Taylor& Francis ffi Taylor& FrancisCroup Marine turtlesin :On the vergeof extinction? Eng-HengChan rurtte Researchand Retnbititariott untt' Inst,";ii;:!,";i:;"f;,:::;;::''^;';;::::i/i sainsdcm retnotogi Matat'siu

E-ntai I ; ehchan@;;kus tent. e clu.nn,

Fou'spec'ies of ntcu'irteturtles 0eatherback, green tuu'tle,hav,ksbill and olit,e ridlev) are.fotnd in ltlctlct.t,sia. Currettt s'tcttisticsinclicate that the leatherback and olive ridlett tut'tles at'e on the t,erge o.fextirtction itt Mala.t,sict,. v'hile other species, exclucling the green tut'tles oJ'the Sabah Ttn'tle Islands, are in steady decline. Consturtptit,e utilization in the.fornt of egg exploitation until recentlt,, toolt pluce ntainly in . Turtles are also being used to pt'ontote tourisnt in Tet'engganu and Sabalt. Population decline is attr"ibutecl to a long histott; oJ'egg etploitation, conunercial ltLuttirtg and hcus:estingof marine turtles in neighbouring c:otmtries,.fishing ntortalih', loss of nesting ltabitats, ntat'ine pollution, negatit,e irnpacts of touristu and the lack of a national strategt,otl ntarirte turtle conset'vatiott. Marine tn'tle conserycttiott elforts in Malavsia ore nol lacking, bti need to be upgraded cmd coot'dirtcrted.Legislation onto,tg the various stcrtesof'Malaysia should be hannonizecl to ensru-e greoter protection .fot' these endangered animals. Es'istirtgegg ittctrbatiotl pt'ogranmles should be expanded to secure a higlter let,el of egg prolection. More sanctuaries should be established in kev nestinq sitesanc! Malal,sict should joitt her neighbows in ratif)ting cutent regiottal instrmnents ainted at marine ttn.tle consert)atrcn.

Kewvords: nesting trends, population threats, utilization, rranagement and couservation

Introduction nlaltagement and conservation ileasrlres under-- taken locally and regionally to help restore the Marine turtles lank alroltg the bettel-knowlt sea populatior.rs. creaturesin Malaysia,with a conservationhistory dat- ing back to the i950s. Tliey havebeen rvell studied and nuch lias been written about them in tlie 1ocal Malaysian species media,popular ma_qazines, as well as in scientificjour'- trals(see Clian, 1991;Chan and Liew, 1996,2002a: Four of the sevenextat.rt species of marine turtles Chan and Shepherd 2002; Lierv, 1999). Notwith- occurin Malaysia(Figures I and2). standing, tl.re survival of these ar.rirnals,like many Tlre leatherback tr-rrtle (Derntocheh,scoriacea') other u.'ildlife, is threatened.Some specieslike the t.restsprimarily on the rnainlandbeaches of Tereug- leatherbackand olit,e ridley turties are on the vergeof ganu, along a 15 krn stretch of beach centred in extinctior.r,while otherspecies struggle to sr"rrvivein the RantauAbang. The greer.rtwtle (Chelonia nt,das) ts faceofcontinued exploitationand otheranthropogenic n-rorewidely distributed,with the most importantnest- tirleats. ing populationsoccurling in the Sabaliand Sarawak This chaptel will provide a brief introdric- Tr-rrtleIslands. Otlier nestingbeaches can be found in tion to the species of marine turtles found in Terengganu(mainly in Redangand PerhentianIslands, Malaysia, current status of nesting densiry nesting Kernarnanand Kerteli), (Cliendor ar-rd Chelat- trends,utilization, causes of populationdecline, and ing),Perak (Pantai Remis) and Sipadan lsland in Sabah.

175

AtluttticEcost,stetn Health & A4anagentent,9(2):175-18:1,2006.CopyLight O 2006AEHMS. ISSN: 1463-4988print / 1539-4077online DOI: I 0.1080/1463.198060070 I 559 t76 Chan/Aquatic EcosrstentHeqlth and MarrutleDrcnt9 (2006) 175-184

Figure l. Marine turtles of Malaysia. Adapted from a poster by the QueenslandDeparlrnent of Environr.nentaiHeritage

The hawksbill turtle (Eretnochelys intbricata.) has Johoreand elsewhere. The nestingstatus of the oliveri- only rwo remainingimportant nesting populations. in dley (Lepidochelvsolivacea) is fragmentary,with iso- the SabahTirrtle Islands(principally GulisaanIsland) lated casesof nestingreported in the SarawakTurtle and Melaka, with remnant populations in Terengganu, Islands,Penang, Terengganu and (Figure 2). Clnn/Acluatic EcosvstentHealth and fu[anagement9 (2006) 175-184 177

-t F.,+k"efr I Turtle / Islands i-:*,,tl South Llhina Sea

tu t I !H I:i,frnrtrak t t Tutlle t Islsnds ( I 'St$-t-rt

I = = Green Tur{t H Hat'hbill Turth fl= Olive Riitley Turih } I*athutlttck Turtb

Figure 2. Marine turtle nestingsites in N'lalaysia.

Current population status sufficiently to provide a clear picture of the nesting trends,but anecdotalevidence suggests declines ofover and nestingtrends 80%0.Current nestingdensity averages2,000 per year The populationstarus of marinetLrrtles is measured (Figure6). by the numberof nestsprodr-rced by the variousspecies Nesting trendsin the green turlles of the Sarawak per -y-ear,a figure that can be convenientlydetermined TurtleIslands over the last 3 0 yearsappear to be in equi- by countingthe numberof nestsdeposited on thenest- libriurr, with two to threethor"rsand nestings occurring ing beaches.This figure doesnot providean indication per year (Figure 7). However,in the eariy 50's, nest- of the acrualpopulation size since it rneasuresonly the ings ofover 20,000per year were recorded,indicating nlatlrrefemale turtles that ascelldthe beaches to lay be- a declineof over90% (Tisenand Bali, 2000). tweenfour to six clutchesof eggsper nestingseason. Only thegreen tuftle populationsof the SabahTurtle Tlie tr-rrtiesdo not nest every year, with each nestiug Islandshave stageda recovery,with current densities cycle separatedby an interval oftwo to eight years. of over 8,000 nestingsper year representinga three- Exceptfor the Sabahpopulations. rnost nesting fold increaseover levels recordedin the early 1980's trendsare in decline.The most dramatic declinesare (Figure 8). This remarkablerecovery is attributed to erhibitedin the leatherbacks.hawksbills and olir,,e rid- bold conservationdecisions rnade by the SabahCiov- leys of Terengganuwhere currentnesting numbers in- ernmentmore than 20 -vearsago in the 1970'swhen the dicatethat thesespecies are virtually extinct(Figures 3 Turtle Islandswere compulsorily acquired from private to 5). Available recordsindicate that the leat}rerback ownershipto provide completeprotection to the nest- populationhas plurnmetedfrom 10.000aluual nest- ing turtles and their eggson the islands.However, the rugsin the eally i950's to lessthan a dozenin recent hawksbillpopulations in Sabahhave not faredas well years(Chan, i991,2004; Chan and Liew, 1996,2001). and appeal'to havedeclined steadilyover the last ten Althorigh historicaldata is not availablefor the hawks- years( Figure 9 ). Currently,nesting density ranges from bill and olive ridleysof Terengganu,their declinesare 400 to 500 per year.The otherhawksbill nesting popu- no less dramaticthan the leatlierbacks.Green turtle lationof impoltanceoccurs in Melakarvhere over 250 populatior.rsin TerengganuhAve not been rnonitored nestsper vearcan still be fbund (FigureI 0). 178 Chun/Atltrtttic Etost.vIent Heultlt uncl A4cutugenrc)119 (2006) I75--I81

600

a

F 400 a z

200

0: 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Year

Figure 3. Nestingtrends in leatherbacktul-tles, Terengganu.

140

120 100 o 80 r: a o z 60 40

20 0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Year

Figure 4. Nesting trendsin halr,ksbillturtles, Terengganu

500 .

400 l I I o 300 E o o z 200

100

0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Year

Figure 5, Nesting trendsin olive ridley turtles,Terengganu. Chun/.4quuticEcost,.stent Health untl lt'lnnogenletll9 (20(.)6)175-184 119

6000 l 5000 l

o 4000 gt :it 3000 -l o q) z 2000

1000

0 1984 1986 1988 'f990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Year

Pigure 6. Nesting trendsin greentuftles, Terengganu.

4000

3 rooo E o 2 zooo

1000

0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 Year

Figure 7. Nestrngtrends in greenturtles, Sarawak Turtle lslands.

12000; 10000l 3' 8000l SabahTurtle lslands l E 6000 zo - 4ooo 2000

1970 1990 Year

Figure 8. Nesting trendsin gleen turtles,Sabah r80 Chctn/AquaticE(os.t'stetn Health und Mcutogelnent9 (2006) 175-184

1000 I 800

g 600 F o 2 400

200

1970 1980 1990 2000 Year

Figure 9. Nesting trendsin hawksbill turtles, SabahTurtle Islands. Utilization Turtle rvatching is popular as furtles are non- aggressiveand can be watched at close range if the Although marineturtles have been used for decades touristsare controlled.Tourists visit SelingaanIsland by the people of SoutheastAsia in many different in the SabahTurtle Islandsprirnarily for the purpose ways, utilization in Malaysia has traditionally cen- of watching nesting tultles and the releaseof hatch- tered around egg exploitation and more recently,iu lings. In SipadanIsland, Sabah, diving with the turtles the tourism and educationalarenas. Widespread con-r- constitutesone ofthe n-rajorattractions. A few hotels rnercial egg collection in Terengganutook place un- alongthe east coast of Per.rinsularMalaysia utilize turtle ti1 as recently as 2004 where the local governnent watchingas one of their seilingpoints. Recently. public used to issue licensesto the local villagers by ten- educationalcomponents have been incorporatedinto der. The income generatedhas been estimatedat no turtleconservation projects. The long-terrntagging and more than RM100,000 per year, approximately$27, in-situ incubationproject conductedby the Turtle Re- 000 US., (Chan and Shepherd,2002). Hower/er.cor11- searcl'rand Rehabilitation Unit of Kolej UniversitiSains mercial egg exploitationin the statehas been curbed dan Tekrologi Malaysia (KUSTEM) has developeda since2005 when mzrjornesting beaches rvere declared successfulvolunteel proglamme tluough wllich mem- sancfuarles. bers of the public are given an insiglit and hands-or.r

s00- t 400I

o 300+ tr) I '€ o q, I z 200

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Year

Figure 10. Nesting trendsin harvksbillturtles. Melalia Chan/ Aquatic Ecos.t'stetnHeulth anclMonugenlent 9 e00O I75-l81 181 experiencein a grass-rootsturtle conservationproJect RedangIsland, Terengganu and the SarawakTlrrtie Is- (Chan and Liew 2002b). This idea has been adapted landsmigrate to near-shorefeeding grounds occurring by the FisheriesDepartment in the Ma'Daerah Turtle in theterritorial waters of countriesbordering the South Sanctuaryin Terengganuwhere the public can spend ChinaSea as well asthe Sulu-Sulawesi Sea (Liew et al., a weekendat the sanctuarywatching and interacting 1995; Bali et al., 2002). with the turtles. The fishing industry is well establishedin coastal areaswhere turtle nestingoccurs. Fishing gearsuch as Causesof population decline trawl nets,drift nets,fish traps,long lines,purse seines, ray nets (pukat pari), lift nets, and even beach sernes A long history ofintensiveegg expioitation has been have been identified to impact sea turtles (Chan and named as one of the major causesof population de- Lieu'. 2001). Rate of capturein Terengganuwas high cline. In Terengganuand Sarawakwhere hatchery pro- in the past where over 700 turtles were estimatedto granxrleshave been in place since the 50's and 60's, drownin trawlnets each year (Chan et al., 1988),com- continuedegg harvestfor many decadeshas led to the paredto lnore recelltestimates of 50 turtles drowning failure to protect sufficient numbers of marine tuftle per year (Chanand Liew, 2001).Fishing mortalify is eggsrequired for populationrnainteuance. Government corloboratedbystrandings ofturtles (Figure I 1) where sanctioningof cormrercial sale of turtle eggs in the a total of 188 carcassesattributed to incidentalcapfure markets in Terenggannhave also encouragedsmug- in fishinggear have been recovered from the beachesof gling of rurtle eggsfrom placeswhere its saleand ex- Ter-engganubetu'een 1 99 0-9 5 (Ramli and Hi eu',I 999). ploitation havebeen banned. Fishingmortality occursnot only in insholeterritorial In Malaysia,the practice ofhunting andslaughtering waters,but in the high seasas well which aretraversed of turtlesfor their meator otherproducts does not ex1st. by the turtlesduring their long-distancernigrations be- However, commercial harvesting of turtles in neigh- tweenfeeding ar.rdnestir-rg grounds. bouring countriescan impact locai populatioirssince Loss of nestinghabitats is expectedin Malaysia marine turtles are highly migratorl,. Satellitetlaclting u,hereprine beachesare being developedfor tourisnr. studieshave demonstrated that greenturtles that nestirt Except in places where furtle sanctuarieshave been

= K* Figure 11. Autlior measuringa greenturtle carcassstranded in Chendeling.Terengganu in Aplii 2002 182 Chan/ Aquatic Ecost,stentHealth and lt'lunugenrcilt9 (2006) I75-l61 established(e.g., Sabah and SarawakTurtle Isiands; dinance1998 (Tisen and Bali, 2000; Underthis ordi- RantauAbang. Ma'Daerah and majol nestillgbeaches nance,exploitatior.r and trade in ai1marine turtles, their in Perheirtianand Redar-rgIslands in Terengganu), eggsand any derivativeor ti.reirparts, are prohibited), beachfrontdeveloprnent threatens other existing nest- and Sabahwhich prohibits con-rmercialexploitation of ing beaches.Pulau Upeh in Melaka, an importantnest- marine turtles and their eggs,legislation in the other ing site for the only remaininghawksbill populationof statesis inadequate.There is no uniformity and itr most importance in PeninsularMalaysia has also been re- of PeninsularMalaysia, all marineturtie eggs(except cently sold to a private conglomeratefor development leatherbackeggs in Terengganuand Paliang)are freely (Kevin and Shanna,personal conmunication). and 1egal1ytraded in the local markets,except in Perak Marine pollution car.rdegrade feeding groundsand and Melaka. There is thus a need at the federal level impact marine turtles.There is ampleevidence of pol- to review and hannonize all existing statelegislature lution and persistentdebris in the South China Sea into a new and effectivelegislation for adoptionby all (Law and Rahimi, 1986;Chan et al., 1996;Chan and states. Liew, 2003), althouglino studiesirave been conducted Two fisherieslaws arecurrently in effectfor the off- locally to deten.ninethe interactions.Organochlorine shoreprotection of marineturtles (Ciran, 1993). The compouirds,hear'y metals, hydrocarbons and radionu- FisheriesRegulations (Prohibition of Fishing Meth- clides liave been found in the eggsand tissuesof sev- ods) 1985,Ar.nendment 1989 bans the use of large eral speciesof marinefurtles in the US, AscensionIs- mesh(exceeding24l5 cm) sunkengill netsfor tire cap- land and France,but tlieir physiologicaleffects are not ture of rays.The Fisheries(Prohibited Areas) (Rantau lanou'n(National ResearchCouncil, 1990).Persistent Abang)Reguiations I 991 createdan offshoresanctuary debris is of seriouscorlcern as nufirerouscases of ac- in RantauAbang wherefishing activitiesare regulated cidentalingestion of plastic bagsand entanglementin during the nesting seasons.Enforcement is irnportant monofilament fishing line and discardedfishing nets if theseregulations are to be effective. have been documented(National ResearchCouncil, Malaysia has a long history of turtle egg protec- 1990). tion programlres,colnpared to other SouthEast Asian Marine turtles can be used to promote tourism in countries.Egg incubationin hatcherieswas initiated in a non-consur-nptiveway. However, negative impacts the early 1950'sin Sarawakand 1960'sin Terer.rgganu become evident when guidelinesfor turtle conserva- andSabah, 1911in Pabangand early 1990's in Melaka tion are not adequatelylaid down or nandated. Ovet- and Perak.Except for the Sabahpopulations, most of developmentof fragileislands that provide nesting sites these efforts have not been rnanifestedin population fbr marineturties can quickly leadto the destructionof recoverybecause of inadequatenumbers of eggspro- nestingas well asfeeding irabitats. Increased speedboat tected.Other factors,such as incubationofthe eggsat traffic is often associatedincreased mortalities of turtles temperaturesleading to all male, or all female hatch- causedby propeller hits. Activities suchas snorkeling ings, and loss of adult populationsof turtles through and scubadiving canbe incompatiblewith turtleswhen fishing andpollution, arealso serious issues. However, tourists are iil inforrned and negativelyimpact turtles Sabahstarted protecting close to 100% ofthe green in the water by handling,grabbing, or riding them. turtle eggs depositedin the early 1970's(see section One of the causesof population declinecan be at- on nestingtrends) followed by Sarai.vakin 1999.Level tributedto lack of coordinatedefforts between the var- of egg protectionin Terengganuhas increasedsignif- ious agencieswhich undertaketurtle conservationpro- icantly since 2005 when all major nestingbeacl'res in granmes! and tlie lack of a nationalpolicy or strategic the statewere declaredsanctuaries. Tur1le conserva- plan on rnarineturtle conservation. tionists advocatethat in heaithy populations,at least I)Vo of theeggs deposited must be incubatedto ellsure populationsustainability. In impoverishedpopulations, Conservationand management it is imperativethat 100% of the eggsbe protectedto measures providehope for populationrecovery. Turtlesanctuaries have been established at somekey The managementand conservation of marinefurties nestinglocations shown in Table i. In order to secure comesunder the purview of stategoverrunents, some all nesting sites of significanceand to preveut thetr.t ofwhich have legislationspecifically for this purpose. from further degradation,more sanctuariesshould be However, except for Sarawakwhich has updated con- establishedat the locationsshown in Table2. As long servationfireasures undel the Wildlife ProtectionOr- as important nesting sitesare not accordedsanctuary Chan/ Atltntic Ecost'stentHealth anclMtutagenlenl 9 (20()q I 75 I81 r83

Table 1. Turtle sanctuariesthat havebeen establishedin Malaysia and SoutheastAsia was concludedin 2001.Malaysia hasyet to ratify the latter.At the global leve1,the Con- Year vention on hrternationalTrade in EndangeredSpecies State Name of sanctuary established of Wild Faunaand Flola (CITES). of which Malaysia is parry servesto curb internationaltrade of marine Telengganu Rantau Abang Turtle 1988 turtles and their parts. Sanctuary Ma' DaerahTurtle 2003 Sanctuary Acknowledgements Nesting beacheson 2005 The authoris indebtedto the FisheriesDepartment RedangIsland of Malaysia, SabahPar-ks Authority, the Wildlife De- Nesting beacheson 2005 pafiment of Sabahand the SarawakForestry Depart- PerhentianIsland ment for providing statisticson turtle nestingdensiry. Sabah Turtle IslandsPark I 984 Figuresand graphswere produced with the help of Mr. Sarawak Talang-SatangNational 1999 JeremyLiew Jee Weng. ProfessorFatimah Yusoff of Park Universiti Putra Malaysia is thankedfor her patience in awaitingthe preparationof this chapter. status,developrnent will take place and render them unsuitablefor turtlenesting. References Public education and awarenessis often cited as Bali, J. H., Liew,H. C.. Chan,E. H.. Tisen,O. B., 2002.Long dis- an important issue in endangeredspecies conserva- tancemigration ofgreen turtlesfi'om the SarawakTurtle lslands, of tion. The Malaysian public is quite well informed Malaysia.pp. 32-33. In: A. Mosier,A. Foley,B. Brost (Eds.), the statusof marine turtles in the country as the local Proceedingsof the Twentieth Anr.rualSyrnposiunr on Sea Turtle media has provided ample coverage.Other activities Biology and Conservation,2000 Feb 29-Mar 1.: NOAA Tech. such as long term turtle volunteerprogramlnes, turtle Memo NMFS-SEFSC-447.Orlando. Florida. carnpsand other awarenessprogramlnes conductedby Chan, E. H., 2004. Turtles in trouble. Siri Syarahan Inaugural the FisheriesDepartment, World Wide Fund for Na- KUSTEM: 7(2004). ISBN 983-2888-07-7.Kuala Telengganu, Malaysia. ture Malaysia and the Turtle Researchand Rehabili- Chan. E. H., 1993. Interactionsbehveen fisheries and sea turties. tation Unit of KUSTEM have helped increasepublic Fishmail5(3), 12 15. awarenesson marinerurtles. Chan,E. H., 1991.Sea Tur-tles. In: R. Kiew (Ed.),TheState q/ Narwe At the regional levei, some initiatives have been Cortsenatiortitt Mala$io.pp. 120 134.MalayanNatureSociety made to develop regional marine conservationpro- and Intenational Developmentand ResearchCenter of Canada. granunes.The Tirrtle IslandsHeritage Protected Area Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Fi- (TIHPA), a transboundaryprotected area in the Sulu Chan, E. H., Lie*l H. C., 2003. Tar ball at Terengganu'sCoast. nal report subrnitted to ExxonMobil Exploration and Produc- and the Sea u,as establishedin 1996 between Sabah tion Malaysia Inc. under AgreementNo. PCP 1104.Faculty of Philippines to jointly manage the large turtie popu- Science and Techlology, Kolej Universiti Sains dan Tekrologi, lations occurring there. The Memorandun of Under- Malaysia. standingon ASEAN SeaTurtle Conservationand Pro- Chan, E. H., Lies,, H. C., 2002a.Interactions between fishing gear tection was signedin 1997while the Memoranduri of andsea turtles in Terengganu.Paper presented at theAsian-Japan Understandingon the Conservationand Management Wortshop on CooperativeSea Turtle Researcl.rand Conservation. 2001 Dec 11-13.: PhuketMarine Biological Center,Thailand. ofMarine TurllesandtheirHabitats ofthe IndianOcean Chan, E. H., Liew, H. C., 2002b. Raising funds and public arvare- nessin seaturtle conservationin Malaysia.p 25. In: A. Mosier. Table 2. Turtlenesting sites that shouldbe declaredturtle sanctuarles A. Foley,B. Brost (Eds.),Proceedings ofthe Tu'entiethAnnual (after Sharma and Hierv, 2003 ). Symposiumon SeaTurtle Biology and Conservation,2000Feb 29-Mar 4.: NOAA Tech. Merno NMFS-SEFSC-447,Orlando, State Name of sanctuary Florida. Chan,E. H., Liew, H. C.,2001.Sea Turtles. in: J.E. Ong,W. K. Gong Terengganu SetiuRiver iagoon and river mouth (Eds.),TheEnct,clopediaofMalq,sio, V 6: TheSeas,pp.74 75. Pahang Beachat Editions Didier Millet, Kuala Lumpul Malaysia. Perak SegariBeach Clian, E. H., Liew, H. C., 1999. Research,conservation and edu- Melaka Pulau Upeh and TanjongTuan Beach cational activitiesof the Sea Turtle ResearchUnit (SEATRU). at PengkalanBalak pp.235-244. In: M. T. N. Nasir, A. K. A. Karim. M. N. Ramli (Eds.),Report of the SEAFDEC-ASEAN RegionalWorkshop 184 Chon/Acluatic Ecos)'stemHectlrh ancl Mctnagenrcnt 9 (2006) lT5-Ig4

on SeaTurtle Conservarionand Management.1 999 July 26-2g.: ment Workshop.2001 Feb.5 8.: Westernpacific RegionalFish_ MFRDMD, SEAFDEC. ,Malaysia ery managementCouncil, Honolulu. Hawaii. Chan-E. H., LieuLH. C., 1996.Decline of the leatherbackpopulation Liew, H. C., Chan,E. H., Papi,p. Luschi.p, 1995.Lone disrance in Terengganu,Malaysia. 1956 1995. Chelonian Conservation migration of greenturtles from Redanglslan( Malaysia.pp. 73_ andBiology 2(2), 196-203. 75. Theneed./br regionul cooper.atiotl it1 sect tlu.tle conse^,atron. Chan,E. H., Shepherd"C. R.,2002. Marine Turlles:The Scenarioin Proc. InternationalCongress of Chelonian Conservation.1995 Southeast Asia. Tropical Coasts.912,1. 3g-43. July 6 10: Gonfaron,France. Chan,E. H.,. Liew H. C.. Der.F P. 1996. pulau Beacheddebris in National ResearchCouncil (US), Conr:r.ritteeon SeaTurtle Conser_ Redangand a mainlandbeach in Terenggar.ru.pp. 99-108. In: A. vation, l990. Decline ofthe sea tln.tles;causes and preventiort. Sasekunrar(Ed.), Proc. l3th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian National Acaderly of Sciences,USA. Societyof Marine Sciences pol- on Impact of Developmentand Rarnli, M. N., Hieu', K. W. P, 1999. Marine turtle managemenr, lution on the Coastal Zone in Malaysia. 1996 Oct 26.: Kuala conservationand protectionprograntme in Malaysia. pp. 122_ Lumpur, lvlalaysia. 129.In: Report of the SEAFDEC-ASEAN RegionalWorkshop Chan,E. H.. Lieu' H. C., Mazlan, A. G., 1988_The incidentalcaprure on SeaTurtle Consel.vationand Management,1999 JtLy26_2g.: ofsea turtlesin fishing gearin Terengganu,Malaysia. Biological KualaTelenggauu. Malaysia. Conservation.43( l). 1-7. Shanna,D., Hier'. K., 2003. Recommendationsfor changein turtle Law, A. T., Rahimi. Y. 1986.Hydrocarbon distributionin the South conservationin Malaysia,Paper presented at the Roundtableon China Sea. In: A. K. M. Mohsin, M. Ibrahim, M. A. Ambak the Conservationof Turtlesin Malaysia,2003N{ay 27. Maritime (Eds.), '8-i; Expedisi Mutahari .4 Smd! on the Oflilzore Wa- Instituteof Malay,sia(MIMA). ters of the Malaysian EEZ. pp.93-100 perranran. Universiti Tisen,O. B.. Bali, i.,2000. Currenl statusof narine turtle conserva_ Malaysia. tlon prograrnrnesin Sarawak,Malaysia. pp. I 2_ I 4. In : A. Mosier. Liew, H. C., 1999.Status of marine turtle conservationand research A. Foley,B. Brost (Eds.),Proceedings of the TwentiethAnnual tn Malaysia.pp. 5l-56. In: I. Kinan,. (Ed.), proceedings of the Symposiumon SeaTurtle Biology and Conseri,ation,2000 Feb Western Pacific Sea Tunle CooperativeResearch & Manage- 29-'.4Mar.: NOAA, Orlando, Florida.