From the quotation above, it tries to motivate itself that maybe it is the time when it can get its life again. Before the servant comes to the garret, it talks to himself this:

“It was very pleasant when merry little mice sat round me and listened while I talked. Now that is all passed too. However, I shall consider myself happy when someone comes to take me out of this place” (p. 9)

That means the fir tree tells itself that everything is ok, it convinces itself that someone will take him out from the dark and quiet room. From this, it is indirectly shows that the fir tree is also an optimistic one. It does not lose hope and faith, being enthusiastic helps it to think positively. Fir tree being positive is also shown when it is locked in the garret. First, it does not want to be put there and questioning why they put it there, but again it tries to have a positive thought that there is good reason why they put him in there. “I shall be sheltered here, I dare say, until spring comes. How thoughtful and kind everybody to me!” (pp. 6-

7). Even though it does not like to be put in that place, it still thinks about the possibilities and good reason about that. It is being optimist that someday it will soon gather with the family again and feel the warm and happiness.

Besides being optimistic and enthusiastic about many things, it is also ungrateful and insatiable. It does not feel satisfied for what it has and what it is. It wants something more and more every day after it reaches one of its dream. Every time it finally gets what it dreams of, it wants something else that is more attractive that it does not know or have before. There is no direct presentation which tells that the fir tree is ungrateful and insatiable, but indirectly it can be read from its behavior and act that he never satisfy of one thing and want something PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

more than that. It always wishes to own or experience something that is different from time to time, its dream is rapidly changing. First it wants to grow taller and be able to spread out the branches on every side, but it changes because it is not satisfied with it and he wants something more. Yet it remains unsatisfied, and it exclaims, “Oh, if I could but keep growing tall and old! There is nothing else worth caring in the world!” (p. 1) After it already grow taller and bigger, he sees other trees are brought on the sea, it comes to his mind that he also wants to experience what it feels to go on the sea. It is not enough for the fir tree. It also wants to be selected to be a Christmas tree. Again, it reaches this dream, but because it is ungrateful for his life, it still wants something more. The fir tree wants more and more until the destiny brings itself to a death which is chopped up to be fire woods.

B. Characters’ Flaws

1. Karen’s Flaw

From Karen’s characteristics above, there is one characteristic which is considered as flaw. The characteristic that can be considered as her flaw is being obsessive. It is because her obsession over the red shoes draws Karen in such an unlucky life, as according to Abrams, flaw is the character’s act that will bring them to unfortunate life. Her obsession becomes the main reason why the shoes at the end is stuck on her feet and cannot stop dancing and she finally decides to cut off her feet. Even though her flaw is being obsessive, the other characteristics also take some contributions to her downfall. Her flaw forces her to be egocentric, ignorant, stubborn, impulsive, and over confident. Her obsession brings her to the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

downfall, as in Aristotle’s theory that flaw will bring the character to such a downfall, and Karen’s downfall is when she finally cut off her feet and loses her mother. Her obsession takes control of her life which causes everything that leads

Karen to her downfall. Her obsession makes Karen being ignorant and it always wins so she does not care about anything else. She does not care about what others may feel towards the red shoes. She does not want to take care of her mother when she is sick but attending the grand ball only to wear her beloved red shoes.

Only if she does not follow her obsession over the red shoes, she will not have another pair of red shoes which cause her feet to dance continuously. Only if she does not have that obsession, she will not attend the ball only to wear the red shoes and be able to take care of her sick mother. Her flaw that is supported with her minor characteristics is bringing her to her downfall, losing her feet and her mother.

2. Little Mermaid’s Flaw

From Little Mermaid characteristics above, one characteristic is considered as flaw. The characteristic that can be considered as flaw is her ambition. Being ambitious draws Little Mermaid in misery, because according to Abrams, flaw is the character’s act that will bring them to unfortunate life. That characteristic shows some acts that bring Little Mermaid to suffer from many things such as broken heart and pain. She also ends her life which is her dream to live as human after sacrifices a lot of things. She is so curious about living outside the sea that brings excitement for her to live there. If she was not so ambitious, she would listen to her grandmother about the consequences that she might face when she PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

became a human, and then she would not follow her ambition and made them came true. She is so ambitious and believes that she will be happy when she becomes immortal as human and get the prince’s heart that actually drives her to an unfortunate destiny. She believes everything in her imagination. She follows everything she believes without knowing the consequences. She imagines once she has legs, she will be immortal and become human. She will be able to make the prince falls for her and lives together and forever. This ambition is unstoppable. She will do anything only to become a human. At the end of the story, what she expects does not come true, the prince does not love her and she ends her life. Only if she is not so ambitious that everything will go well as she imagine, she will not sacrifice anything and become meaningless in the end. Her optimistic and her braveness because of her ambition makes her able to do anything in order to make her dream comes true. She is so ambitious to make the prince hers so that she will become human, but the fact is that the prince falls for another woman.

Little Mermaid has suffered from the hard times because she has done something that she chooses for her life. She does not think the possibility may happen. Her acts show that she has flaw and it has driven her to an unpleasant destiny. If she is not being ambitious of being human she will not sacrifice anything she will not has legs and will forget about the prince. She will still live as mermaid, with her family.

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3. Fir Tree’s Flaw

From Fir Tree’s characteristics above, there is one characteristic which is considered as flaw. The characteristics that can be considered as flaw are its ambition. Its ambition makes it always being dreamy and enthusiastic draws Fir

Tree in misery because according to Abrams, flaw is the character’s act that will bring them to unfortunate life. That characteristics show some acts that bring Fir

Tree to suffer from many things such as leaving its friends and family and living alone with the strangers. The fir tree is so ambitious that it shall get anything it wants. The fir tree tries everything to make its dream comes true. At the end it is gone because it is chopped up to be fire woods. Even though its flaw is being ambitious, the other characteristics also give some contribution to its downfall. Its dream and curiosity lead it to a hard time. It is always enthusiastic to experience something new and it always gives the fir tree hope to grow better. Being dreamy makes him imagine anything to be good, that actually reality is not as good as in imagination. Being dreamy and enthusiastic makes it wants to know about many things and it can compare it to what happen or what he has. The fir tree sees its friends experience or do something that it has never done before. It influences the fir tree to feel enthusiastic to experience it by itself. Because of the lack of knowledge that is caused by its dream and curiosity, the destiny drags it into a downfall.

C. Relation Between Characters’ Flaw and Immaturity

After finding the characters’ flaw in each story, this part will relate how the immaturity which is shown in characters’ flaws. According to Gibson, there are PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ten characteristics of immature person as it is already mentioned in Chapter II, which later can be seen from the flaws of each character.

1. Relation between Karen’s Flaw and Immaturity

As it is told in part A, Karen’s flaw is her obsession over the red shoes. Her obsession represents how immature she is. After finding out the flaw, there are some things that share the same value with the characteristics of immaturity. The first characteristic that can be seen from Karen’s flaw is immature person is rigid and single-minded. It is told that Karen’s flaw is being obsessive over the red shoes. Her obsession brings her to a desire that all she needs is the red shoes and no other thing. Because of her obsession, when people tell her that the red shoes are not appropriate to be worn in the church, she does not listen to them. She does not believe any other idea and opinion because she already believes that it is ok to wear and own red shoes. Her obsession also leads her to think that even though wearing red shoes is not appropriate and she lies to her mother to own the red shoes again, she only believes in the idea that the red shoes will always win her heart and there is no problem in having desire to the red shoes. She will not admit that she does mistakes. It is just same as the second characteristics of immaturity which is having low stress tolerance. She expects that even though she makes mistakes, people still can understand and accept it so that she can wear red shoes again and again. Immature people do not think about consequences, they just do anything as the please, as long as they think that it will make them feel right, they will do that. Immature people do anything what makes them feel best. Since

Karen is so obsessed with the red shoes, the only thing that makes her feel best is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

when she own and can wear the red shoes every day. She just tries to fulfill that but does not think about the consequences what will happen when she finally own red shoes again because later her obsession is the one who will bring her to her downfall. Immature people always sees something from one point of view and do not want to see from other point of view. The only perspective that they think the right one is their own perspective. Same with Karen, her obsession makes her thinks that all she wants to do is wearing the red shoes. First when she decides to lie to her mother because she knows that her mother will not allow her to buy the red shoes, she does not think from her mother point of view. If she is mature enough to think as her mother, she may know and find out the reason why her mother does not allow her. Also when she wears the red shoes to the church, everyone stare at her and tell her not to wear the red shoes ever again when she goes to church, but she does not listen to them. She has her own believe that people cannot change it. It shows that Karen is a subjective person, it is because she does not want to listen others and stuck in her own belief.

The next characteristic of immaturity is almost the same as the subjective point of view which is have a little respect for differences. The immature person usually forces her belief to be accepted by others and expects that people will understand it. Karen is that type of person. She knows that people actually do not like her red shoes, but again her obsession drives her to think that like it or not people must accept it. The next characteristic that the immature person has is egocentric. In this characteristic, usually the immature people do not care about anything else except their selves to defense their selves because they are anxious PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

and insecure. Karen is an egocentric girl, she knows that her mother does not like the red shoes and she will not allow it, then she decides to lie. She decides to lie because she is afraid that she will never own a pair of red shoes anymore, so she must do something without considering her mother’s feeling. It is also shown when her mother is sick and she is invited to come to the party. She has the responsibility to take care of her mother but she chooses to come to the party instead of take care of her mother. It is because she is afraid that she will lose a chance to wear the red shoes if she does not come to the party. This also represents the other characteristic of immaturity which is self-preoccupied and self-involve. The way how Karen does her decision to lie to her mother and her plan to come to the party show that she make sure her needs are fulfilled. She does not think about the health of her mother but she still thinks of herself. Karen is so self-centered, her obsession makes her only think about herself because her greatest desire is the red shoes. Every time her mother successes taking off the shoes and put them away, Karen always hopes and tries anything so that she will be able to be with her red shoes again. It shows the other two characteristics of immaturity which are self-referential and like to be the center of the attention. She believes that her red shoes will come back soon to her life. All she does is shutting people down. When she put the red shoes on, when she is in the church, she loves that people stare at her because of the red shoes. Even though she knows that it because they do not like the red shoes, but she still feel pleasure and proud to wear the red shoes and steal their attention while actually they hate it so much. The last characteristic that immature people have is low empathy and emotionally PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

sensitive. Karen is so blind because of her obsession over the red shoes. She becomes ignorant and does not think about how to know other people’s feeling.

She cannot respect other’s feeling. Rather than listen to her mother’s words and being a good daughter, she lies to her mother to get a pair of red shoes. She takes advantage of her mother kindness to buy her shoes and clothes and how her mother cannot see clearly to own the shoes. She is not really thankful for that.

2. Relation between Little Mermaid’s Flaw and Immaturity

In part A, Little Mermaid’s flaw is her ambition to have feet and live as a human. In the way finding the flaw, which is her ambition, there are some things that show the ten characteristics of immaturity. It is already told in part A, Little

Mermaid’s flaw is her ambition to be a human. Her ambition represents the immaturity of human. As the flaw is already found out, it can be seen from the character’s flaw that it represents the ten characteristics of immature from a theory by Gibson. The first characteristic of immaturity that can be seen from Little

Mermaid’s flaw is rigid and single-minded. It is clear that her obsession is to be human, own feet, and marry the prince. All that she has in her mind is only that she wants to live as human. The reason why she wants to be human is because she thinks that being a human is a lot better than being a mermaid. All that she has on her mind is that human will have immortal soul while mermaid does not. She only has in his mind that being a human is better than a mermaid. She does not other parts that human life is not easy and the consequences she may face when she turns herself into human. She is very sure of that so that she does not want to think about any other possibility because she is already ambitious. The second PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

characteristic of immaturity is having low stress tolerance. Having low stress tolerance makes the person hard to calm down every time they are upset. They also expect other people to sooth them by doing what they want. She expects that, even though she makes mistakes because of loving human, people still can understand her feeling. After meeting with her prince in the shore, she always misses the prince and it makes her sad every day. She is upset that the meeting is too short. She cannot calm down, she only does mourning, being quiet and sad all day long. She expects that she can see the prince again, that is why then her sisters help her to come up and see the prince. Immature people do not think about consequences of doing something. They always just do anything as the please, as long as they think that it will make them feel right, they will do that. From the theory, immature people do anything what makes them feel best. The only thing that makes the little mermaid feel best is being human so that she can have immortal soul, experience human life, and see the prince every day. Her ambition always drives her to think like that. She tries so hard to fulfill that but does not think about the consequences what will happen when she finally becomes human.

Her grandmother tells her already that human may have immortal soul but they do not live for hundred years as mermaid. She also already gets warn from the witch that she will sacrifice her tail for the feet, she also sacrifices her voice. Immature people make decision so fast without thinking further the consequences. If little mermaid is emotionally mature enough, she will consider how she will tell the prince that she is the one who helps the prince when he is drown to the sea. She will not able to tell her feeling. As it is told by the witch that if little mermaid PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

cannot marry and makes the prince fall in love with her, she will die. Because of her ambition is so huge, she does not think that she will fail, she does not think that she will face that consequences.

Immature people always sees something from one point of view and do not want to see from other point of view. The only perspective that they thing the right one is their own perspective, it makes them subjective. Little mermaid is always thinks that her ambition of being human is the most right thing that she has in her life. She only thinks about her wants to be human and how she excited about it. She thinks that it is the right way for her to get what her wants. Her ambition is huge that no one cannot change her mind. Because of her ambition, whenever her grandmother, her sisters and the witch says about the human life is not as easy and pretty as in her mind, but she does not want to listen to it and keep going to reach her dream to be human. She only thinks that all she does is right and no one can stop her from changing herself into human. She only think that she will not fail being human, that is what she always has in her mind. She does not see from the point of view of the prince that is he also loves her back, or see the point of view as a mermaid that even though mermaid does not have immortal soul, they can live for three hundred years that is enough for her to spend her life with her lovely family that always love her. If she sees from other point of view she may find something different from what she believes that may help her to choose the right way. This does not happen because she is so immature that she always believes only with what she has in her mind. It shows that little mermaid is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

a subjective person, it is because she does not want to listen to others and stuck in her own belief.

The next characteristic of immaturity is having a little respect for differences. The immature person usually forces her belief to be accepted by others and expects that people will understand it. Little mermaid is also this kind of person. She knows that her family is disagree with her choice that she will change herself into human, but she still comes to the witch’s place. She believes that later her family will understand about her decision. Either they will like her decision or not she will not change her mind. The next characteristic that the immature person has is egocentric. In this characteristic, usually the immature people do not care about anything else except their selves to defense their selves because they are anxious and insecure. When little mermaid decides that she will leave the sea and her family, she does not care about her family’s feeling if they lose the one that they love the most. Her ambition drives her to be egocentric person that does not care to other people anymore, all little mermaid thinks is some ways to make her ambition is accomplished. This also represents the other characteristic of immaturity which is self-preoccupied and self-involve.

Little Mermaid chooses her decision to leave her home secretly that there will be no one stops her to come to the witch. She does not think about what her family feel if she leave them. Karen is so self-centered, her obsession makes her only think about herself because her greatest desire is becoming human and reunited with her prince. Not a single day that she is not imagining what will she does if she become human. It shows the other two characteristics of immaturity PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

which are self-referential and like to be the center of the attention. Since she has an ambition to be human, her family gives attention to her more. They are concerned about little mermaid’s life if she fail in her life as human being. All she tries to get the attention is always telling and asking if she becomes human to all of the family member. She only talks about herself to her grandmother, sisters, and her mother. She never talks about anything else except her ambition to be human. Whenever her sister got a chance to come up to the shore, she does not listen to their story or get excited for her sisters, but she only thinks for her time when she finally goes to the shore seeing something that human usually see. Little mermaid is so blind because of her ambition to become human. She becomes ignorant and does not think about how to know other people’s feeling. She cannot respect other’s feeling. Rather than listen to her grandmother that worries her, she leave home secretly to meet with the witch. She takes advantage of her mother kindness to buy her shoes and clothes and how her mother cannot see clearly to own the shoes. She is not really thankful for that. She is low empathy and emotionally sensitive to respect to the people that love her.

3. Relation between Fir Tree’s Flaw and Immaturity

As it has told in part A, Fir Tree’s flaws are its ambition. It wants something because it knows something new from what others have. It is always ambitious and enthusiastic in the way it wants to explore and experience something new. It can be found the ten characteristics of immaturity from his flaw. Fir tree’s flaw shares the same value with the characteristics of the immaturity. The first characteristic that can be seen from fir tree’s flaw is rigid and single-minded. The PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

fir tree is always excited about something new. It believes that after seeing the other trees experiencing certain thing, the only thing it has to do is also experience the same thing. There is no other way but to experience it by itself. It always has his own imagination about the experience that he dreams. It is being dreamy and enthusiastic makes it seeing anything based on its own imagination and understanding. As when it is kept in the shed, it meets a mouse. It asks the mouse about something related to what human do, because it always sees something enthusiastically, it does not get what the mouse try to tell to the fir tree. The mouse actually does not agree with the fir tree that when it goes outside gather with human it will be happy. Only if it is not so single minded it will be more understanding and can accept other opinion that maybe worth for it. It is just same as the second characteristics of immaturity which is having low stress tolerance. It expects that even though he makes mistakes, people still can understand and accept it so that it can experience new adventure again. Immature people do not think about consequences, they just do anything as the please, as long as they think that it will make them feel right, they will do that. Immature people do anything what makes them feel best. Since the fir tree is always enthusiastic to new adventure, it once left someone that it misses when it is no longer inside the forest. After it gets anything and travel outside, it misses the situation and atmosphere in the forest. That is why it is dreaming about experiencing living outside the house and meets other trees. It hopes that there is someone will take it outside as he wants it. The fir tree is always dreamy and enthusiastic to experience new adventure but it does not think about the consequences that it will face. It PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

does not think what will happen if it is cut down and being brought outside the forest. It only thinks everything that is the best for it at that moment. It just tries to fulfill that but does not think about the consequences what will happen when it experience anything inside its imagination, it is the one who will bring it to her downfall. It is represent the third characteristic of immature person which is doing what feel best. Immature people always sees something from one point of view and do not want to see from other point of view. There is no other perspective inside their mind, they think that their perspective is the right one. Same with the fir tree, it only sees how the other trees experience being brought to the see or being tall and being used as Christmas tree. It does not really know about what other feels, it is only guessing that it is fun. That is something that he always has in its mind. It also shows that the fir tree is subjective, it is because it does not want to listen others and stuck in its own belief. It does not get what the mouse say to it, because all it thinks is the excitement going outside gather with the family. The next characteristic of immaturity is almost the same as the subjective point of view which is have a little respect for differences. The immature person usually forces people or anything happen as what he/she has in their mind. The fir tree is that kind of person. It keeps dreaming and waiting when the time comes because it already believes that everything happens as it wishes. It is so blind, it does not get what the mouse is trying to say and to warn. It is either it tries not to believe what the mouse’s warn means or it is too blind to understand what the mouse trying to say. It is because the fir tree only believes in itself. The next characteristic that the immature person has is egocentric. In this characteristic, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

usually the immature people do not care about anything else except their selves to defense their selves because they are anxious and insecure. The fir tree is an egocentric one, not everything it has in his dream can come true, but it still forces that it will come true. Then, anything it wishes comes true. It is so selfish that everything should go as it pleases. It is insecure that he cannot experience those new adventures that he already has in its dream, so it believes that it will always come true. This also represents the other characteristic of immaturity which is self-preoccupied and self-involve. The way how the fir tree always imagine itself experiencing the thing that the other trees experience shows that it is self-centered.

Its enthusiast makes him only focus on himself. According to the theory, Gibson says that Terms like self-absorbed and narcissistic make it sound as if these people enjoy thinking about themselves all the time, but they really have no choice in the matter. The fir tree is always thinks about itself, how exciting when it is tall, how it will travel the sea, how fun to be gather with the family in the winter season and so on. It thinks that it must experience that, it must be involved in his own imagination. It shows the other two characteristics of immaturity which are self- referential and like to be the center of the attention. The way how it thinks that he must be involved in his own imagination shows that it wants to be the center of attention of its own imagination. There is no other character can take its place. Its own self is the one who can make its imagination complete. As it sees the other trees growing, it is not thinking about how lucky they are or about what they feel but focusing on how it will experience that by itself. This is because it is always enthusiastic for the new adventure. The last characteristic that immature people PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

have is low empathy and emotionally sensitive. The fir tree is so blind because of its enthusiast and dream to always experience new adventure. It becomes ignorant and does not think about how to know other people’s feeling. He cannot respect other’s feeling. Rather than enjoying the moment of growing with his trees or with human on Christmas day, it thinks another dream that always makes it enthusiast.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the researcher states the conclusion of the analysis from the previous chapters. There are three characters that have been analyzed from

Andersen’s three selected fairy tales.

From the Red Shoes, the character that has been discussed is Karen. There are several characteristics of Karen. She is an obsessive girl who loves red shoes very much. She is also an egocentric, ignorant, and stubborn girl because she does not want to listen to other’s opinion and does anything she likes. She is an impulsive girl who always makes decision without thinking further about the risk.

Yet, she is a confident girl that always thinks beautifully whenever she wears the red shoes. Among those characteristics, Karen’s flaw is her obsession. The most significance one that brings her to her downfall is her flaw but her other characteristics also contribute in leading her to her downfall. It is because the obsession which is the one force her to be ignorant, egocentric, stubborn and impulsive that later bring her life into downfall. Her obsession over the red shoes is the cause when she at the end cannot stop dancing and decides to cut off her feet.

In The Little Mermaid, the character that has been discussed is Little

Mermaid. According to the story, Little Mermaid is quiet, curious, thoughtful and dreamy. Even though she does not talk much and easy to express her feeling, she always wants to know about the life of human. She always tries to get information

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about it from her grandmother and her sisters or find it by herself. She is also a generous girl because she does not want to hurt the people she loves so that she sacrifices herself. She is also an ambitious, hopeful, and optimistic person. Her desire and ambition to be human is big but she never gives up to get any information about human life or to try to be human. She believes that one day she will be human. Little mermaid is so brave to face the witch alone and sacrifices her voice and tail to get feet. From those characteristics, Little Mermaid’s flaw is her being ambitious. It brings her to her downfall where she loses a chance to be human, lose her prince and disappears from the human life. The other characteristics also give contribution in leading her to her downfall since the flaw take significance role in forces her to be hopeful, brave, curious, thoughtful, and dreamy so that she find a way that she thinks it can help her but actuallyit leads her to her death.

In the last fairy tale, The Fir Tree, the character that has been studied is Fir

Tree. The characteristic of Fir Tree is ambitious, dreamy, curious, and enthusiastic. The fir tree is so ambitious and excited over new things and new adventures that it can think about it every single time. It is also optimistic but ungrateful and insatiable. It is always sure that it can get anything it wants and that it will be like the other trees, but whenever it can get one of its dreams, it still wants something else that it thinks are more interesting. From those characteristics, its flaw is being ambitious. Being ambitious becomes the significance one that put him to a misery, but the other characteristics such as dreamy, enthusiastic, and curious also contribute to bring the fir tree to the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

downfall because in the end it will be cut down as the fire woods and it can no longer have dream at all.

The immaturity can be seen from the characters’ flaws because they show all of the ten characteristics of immature person. In brief, they are all ignorant, single minded, subjective, and self centered.

Karen is ignorant not to think about other’s feeling but still forcing herself to own red shoes even though there are many things against it. She is also single minded and subjective, she always does something based on her own command and her belief. She does not open for other opinion, all she thinks is that her perspective owning and put the red shoes on her feet is nothing wrong and no one can blame her for that. The last one Karen is so self-centered, she thinks that either agrees or not people must fulfill her need to wear and own the red shoes. This immaturity of Karen brings her to her downfall when she later will cut her feet because the shoes stuck on her feet.

The little mermaid is ignorant because she does not care about what other people may feel when she finally decides to change herself into human. She does not really care if her family will be sad or feel lost. She is also single minded and subjective, she always does something based on her own command and her belief.

She does not open for other opinion, all she thinks is that her belief is the only one that brings her to her happiness. The last one Karen is so self-centered, she thinks that either agrees or not her family must accept and support her decision. This immaturity of little mermaid brings her to her downfall when she later will lost her PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

life as mermaid, lost her family, and dies because the prince does not love her back.

The fir tree is ignorant because she does not care about what other people feel, he only focus on how he can fulfill his dream. It is also single minded and subjective, he does not see from other point of view except from his own understanding. The last one the fir tree is so self-centered, it thinks that he always experience anything. This world is about he and his dream. This immaturity of the fir tree brings it to its downfall when it later will cut off as the fire woods.

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REFERENCES

Abrams, M.H. (1996) A Glossary of Literary Terms 7th Edition. Texas: Earl McPeek.

Andersen, Han Christian. (1884). Fir Tree, Denmark: C.A Reitzel.

Andersen, Han Christian. (1837) The Little Mermai. Denmark: C.A Reitzel.

Andersen, Han Christian. (1845) Red Shoes. Denmark: C.A Reitzel.

Arp, Thomas R & Greg Johnson. (2012). Perrine’s Story and Structure Thirteen Edition. Boston: Wardsworth.

Ariel, Shlomo & Brian Sutton-Smith. (2002). Children’s Imaginative Play: A Visit to Wonderland. London: Westport.

Bjorklund, David S. (1997). The Role of Immaturity in Human Development, Psychological Bulletin, 122(2), 153-169.

Gould, Thomas. (1965). The Innocence of Oedipus: The Philosophers on Oedipus the King, A Journal of Humanities and the Classics, 4(3), 363-386.

Jersild, Arthur Thomas. (1960) Child Psychology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Gibson, Lindsay C. (2015). Adult Children of Emotionally Immature Parents. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.

Hunt, Peter. (2004) International Companion Encyclopedia of Children Literature 2nd Edition, Volume 1. New York: Routledge Ltd.

Klarer, Mario. (2004). An Introduction to Literary Studies 2nd Edition. Darmstadt: Wissenchaffliche Buchgesellchaft.

Mussen, Paul H. (1963). The Psychological Development of the Children. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Mussen, Paul H, John Janeway & Kagan Jerome. (1969). Child Developmental & Personality 3rd Edition. New York: Harper & Row.

Robson, W.W. (1982). The Definition of Literature and Other Essays. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Rohrberge, Mary & Samuel H. Woods. (1971). Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House.

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Ryan, Michael. (2012). An Introduction to Criticism Literature/Film/Culture. Boston: Willey-Blackwell. Warren, Austin. (1956). Theory of Literature Third Edition. New York: Harcount, Brace & World Inc.

Watson, G.J. (1983). Drama: An Introduction. Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

APPENDIX

Summary of Andersen’s Fir Tree, Little Mermaid, and Red Shoes

In the Fir Tree, there is a young fir tree that is always enthusiastic to the new things. The fir tree wants to experience something new. It is so dreamy that whenever it sees something or other tree has something that it does not has before, it is always excited and interested in that thing. When it is so young and not as tall as other trees, it is excited to wait when its time comes to be like the other trees.

Whenever it finally gets what it wants and its dream comes true, it always has another new dream. When it finally as tall as the other trees, it sees the trees are cut down and brought sail the sea. It imagines how amazing will be if it experiences himself sailing the sea. He gets another dream by seeing the other what happen to the other trees and it imagines that if it experiences it by himself that will be fun. It is always enthusiastic for any dream that it has without knowing further the consequences or what really happen to every dream it has. At the end, because it always sees everything enthusiastically, it does not know what danger may come, it is cut into fire wood.

Little Mermaid is a story about an ambition of a mermaid to be human because she falls in love to a man and she wants to get and immortal soul. Her ambition comes when she is sixteen, when she finally get the chance to go in the shore and experience by herself seeing human world. When she goes up to the surface, she meets a prince and saves his life. That is when his ambition comes.

After falls for the prince, she is curious about the human world. She asks to her PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

grandmother anything related to the human thing. Then, she knows that even though mermaids can life for 3000 years old but they do not have immortal soul, after they die they will disappear. It is different with human, they may die on the age around seventy but after they die, their soul is immortal. Her ambition is getting bigger that she tries anything in order to be human. She finds out a way that will help her to be human. Her grandmother tells her that the one that can help her is the witch. Even though she60 knows that going to the witch may be dangerous, but since her ambition is so big, she bravely goes to the witch place to ask for a help. In the witch place, she tells little mermaid that she will sacrifices many things to get feet. She also tells the possible consequences if she cannot make the prince falls in love with her, she will lose the chance to be human and die. She also sacrifices her voice, her tail and her family. Her ambition forces her to be brave and agree to sacrifice all of that. When she finally becomes human, she meets to the prince. She lives with the prince but she is not able to tell the prince that she is the one who saves his life because the witch takes her voice away. The prince misunderstand that there is another girl who saves his life and the prince falls for that girl. This makes Little Mermaid fails and she has to face her death soon. At the end, she cannot life with her prince and she dies.

Red Shoes is a story about a little girl named Karen who falls in love with red shoes until it is being an obsession for her. She cannot live without the red shoes, she always thinks about the red shoes. First, she gets a pair of red shoes from a shoemaker as a gift, and that is the first time she becomes deeply in love with the red shoes. Her obsession controls her life and her mind. She is so PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

obsessive that she wants to wear the red shoes everywhere and anytime, even in her mother funeral she wears the red shoes while actually wearing red shoes in the funeral is considered inappropriate. After that there is an old woman that wants to take care of Karen as her daughter. The mother throws the red shoes away, but

Karen still obsessive over red shoes. She is so obsessive that she will do anything in order to own and wear the red shoes anytime. She even lies to her mother to get the red shoes, wears the red shoes once again to the funeral, and attends the ball only so that she can wear the red shoes. One day, the red shoes dance by itself when Karen wears them. They cannot stop dancing until at the end Karen decides to cut her feet to free them from the unstoppable dancing red shoes.