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Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year

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Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year V.I'd UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES CAT.TFORN-U OTrfBBsrrY of A LOS Al^b-oi.^- UBRARY HEADS OF FAMILIES FIRST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1790 STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA •'/Jf.W-'fr.'vi,'' immmmmm i^: FIRST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 1790 -9 SOUTH CAROLINA / ^ DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR BUREAU OF THE CENSUS S. N. D. NORTH, DIRECTOR HEADS OF FAMILIES AT THE FIRST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES TAKEN IN THE YEAR 1790 SOUTH CAROLINA WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1908 131558 , • » - ' in. C HEADS OF FAMILIES AT THE FIRST CENSUS 1790 INTRODUCTION. The information contained in the published report of the First Census of the United States, a small vol- The First Census of the United States (1790) com- ume of 56 pages, was not uniform for the several states prised an enumeration of the inhabitants of the present and territories. For New England and one or two of states of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, the other states the population was presented by coun- Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, ties and towns; that of New Jersey appeared partly Jersey, York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New New by counties and towns and partly by counties only; Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, in other cases the returns were given by counties only. and Virginia. Thus the complete transcript of the names of heads of complete set of the schedules for each state, with a A families, with accompanying information, presents for summary for the counties, and in many cases for towns, the first time detailed information as to the number was filed in the State Department, but unfortunately of inhabitants—males, females, etc. —for each minor they are not now complete, the returns for the states civil division in all those states for which such infor- of Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, New Jersey, Tennes- mation was not originally published. see, and Virginia having been destroyed when the In response to repeated requests from patriotic so- British burned the Capitol at Washington during the cieties and persons interested in genealogy, or desir- War of 1812. For several of the states for which ous of studying the early history of the United States, schedules are lacking it is probable that the Director Congress added to the sundry civil appropriation bill of the Census could obtain lists which would present for the fiscal year 1907 the following paragraph: the names of most of the heads of families at the date of the First Census. In Virginia, state enumerations The Director of the Census is hereby authorized and directed to publish, in a permanent form, by counties and minor civil were made in 1782, 1783, 1784, and 1785, but the lists divisions, the names of the heads of families returned at the First file in the State Library include the names for only on Census of the United States in seventeen hundred and ninety; 39 of the 78 coimties into which the state was divided. and the Director of the Census is authorized, in his discretion, to The schedules of 1790 form a unique inheritance for sell said publications, the proceeds thereof to be covered into the the Nation, since they represent for each of the states Treasury of the United States, to be deposited to the credit of mis- cellaneous receipts on account of " Proceeds of sales of Government concerned a complete list of the heads of families in the property:" United States at the time of the adoption of the Con- Provided, That no expense shall be incurred hereunder additional stitution. The framers were the statesmen and leaders to appropriations for the Census Office for printing therefor made of thought, but those whose names appear upon the for the fiscal year nineteen hundred and seven; and the Director of schedules of the First Census were in general the plain the Census is hereby directed to report to Congress at its next ses- sion cost incurred hereunder and the price fixed for said pub- citizens who by their conduct in war and peace made the lications and the total received therefor. the Constitution possible and by their intelligence and self-restraint put it into successful operation. The amount of money appropriated by Congress for The total population of the United States in 1790, the Census printing for the fiscal year mentioned was exclusive of slaves, as derived from the schedules was unfortunately not sufficient to meet the current re- 3,231,533. The only names appearing upon the sched- quirement of the Office and to publish the transcrip- ules, however, were those of heads of families, and as at tion of the First Census, and no provision was made that period the families averaged 6 persons, the total in the sundry civil appi'opriation bill for 1908 for the number was approximately 540,000, or slightly more continuance of authority to publish these important than half a million. The number of names which is records. Resources, however, were available for print- now lacking because of the destruction of the schedules ing a small section of the work, and the schedules of is approximately 140,000, thus leaving schedules con- New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maryland accordingly taining about 400,000 names. were published. (3) 4 FIRST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. The urgent deficiency bill, approved February 15, ceived their instructions through the governors of the 1908, contained the following provision: states. This inference is strengthened by the fact that in 1790 the state of Massachusetts furnished the That the Director of the Census is hereby authorized and directed also the fact re- to expend so much of the appropriation for printing for the Depart- printed blanks, and by that the law ment of Commerce and Labor allotted by law to the Census Office lating to the Second Census specifically charged the and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred Secretary of State to superintend the enumeration and as may be necessary 4.0 continue and complete the publica- eight, to communicate directly with the marshals. tion of the names of the heads of families returned at the First Cen- By the terms of the First Census law nine months sus of the United Sutes, as authorized by the sundry civil appropria- the tion act approved June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and six. were allowed in which to complete enumeration. The census taking was supervised by the marshals of In accordance with the authority given in the para- the several judicial districts, who employed assistant graph quoted above, the names returned at the First marshals to act as enumerators. There were 17 mar- Census in the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massa- shals. The records showing the number of assistant chusetts, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, marshals employed in 1790, 1800, and 1810 were de- Rhode Island, and South Carolina have been published, stroyed by fire, but the number employed in 1790 has thus completing the roster of the heads of families in been estimated at 650. 1790 so far as they can be shown from the records of The schedules which these officials prepared consist the Census Office. As the Federal census schedules of of lists of names of heads of families; each name ap- the state of Virginia for 1790 are missing, the lists of pears in a stub, or first column, which is followed by the state enumerations made in 1782, 1783, 1784, and five columns, giving details of the family. These col- 1785 have been substituted, and, wlule not complete, umns are headed as follows: they will, undoubtedly, prove of great value. Free white males of 16 years and upward, including heads of THE FIRST CENSUS. families. Free white males under 16 years. The First Census act was passed at the second ses- Free white females, including heads of families. sion of the First Congress, and was signed by President All other free persons. Slaves. Washington on March 1, 1790. The task of making the first enumeration of inhabitants was placed upon The assistant marshals made two copies of the re- one posted the President. Under this law the marshals of the turns ; in accordance with the law copy was several judicial districts were required to ascertain the in the immediate neighborhood for the information of number of inhabitants within their respective districts, the public, and the other was transmitted to the mar- omitting Indians not taxed, and distinguishing free shal in charge, to be forwarded to the President. The persons (including those bound to service for a term of schedules were turned over by the President to the Little or no tabulation was re- years) from all others ; the sex and color of free per- Secretary of State. sons; and the number of free males 16 years of age and quired, and the report of the First Census, as also the over. reports of the Second, Third, and Fourth, was pro- The object of the inquiry last mentioned was, un- duced without the employment of any clerical force, doubtedly, to obtain definite knowledge as to the mili- the summaries being transmitted directly to the tary and industrial strength of the country. This fact printer. The total population as returned in 1790 possesses special interest, because the Constitution was 3,929,214, and the entire cost of the census was directs merely an enumeration of inhabitants. Thus $44,377. the demand for increasingly extensive information, A summary of the results of the First Census, not in- which has been so marked a characteristic of census cluding the returns for South Carolina, was transmitted legislation, began with the First Congress that dealt to Congress by President Washington on October 27, with the subject.
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