Implications for the Supercontinent Cycle
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Two Contrasting Phanerozoic Orogenic Systems Revealed by Hafnium Isotope Data William J
ARTICLES PUBLISHED ONLINE: 17 APRIL 2011 | DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1127 Two contrasting Phanerozoic orogenic systems revealed by hafnium isotope data William J. Collins1*(, Elena A. Belousova2, Anthony I. S. Kemp1 and J. Brendan Murphy3 Two fundamentally different orogenic systems have existed on Earth throughout the Phanerozoic. Circum-Pacific accretionary orogens are the external orogenic system formed around the Pacific rim, where oceanic lithosphere semicontinuously subducts beneath continental lithosphere. In contrast, the internal orogenic system is found in Europe and Asia as the collage of collisional mountain belts, formed during the collision between continental crustal fragments. External orogenic systems form at the boundary of large underlying mantle convection cells, whereas internal orogens form within one supercell. Here we present a compilation of hafnium isotope data from zircon minerals collected from orogens worldwide. We find that the range of hafnium isotope signatures for the external orogenic system narrows and trends towards more radiogenic compositions since 550 Myr ago. By contrast, the range of signatures from the internal orogenic system broadens since 550 Myr ago. We suggest that for the external system, the lower crust and lithospheric mantle beneath the overriding continent is removed during subduction and replaced by newly formed crust, which generates the radiogenic hafnium signature when remelted. For the internal orogenic system, the lower crust and lithospheric mantle is instead eventually replaced by more continental lithosphere from a collided continental fragment. Our suggested model provides a simple basis for unravelling the global geodynamic evolution of the ancient Earth. resent-day orogens of contrasting character can be reduced to which probably began by the Early Ordovician12, and the Early two types on Earth, dominantly accretionary or dominantly Paleozoic accretionary orogens in the easternmost Altaids of Pcollisional, because only the latter are associated with Wilson Asia13. -
Assembly, Configuration, and Break-Up History of Rodinia
Author's personal copy Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Precambrian Research 160 (2008) 179–210 Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis Z.X. Li a,g,∗, S.V. Bogdanova b, A.S. Collins c, A. Davidson d, B. De Waele a, R.E. Ernst e,f, I.C.W. Fitzsimons g, R.A. Fuck h, D.P. Gladkochub i, J. Jacobs j, K.E. Karlstrom k, S. Lu l, L.M. Natapov m, V. Pease n, S.A. Pisarevsky a, K. Thrane o, V. Vernikovsky p a Tectonics Special Research Centre, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia b Department of Geology, Lund University, Solvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden c Continental Evolution Research Group, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia d Geological Survey of Canada (retired), 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0E8 e Ernst Geosciences, 43 Margrave Avenue, Ottawa, Canada K1T 3Y2 f Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton U., Ottawa, Canada K1S 5B6 g Tectonics Special Research Centre, Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia h Universidade de Bras´ılia, 70910-000 Bras´ılia, Brazil i Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS, Lermontova Street, 128, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia j Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway k Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northrop Hall University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA l Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, CGS, No. -
(Ordovícico) En El Segmento Andino Central Del Orógeno Terra Australis
XII Congreso Geológico Chileno Santiago, 22-26 Noviembre, 2009 S9_011 La tectónica acrecional oclóyica (Ordovícico) en el segmento andino central del orógeno Terra Australis Astini R.A.1, Martina F.1 1Laboratorio de Análisis de Cuencas, CICTERRA-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611, 2º piso, of. 7, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina. [email protected] En el marco del orógeno acrecional de Terra Australis [1] se reconocen intervalos temporales con acreción de terrenos e interrupción momentánea de la subducción que afectan diferencialmente al margen protoandino y permiten reconocer segmentos con características e historias contrastadas en los Andes. Sobre la base de una revisión conceptual y bibliográfica y de nuevos estudios estratigráficos, geoquímicos e isotópicos en la región del antepaís andino central se propone un mecanismo acrecional alternativo para la etapa de orogénesis ordovícica, que es la de mayor extensión que haya afectado al margen proto-pacífico antes de la orogenia gondwánica, con que finaliza la historia acrecional paleozoica. Dentro de la etapa de orogénesis oclóyica se propone separar la colisión del terreno de Precordillera [2] en el segmento andino central entre 27°30’ y 36°30’ LS aproximadamente (~1000 km de longitud), de la acreción de un bloque alargado (sliver o ribbon terrane) de basamento mesoproterozoico de mucho mayor extensión longitudinal (superior los 2000 km) (Fig. 1) que, de alguna manera, ha sido denominado Occidentalia [3]. Este último incluiría en los Andes Centrales a los terrenos de basamento mesoproterozoico correspondientes a las Sierras Pampeanas Occidentales, ubicados al oeste del cinturón de Famatina y su continuación septentrional en la Puna Catamarqueña (afloramientos de Casadero Grande) y en los terrenos de Arequipa-Antofalla. -
New Siberian Islands Archipelago)
Detrital zircon ages and provenance of the Upper Paleozoic successions of Kotel’ny Island (New Siberian Islands archipelago) Victoria B. Ershova1,*, Andrei V. Prokopiev2, Andrei K. Khudoley1, Nikolay N. Sobolev3, and Eugeny O. Petrov3 1INSTITUTE OF EARTH SCIENCE, ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITETSKAYA NAB. 7/9, ST. PETERSBURG 199034, RUSSIA 2DIAMOND AND PRECIOUS METAL GEOLOGY INSTITUTE, SIBERIAN BRANCH, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, LENIN PROSPECT 39, YAKUTSK 677980, RUSSIA 3RUSSIAN GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (VSEGEI), SREDNIY PROSPECT 74, ST. PETERSBURG 199106, RUSSIA ABSTRACT Plate-tectonic models for the Paleozoic evolution of the Arctic are numerous and diverse. Our detrital zircon provenance study of Upper Paleozoic sandstones from Kotel’ny Island (New Siberian Island archipelago) provides new data on the provenance of clastic sediments and crustal affinity of the New Siberian Islands. Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous deposits yield detrital zircon populations that are consistent with the age of magmatic and metamorphic rocks within the Grenvillian-Sveconorwegian, Timanian, and Caledonian orogenic belts, but not with the Siberian craton. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test reveals a strong similarity between detrital zircon populations within Devonian–Permian clastics of the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island (and possibly Chukotka), and the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago. These results suggest that the New Siberian Islands, along with Wrangel Island and the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, were located along the northern margin of Laurentia-Baltica in the Late Devonian–Mississippian and possibly made up a single tectonic block. Detrital zircon populations from the Permian clastics record a dramatic shift to a Uralian provenance. The data and results presented here provide vital information to aid Paleozoic tectonic reconstructions of the Arctic region prior to opening of the Mesozoic oceanic basins. -
Plate Tectonic Regulation of Global Marine Animal Diversity
Plate tectonic regulation of global marine animal diversity Andrew Zaffosa,1, Seth Finneganb, and Shanan E. Petersa aDepartment of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706; and bDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved April 13, 2017 (received for review February 13, 2017) Valentine and Moores [Valentine JW, Moores EM (1970) Nature which may be complicated by spatial and temporal inequities in 228:657–659] hypothesized that plate tectonics regulates global the quantity or quality of samples (11–18). Nevertheless, many biodiversity by changing the geographic arrangement of conti- major features in the fossil record of biodiversity are consis- nental crust, but the data required to fully test the hypothesis tently reproducible, although not all have universally accepted were not available. Here, we use a global database of marine explanations. In particular, the reasons for a long Paleozoic animal fossil occurrences and a paleogeographic reconstruction plateau in marine richness and a steady rise in biodiversity dur- model to test the hypothesis that temporal patterns of continen- ing the Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic remain contentious (11, 12, tal fragmentation have impacted global Phanerozoic biodiversity. 14, 19–22). We find a positive correlation between global marine inverte- Here, we explicitly test the plate tectonic regulation hypothesis brate genus richness and an independently derived quantitative articulated by Valentine and Moores (1) by measuring the extent index describing the fragmentation of continental crust during to which the fragmentation of continental crust covaries with supercontinental coalescence–breakup cycles. The observed posi- global genus-level richness among skeletonized marine inverte- tive correlation between global biodiversity and continental frag- brates. -
Redalyc.Sr, C and O Isotope Composition of Marbles from The
Geologica Acta: an international earth science journal ISSN: 1695-6133 [email protected] Universitat de Barcelona España Murra, J.A.; Baldo, E.G.; Galindo, C.; Casquet, C.; Pankhurst, R.J.; Rapela, C.W.; Dahlquist, J. Sr, C and O isotope composition of marbles from the Sierra de Ancasti, Eastern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: age and constraints for the Neoproterozoic-Lower Paleozoic evolution of the proto- Gondwana margin Geologica Acta: an international earth science journal, vol. 9, núm. 1, marzo, 2011, pp. 79-92 Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=50522124008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Geologica Acta, Vol.9, Nº 1, March 2011, 79-92 DOI: 10.1344/105.000001645 Available online at www.geologica-acta.com Sr, C and O isotope composition of marbles from the Sierra de Ancasti, Eastern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: age and constraints for the Neoproterozoic–Lower Paleozoic evolution of the proto-Gondwana margin 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 J.A. MURRA E.G. BALDO C. GALINDO C. CASQUET R.J. PANKHURST C.W. RAPELA J. DAHLQUIST 1 CICTERRA (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - Conicet) Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina. Murra E-mail: [email protected] Baldo E-mail: [email protected] Dahlquist E-mail: [email protected] 2 Departamento. Petrología y Geoquímica Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Inst. -
Early Evolution of the Proto-Andean Margin of South America
Early evolution of the Proto-Andean margin of South America C. W. Rapela Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 1 No. 644, 1900 La Plata, Argentina R. J. Pankhurst British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB30ET, United Kingdom C. Casquet Departamento de Petrología y Geoquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain E. Baldo J. Saavedra CSIC, Instituto de Agrobiología y Recursos Naturales, 37071 Salamanca, Spain C. Galindo Departamento de Petrología y Geoquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION From a detailed study of a 500 km transect in the Sierras Pampeanas, central-west Argen- The evolution of the Gondwana margin pro- tina, two pre-Silurian tectono-magmatic episodes are recognized and defined, each culminating posed here is based on new geochemical, isotopic, in micro-continental collisions against the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana. The Pampean petrological, and sedimentological data from a orogeny started in Early Cambrian time with short-lived subduction, indicated by ca. 535 Ma 500 km traverse across the Eastern Sierras Pam- calc-alkaline granitoids. Following Pampean terrane collision, burial to granulite facies condi- peanas and Precordillera (Fig. 1). Pre-Silurian tions (ca. 9 kbar) generated widespread migmatites and ca. 520 Ma highly peraluminous gran- metamorphic and magmatic history is inferred ites in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas. After brief quiescence, a second major episode, the from (1) dating by conventional U-Pb on abraded Famatinian orogeny, started with subduction ca. 490 Ma, forming a wide continental arc and zircons, U-Pb SHRIMP analyses, and whole-rock ensialic backarc basin. This heralded the approach of Laurentia to Gondwana, during which Rb-Sr and K-Ar, (2) thermo-barometry based on the Precordillera terrane separated from the southern Appalachian region, finally colliding with microprobe mineral analyses, and (3) Nd and Sr Gondwana in Silurian–Devonian time. -
Upper Mantle P and S Wave Velocity Structure of the Kalahari Craton And
RESEARCH LETTER Upper Mantle P and S Wave Velocity Structure of the 10.1029/2019GL084053 Kalahari Craton and Surrounding Proterozoic Key Points: • Thick cratonic lithosphere extends Terranes, Southern Africa beneath the Rehoboth Province and Kameron Ortiz1, Andrew Nyblade1,5 , Mark van der Meijde2, Hanneke Paulssen3 , parts of the northern Okwa Terrane 4 4 5 2,6 and Magondi Belt Motsamai Kwadiba , Onkgopotse Ntibinyane , Raymond Durrheim , Islam Fadel , • The northern edge of the greater and Kyle Homman1 Kalahari Craton lithosphere lies along the northern boundary of the 1Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 2Faculty for Geo‐information Rehoboth Province and Magondi Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands, 3Department of Earth Sciences, Belt 4 • Cratonic mantle lithosphere Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Botswana Geoscience Institute, Lobatse, Botswana, 5 6 beneath the Okwa Terrane and School of Geosciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Geology Department, Faculty Magondi Belt may have been of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Egypt chemically altered by Proterozoic magmatic events Abstract New broadband seismic data from Botswana and South Africa have been combined with Supporting Information: existing data from the region to develop improved P and S wave velocity models for investigating the • Supporting Information S1 upper mantle structure of southern Africa. Higher craton‐like velocities are imaged beneath the Rehoboth Province and parts of the northern Okwa Terrane and the Magondi Belt, indicating that the Correspondence to: northern edge of the greater Kalahari Craton lithosphere lies along the northern boundary of these A. Nyblade, terranes. -
Pan-African Orogeny 1
Encyclopedia 0f Geology (2004), vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam AFRICA/Pan-African Orogeny 1 Contents Pan-African Orogeny North African Phanerozoic Rift Valley Within the Pan-African domains, two broad types of Pan-African Orogeny orogenic or mobile belts can be distinguished. One type consists predominantly of Neoproterozoic supracrustal and magmatic assemblages, many of juvenile (mantle- A Kröner, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany R J Stern, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson derived) origin, with structural and metamorphic his- TX, USA tories that are similar to those in Phanerozoic collision and accretion belts. These belts expose upper to middle O 2005, Elsevier Ltd. All Rights Reserved. crustal levels and contain diagnostic features such as ophiolites, subduction- or collision-related granitoids, lntroduction island-arc or passive continental margin assemblages as well as exotic terranes that permit reconstruction of The term 'Pan-African' was coined by WQ Kennedy in their evolution in Phanerozoic-style plate tectonic scen- 1964 on the basis of an assessment of available Rb-Sr arios. Such belts include the Arabian-Nubian shield of and K-Ar ages in Africa. The Pan-African was inter- Arabia and north-east Africa (Figure 2), the Damara- preted as a tectono-thermal event, some 500 Ma ago, Kaoko-Gariep Belt and Lufilian Arc of south-central during which a number of mobile belts formed, sur- and south-western Africa, the West Congo Belt of rounding older cratons. The concept was then extended Angola and Congo Republic, the Trans-Sahara Belt of to the Gondwana continents (Figure 1) although West Africa, and the Rokelide and Mauretanian belts regional names were proposed such as Brasiliano along the western Part of the West African Craton for South America, Adelaidean for Australia, and (Figure 1). -
Geochronological and Geochemical Constraints on the Lithospheric Evolution of the Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia
Geochronological and Geochemical Constraints on the Lithospheric Evolution of the Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia: Understanding Plutonic Rock Petrogenesis in an Accretionary Orogen. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Frank Alexander Robinson B.Sc. (Hons) Department of Geology and Geophysics The University of Adelaide February 2014 Table of Contents Abstract vi Declaration viii Acknowledgments ix List of Figures x List of Tables xv Chapter 1: General Introduction 1 1.1 Granite Overview 1 1.2 Development of the A-type Classification 1 1.3 A-type Characteristics and Global Occurrences 2 1.4 Anorogenic Timing and Tectonic Significance 3 1.5 Petrogenetic Models for Generating Anorogenic Magmatism 4 1.6 The East African Orogen and its Relation to the Arabian-Nubian Shield 5 1.7 Arabian Shield Geological Overview 7 1.8 Aims 14 Chapter 2: Petrographic Constraints on Sampled Arabian Shield Plutons; Subdivision of A-type Suites 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Sample Selection 16 2.2.1 Adopted Classification Nomenclature 18 2.3 Granitoid Petrography 19 2.3.1 Makkah Suite (dm) 20 2.3.2 Shufayyah Complex (su) 23 2.3.3 Kawr Suite (kw) 25 2.3.4 Abanat Suite (aa) 31 2.3.5 Malik Granite (kg) 33 2.4 Petrography Summary and Discussion 35 Chapter 3: Arabian Shield Pluton Geochronology; Subtle Changes in a Homogeneous Juvenile Mantle 40 3.1 Introduction 40 i 3.2 U-Pb Geochronology 41 3.2.1a Makkah Suite (dm): Gabbro-Diorite 41 3.2.1b Shufayyah Complex (su): Tonalite 43 3.2.1c Jar-Salajah Complex and Fara’ Trondhjemite (js): Granodiorite 46 -
A History of Proterozoic Terranes in Southern South America: from Rodinia to Gondwana
+ MODEL GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS -(-) (2011) 1e9 available at www.sciencedirect.com China University of Geosciences (Beijing) GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf REVIEW A history of Proterozoic terranes in southern South America: From Rodinia to Gondwana C. Casquet a,*, C.W. Rapela b, R.J. Pankhurst c, E.G. Baldo d, C. Galindo a, C.M. Fanning e, J.A. Dahlquist d, J. Saavedra f a Departamento de Petrologıa y Geoquımica, IGEO (Universidad Complutense, CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain b Centro de Investigaciones Geologicas (CONICET-UNLP), 1900 La Plata, Argentina c Visiting Research Associate, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom d CICTERRA (CONICET-UNC), 5000 Cordoba, Argentina e Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia f Instituto de Agrobiologıa y Recursos Naturales CSIC, 37071 Salamanca, Spain Received 3 August 2011; accepted 8 November 2011 KEYWORDS Abstract The role played by Paleoproterozoic cratons in southern South America from the Mesopro- Paleoproterozoic; terozoic to the Early Cambrian is reconsidered here. This period involved protracted continental amal- Cratons; gamation that led to formation of the supercontinent Rodinia, followed by Neoproterozoic continental Grenvillian; break-up, with the consequent opening of Clymene and Iapetus oceans, and finally continental Neoproterozoic rifting; re-assembly as Gondwana through complex oblique collisions in the Late Neoproterozoic to Early SW Gondwana assembly Cambrian. The evidence for this is based mainly on a combination of precise U-Pb SHRMP dating and radiogenic isotope data for igneous and metamorphic rocks from a large area extending from the Rio de la Plata craton in the east to the Argentine Precordillera in the west and as far north as Arequipa in Peru. -
The Making and Unmaking of a Supercontinent: Rodinia Revisited
Tectonophysics 375 (2003) 261–288 www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto The making and unmaking of a supercontinent: Rodinia revisited Joseph G. Meerta,*, Trond H. Torsvikb a Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, PO Box 11210 Gainesville, FL 32611, USA b Academy of Sciences (VISTA), c/o Geodynamics Center, Geological Survey of Norway, Leif Eirikssons vei 39, Trondheim 7491, Norway Received 11 April 2002; received in revised form 7 January 2003; accepted 5 June 2003 Abstract During the Neoproterozoic, a supercontinent commonly referred to as Rodinia, supposedly formed at ca. 1100 Ma and broke apart at around 800–700 Ma. However, continental fits (e.g., Laurentia vs. Australia–Antarctica, Greater India vs. Australia– Antarctica, Amazonian craton [AC] vs. Laurentia, etc.) and the timing of break-up as postulated in a number of influential papers in the early–mid-1990s are at odds with palaeomagnetic data. The new data necessitate an entirely different fit of East Gondwana elements and western Gondwana and call into question the validity of SWEAT, AUSWUS models and other variants. At the same time, the geologic record indicates that Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic rift margins surrounded Laurentia, while similar-aged collisional belts dissected Gondwana. Collectively, these geologic observations indicate the breakup of one supercontinent followed rapidly by the assembly of another smaller supercontinent (Gondwana). At issue, and what we outline in this paper, is the difficulty in determining the exact geometry of the earlier supercontinent. We discuss the various models that have been proposed and highlight key areas of contention. These include the relationships between the various ‘external’ Rodinian cratons to Laurentia (e.g., Baltica, Siberia and Amazonia), the notion of true polar wander (TPW), the lack of reliable paleomagnetic data and the enigmatic interpretations of the geologic data.