IMMORAL CHARACTERS IN WILDE’S

THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of Hasanuddin University in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Degree in English Department

BRENDA WINATA

F21113001

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

2018

ABSTRACT

BRENDA WINATA. 2018. Immoral Characters in Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. (Supervised by Herawaty Abbas and Mustafa Makka). The aim of this thesis is to explain about the immoral behaviors performed by the characters in Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. This writing also aims to find out the consequences of immoral behaviors of characters and moral messages contained in the story. The overall results of the writing are divided into five chapters. This research uses Structuralism approach. A research method that emphasizes the elements contained in literary works such as characters, plot, setting and theme. In addition, in analyzing the data, the writer also uses qualitative methods and descriptive analysis. The main source of data were derived from the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, while the other data were obtained from several books, articles and sources available on the internet. The conclusion of this study shows that the characters who perform immoral behaviors, have a weak moral foundation. Negative behaviors that the characters do, do not only bring bad impacts to their own life but also to the lives of people around them. In fact, the consequence that characters got was something that arises from the result of their deeds. The moral message contained in the story is also the result of this writing analysis.

Keywords: Moral, Negative, Behavior, Consequences, Influence

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ABSTRAK

BRENDA WINATA. 2018. Immoral Characters in Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. (Dibimbing oleh Herawaty Abbas and Mustafa Makka). Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang kelakuan-kelakuan tidak bermoral yang dilakukan oleh para karakter dalam novel The Picture of Dorian Gray karya Oscar Wilde. Penulisan ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsekuensi yang didapat oleh para karakter atas perbuatan immoral yang dilakukan dan pesan-pesan moral yang terdapat dalam cerita. Keseluruhan hasil penulisan terbagi menjadi lima bab. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Strukturalisme. Suatu metode penelitian yang menekankan pada unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam karya sastra seperti karakter, plot, setting dan tema. Selain itu penulis juga menggunakan metode kualitatif dan deskriptif analysis dalam menganalisis data. Sumber data utama diperoleh dari novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, sedangkan sumber data lainnya diperoleh dari beberapa buku, artikel dan sumber yang ada dalam internet. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa karakter-karakter yang melakukan perbuatan tidak bermoral memiliki pondasi moral yang lemah. Perbuatan negatif yang mereka lakukan hanya membawa dampak buruk pada kehidupannya sendiri dan juga kehidupan orang-orang di sekelilingnya. Faktanya, konsekuensi yang didapat oleh para karakter merupakan sesuatu yang timbul karena hasil dari perbuatan mereka. Pesan moral yang terkandung di dalam cerita juga merupakan hasil dari analisis penelitian ini. Kata Kunci: Moral, Negatif, Kelakuan, Konsekuensi, Pengaruh

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, the writer would like to express her gratitude to Allah SWT for blessing her with good health and capability to complete this undergraduate thesis. The process of writing this thesis had been through a lot of obstacles and it had benefited from the support of the people whom the writer would like to sincerely thank here. The writer gives her deep gratitude to her parents for the sincere, motivation endless love and prayers in each step of her way. This thesis is dedicated for both of them. Thank you for always supporting her spiritually throughout her life. May Allah bless them to give health, happiness and always delight in the protection of Allah. This thesis also would not have been possible without the help and constant guidance from the writer supervisors, Dra. Herawaty, M.Hum., M.A., Ph.D and Dr. Mustafa Makka, M.S who had spent their time to correct her thesis. Their experiences and incredible knowledge in literary works really help the writer to complete this thesis.

The writer also gives her appreciation to Dr. Abidin Pammu M.A. Dip. TESOL as The Head of English Department, Sitti Sahraeny as The Secretary of English Department, Dr. Sudarmin Harun M.Hum as the writer Academic Supervisor, Drs. Raden SM. Assagaf, M.Ed and Drs. Agustinus Ruruk L, M.A as the writer examiners. Many thanks are also presented to all the lectures at English Department who had taught and given the writer a great deal of knowledge.

The writer realizes this thesis is still far from the perfectness. Therefore, for any errors or inadequacies that may remain in this thesis, the writer extremely welcome the readers to give criticism and suggestion. Finally, hopefully this thesis provides benefits for us, especially for the writer itself.

Makassar, January 23th 2018

Brenda Winata

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... i

ABSTRAK ...... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

A. Background of the Study ...... 1

B. Identification of Problem ...... 4

C. Statement of Problem ...... 4

D. Objective of Problem ...... 4

E. Significance of Writing ...... 5

F. Sequence of Chapters ...... 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 6

A. Previous Study ...... 6

B. Structuralism Approach ...... 7

C. Explanation of Immoral Behavior ...... 14

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ...... 19

A. Methodological Pattern ...... 19

a. Qualitative Research ...... 20

b. Descriptive Analysis ...... 20

B. Methods of Collecting Data ...... 21

C. Methods of Analyzing Data ...... 21

D. Procedure of the Research ...... 22

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ...... 23

A. Structural Aspects of Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray ...... 23

a. Characters ...... 23

b. Plot...... 29

c. Setting ...... 32

d. Theme ...... 35

B. Immoral Characters in Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray ...... 36

a. Dorian Gray ...... 36

b. Lord Henry Wotton ...... 41

c. Basil Hallward ...... 42

d. Sibyl Vane ...... 45

e. James Vane ...... 47

f. Alan Campbell ...... 49

C. The Consequence of Immoral Behaviors of Characters ...... 52

D. Moral Messages ...... 53

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 55

A. Conclusion ...... 55

B. Suggestion ...... 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 58

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Synopsis of The Picture of Dorian Gray

Appendix 2 Biography of Oscar Wilde

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the writer explains about the background of study, identification of problems, statement of problems, objective of problem, significance of writing and sequences of writing. This chapter is the beginning of the research.

A. Background of Study

The essence of human is to be social beings means that in day life, human cannot live alone in fulfilling their needs without the help of others. The need for community and gathering with other human beings is the basic need of human and in their experience with the practice of living values as the norm in society, always associated with good and bad which closely related to moral. Moral serves as a regulator for humans to behave, in order to avoid bad deeds. Thus a man can be said to be immoral if he behaves inappropriately with the prevailing moral in society.

Immoral generally is defined as wrong and bad behavior or act. It lives in a way that contradicts the way people say that life should be lived. Immoral itself is a worrying disaster because it leads people out of a good order of life. Immoral as contrary to good morality is clearly out of a straightforward order of life. A particular environment or system will tempt someone to get lost into the immoral world, but if the tenet is strong, the temptation will be overcome. The analogy is simple, if there is a house with a strong foundation, the vibration of a tornado will not wiggle the house. The house will remain firmly stand.

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Some immoral behaviors may bring happiness at first, but at the end it can cause misery because the percentage of happiness in doing terrible things is low.

From this scientific writing, sometimes the author tries to convey his messages through literary works. The literary works have become the most used tool of an author to insert his message. The aims of a literary work itself beside to please the readers, it also must be useful. Usefulness that can make the readers more concern about humanitarian issues to encourage better behavior and also useful to obtain knowledge about life value‘s and provide benefits to enriching views for the readers.

Many times the literary works such as novel is used as a satire for a state or condition of a person or environment because it is a story which inside it there is an individual personality and relationship between societiy and reveals several aspects of human existence. Novel can also be used as a means of socialization of an attitude or value because novel talks about human activity and describes what is going on around it.

One of the authors who wrote a novel by showing the immoral characters is Oscar Wilde in his novel entitled The Picture of Dorian Gray. It is the only novel Wilde has ever written in his life. It was published at the end of Victorian

Era and it gained a lot of criticism as an immoral and poisonous book. The reviews were dreadful but many years after Wilde's death, it was known as a classic literature.

In this novel, Wilde tells a story about a handsome young man named

Dorian Gray who was initially very innocent become an immoral person after

2 badly influenced by a friend of him, Lord Henry Wotton, after seeing his paintings painted by his friend, Basil Hallward. Dorian was affected Henry's words that the painting will never grow old and will remain young, as opposed to Dorian as the years goes on he will grow old and aging. Dorian who hears it becomes angry and swears that he is willing to give his soul as long as he remains young forever.

Dorian wish come true, time to time Dorian still looks young but the painting grows older. Starting from there, Dorian innocence changes with so many immoralities he does.

Dorian breaking off his engagement with Sibyl Vane, makes the girl decided to end her life, Basil Hallward who adores Dorian trying to advise him but unfortunately, Dorian killed him. James Vane, Sibyl‘s brother who had a grudge on Dorian trying to kill him but James accidentally killed by a friend of

Dorian while lurking on Dorian. At the end of the story, Dorian who wants to start a good life decide to destroy the painting, but when he tried to stab the painting, he ended up with stabbing himself.

Based on the explanation above, the writer assumes that immorality is the main issues in this novel. Although, there are a lot of issues in this novel, but research on immorality attracts the writer‘s attention because it involves the quality of human's behaviors, in this case is the characters in the novel. So, that is why the writer chooses ―Immoral Characters in Wilde‘s The Picture of Dorian

Gray‖ as the title of this research. Furthermore, in doing this research, the writer uses structuralism approach as the research approach.

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B. Identification of Problem

In Oscar Wilde‘s The Picture of Dorian Gray, the writer has identified some problems that are shown in the novel, such as:

1. Characters that do immoral things in this novel.

2. Lord Henry‘s influences toward Dorian Gray.

3. Transformation of Dorian Gray.

4. Moral messages revealed from this novel.

C. Statement of Problem

There are several points to be discussed in this novel such as the damaging influence of Lord Henry on Dorian Gray, Mortality, The battle between good and bad and The immoral characters. However this paper aims to analyze the immoral characters. This paper concerns on:

1. How are the immoral behaviors portrayed in the novel through its

characters?

2. What are the consequences of immoral behaviors characters do in the

novel?

3. How can the moral messages be revealed from the successive events of the

novel?

D. Objective of Problem

Based on the statements of problem of the paper, the objectives of problem are as follow:

1. To explain the immoral behaviors portrayed in the novel through its

characters.

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2. To describe the consequences of immoral behaviors characters do in the

novel.

3. To reveal moral messages that exists in the successive events of the novel.

E. Significance of Writing

There are two significances in writing this study. First, the significance of the analysis is to make others understand Oscar Wilde‘s work. Second, this studies to encourage the students especially English Literature students to study about literature. This study gives information concerning the novel through the role of play based on the characters of the story. Third, this research can help the readers to have deeper understanding about immoral behaviors, the consequences of immoral behaviors and the moral messages found in The Picture of Dorian

Gray.

F. Sequence of Chapters

This writing consists of five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction that provides the background of the problem, identification of problem, statement of the problem, objective of problem, significance of writing, and sequence of writing. Chapter two is literature review. This chapter includes the previous study, structuralism approach, and explanation of immoral behavior. Chapter three is the methodology. This chapter includes the methodological pattern, method of collecting data, method of analyzing data and procedures of the research. Chapter four contains the analysis of this writing. Finally, the last chapter is chapter five, which concluded the whole research into a summary of analysis and suggestion.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the writer explains about previous study, structuralism approach, and theory of immoral. This chapter consists of the supporting theory of the analysis of the research and also explained more detailed about the issue that will be interpreted by the writer.

A. Previous Study

The writer has found three prior researches in completing this research which are related to this research. The first is a thesis by Hasanuddin University‘s student, Mansyur Rahim, whose work is entitled Character Development in

Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (2006). Rahim describes about the main characters in terms of their personality, feeling, beliefs, habits and also the influence of other characters to Dorian Gray as a central character in this novel.

Rahim uses a psychological approach which is influenced by external factor and internal factor.

The second is a thesis by Sanata Dharma University‘s student, Patricia

Dian Virnandi, whose work is entitled The Battle Between The Pleasure and

Reality Principles in Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (2008). This thesis analyzes three main problems. The first one is the characteristics of the main characters in the novel. Second, the characteristics analyzed with the conflict to see the battle between pleasure and reality principle. Finally it analyzes the reflection of the internal conflicts of the author.

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The third is a thesis by Diponegoro University‘s student, Aisya Rizka, whose work is entitled Psychological Conflict of Dorian Gray in the Novel The

Picture of Dorian Gray (2015). Rizka uses psychological theory to analyze the psychological conflict of the main character in the novel. This thesis discovers the changes behavior of Dorian Gray as the main character.

After studying these previous studies, the writer finds that the similarities of these three theses are, the writers used the same novel and same approach, the psychological approach. The current research is different from those three researches above because it analyzes the immoral characters and what moral messages that can be learn from this novel, also the writer uses the structural approach as the research approach.

B. Structuralism Approach

Structuralism approach begins from the view which considers that the literary works are intertwined and the elements are related to each other. Literary work is a unified whole which means that it can be understood if the readers understands the constituent elements. The result of ideas which considers that to understand the meaning of a literary work does not need the other elements from outside the literary work has given birth to an objective approach in literary studies known as structural approach. A strong orientation to literature as an autonomous object is a key feature of this approach. Ratna (2004: 93) states that the notion of structuralism approach definitively gives attention to the analysis of the elements of literary works.

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Based on that opinion, the writer concludes that structuralism approach is an approach that every element of the literary works are interconnected functionally, affect and determine each other meaning. Structuralism approach will not concentrate the outside elements of literary works to be studied. It focus on dismantle the intrinsic elements in the literary work such as characters, plot, setting and theme. Therefore, to understand its meaning, literary works must be examined on the basis of its constituent elements which are also referred to as intrinsic elements.

In the working in analyzing literary works by using structuralism approach the researcher should begin to build the theory of literary structure and do a careful reading and noting the elements. After that the researcher can analyzes the theme of a literary works and begin to analyze other intrinsic. Every element must be related with other elements; thereby the structure of intrinsic elements will be unity. Then, during the research, the researcher must be full of awareness in order to get the importance point between elements.

As a resume, the writer concludes that in studying literary works using a structural approach, the researcher only have to focus on the literary works. In the implementation of this approach to understand literature in a close reading or study without looking at the author biography and the relations with social circumstances when the literary work is created by the author. Analysis using a structural approach focuses only on the intrinsic element of literary works. In this case each element is analyzed in relation to other elements contained in the literary work.

8 a. Characters

Characters are the people who carry the events in the course of a story, and the process of how the author displays the characters so that they are visible to the reader is called characterization. Characters in the novel are created by an author.

In a fictional story, an author may display characters in a story as a human or other creature such as mouse deer, mouse, trees, chairs, and etcetera.

The characters are part of a literary work that becomes the object of the curiosity and admiration of the reader of the literary work itself. The characters in a story have a strategic position as messengers or something the author intends to convey. Abrams (1999:23) states:

Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities and that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the action. The grounds in the character‘s temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called motivation. A character may remain essentially ‗stable,‘ or unchanged in outlook and disposition. Whether a character remains stable or changes, the reader of a traditional and realistic work expects ‗consistency‘-the character should not suddenly break off and act in a way not plausibly grounded in his or her temperament.

It explained that characters closely related to the ethical or moral standards of a person because it represent someone behavior and someone action. That is, the characters are visible in the application level of everyday life behavior. So, the character is someone in the story created by the author based on his human nature.

Character in a literary work also plays a very important role because in the absence of the characters, a literary work cannot run. The characters contained in a literary work have different roles. A character that has an important role in a literary work is called the main character, while the figure is not so prominent and

9 its presence just to complete it is called minor character or a supporting figure.

Major characters are created carefully by the author to present most of the idea in the story.

Major character is typically to the protagonist or the antagonist. The protagonist is a character who has good personality and does some good things in the story. While the antagonist is a character that has a personality that is not good or can be said bad, because its appearance in a story often bring bad for the people around him.

The writer summarizes that character is the person in the story who has crucial parts to run a story. The protagonist character is the favorite character of the reader because the protagonist character always does good things and also his act is wishes of the readers. In contrast, there is an antagonist characters that always do bad things. In fact, the reader is not really like this character. The antagonist character is usually described as a character that inhibits the protagonist character to achieve his happiness. Many times, antagonist characters are often told to do cruel things and harm others to get what he wants and reach his goal. b. Plot

In general, the plot is a series of stories formed by the stages of events so as to establish a story presented by the actors in a story. Plot is a very important basic framework. The plot governs how actions should relate to each other, how an event relates to other events and how the characters are portrayed and play a role in the story.

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Tarigan (2008:156) states that the elements of a plot consist of five parts.

The first part is situation, it begins with an explanation about where the story take place, who are the characters, how the characters are related to each other‘s and their goals also motivations as well as their moral character and some of necessary fact which is will be important aspect in the story by the author as a prelude to entering the story. It is also known as name exposition.

The second part is generating circumstances, the story begin to move. The author can simply tell the story through the dialogue, monologue and the action until it come to rising action, section when the story begins to show the problems among the characters. Then, rising action, a part of a plot where the conflict start to reach the climax.

Next part is climax, the problems reach its peak. Climax of the story will show when it comes to the greatest problem in the story which is the highest point of a conflict. The last one is denouement or also known as resolution, problems are solved and the author decides either the protagonist or antagonist wins the story. At this point, the author provides social breakdown of all problems in the story.

As a resume, the plot has five phases where each phase is act by the characters. Plot is made to motivate characters, create problems and finally resolve the problems. Thus, plot in a story is very important since it determines whether the story interesting or not through its sequences parts.

11 c. Setting

Each event in a story on its basis has a setting, which includes the elements of place and time. Setting is the environment or surrounding in which the story takes place. Setting could be simply described the social conditions, historical time, and also the geographical locations. Setting place meant as explanation on where the place take action during the story. It has been described by Abrams (1999:284):

The overall setting of a narrative or dramatic work is the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs; the setting of a single episode or scene within such a work is the particular physical location in which it takes place.

Setting has a strong influence on a change and the development of a story because setting can create a certain atmosphere that moves the emotions and psychological aspects of readers. It can develop the plot into a more realistic form.

Besides that, the setting is used to create a certain atmosphere that seems to really exist and happen.

The writer concludes that setting has an important role in a story. The major elements of setting are the time, the place and the social environment that frames the characters. The ideas of the story can be added by writing the specific setting of where the story occurs. The writer cannot create a story without idea or concept about where the story will takes place, what time and what kinds of atmosphere in the story. As a literary reading material, the interpretation of the scene of setting in a novel lies in the description given by the author and in the imagination of the readers.

12 d. Theme

Theme is something that becomes the foundation in a story because the theme is always related to various experiences of life makes the theme become a general idea in a literary work. Theme is one of the intrinsic elements of story builders in a literary work. Theme also one of the important elements in a literary work because theme is the focus used by an author to develop a story.

Theme is the basis of a story that is why inside a theme, there is moral value that can be delivered to the readers. Before making a literary work an author must first think about what theme will be stretched in the literary works that he will create which will be useful for the readers. Besides that, theme is the soul of the story so before analyze other elements, the writer should analyze about theme first, because theme will always related and connect to the others elements.

There are two themes that have been described by Nurgiyantoro (1995:

77), the first one is traditional theme, and this theme basically is commonly themes known in society. This theme is widely used in various stories about how the truth and justice defeated the evil. It is also often used in serious novels. The second one is non-traditional theme. It is the opposite theme with traditional theme. The author who use this theme is basically does not follow reader‘s expectations. It means that goodness does not always win against the evil.

Based on explanation above, the writer concludes that there are two themes the author should think before start to make a literary work. The first theme is a traditional theme, it is a theme about the hero or the good one will win

13 against the bad one at the end of the story. The second theme is nontraditional theme, it is theme against the traditional theme, which means that the good one will not always win or ending with happily ever after the end of the story.

C. Explanation of Immoral Behavior

The development of humanity and civilization has influenced people to create laws and regulations to govern how people behave. It is called the assessment of morality. It is based on the values of society to show the good and bad of one's behavior. It means that moral is a benchmark to determine the behavior doing by humans.

Based on explanation above, moral is more of a rule or doctrine that limits a person about how humans should live and act to become better human beings.

The human desire to connect with others makes them moral because that is their social nature, they need to be around others. They can not live alone. Starts from that phenomenon, moral standards are becoming control and order into people relations.

This behavior is called good or bad adapted to the measures accepted by the group in which the individual lives. Society has embraced the concept of moral system in order to have long term happiness. It means that everyone will respect and will not hurt each other because it based on norms and values of a society. It also can be said that moral is the basis of harmony in society and it was created to control human behavior. Although the generation will continue to change but the moral system will always exist in a society.

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Someone behavior that is not in accordance with social expectations because of disagreement with the prevailing social standards or lack of feelings must be adjusted. Creating individual values and moral standards that will encourage one's commitment to action, resulting in behavior change in the direction that is not good is called as immoral behavior.

Immoral itself means a behavior or act does by someone who already knows that it is wrong but still do it. It also known as the concept that applied to persons or actions. To concluding some behavior of a person called immoral is to say that the person break some moral laws, norms and standards of the society.

Immoral is behavior that fails to obey the expectations of the social group in which the perpetrator lives. This disobedience is not due to the inability to understand the expectations of the group, but rather by disagreement with expectations or because of lack of feel compulsory to obey it. Immoral behavior should be avoided by humans because it is not providing benefits to the themselves and sometimes also provides harm to the nearest people and society.

Milo (2014: 3) says, ―Aristotle distinguishes between two types of immorality: wickedness and weakness. He compares the morally weak person to a state that has good laws but fails to apply them and the wicked person to a state that applies its laws but has bad laws‖.

Based on these statements, the writer concluded that there are two forms of immoral: (1) cases where a person with a good moral failed to applied it to themselves and (2) cases where a person already has a bad moral and acts on bad moral principles.

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Nature to be weak and make mistakes is existing in human beings. Human has a bad natural behavior. But, it will only appear when people decide to follow their own selfish desire. People may not intend to do anything wrong, but their bad desire cause them to do some behavior or act that against the way a society should lives and finally break the rule, norms and ethics of the society.

Morally weak person believes that others is not really important than himself. Thus he will only care for himself and will only do things that are profitable for himself, no matter whether it is good or bad and without consider the harm of what he do to the other people. Finally, it means that he unable to resist wrongdoing.

Milo (2013: 49) also states that:

Wickedness is a more evil or blameworthy form of immoral behavior than moral weakness because it consists in deliberately and knowingly doing what is morally wrong without any compunction or scruple. Wicked behavior results not from a lack of knowledge or from a failure to believe that one‘s get is wrong, but rather from one‘s lacking desire to avoid moral wrongdoing.

Based on the explanation above, the writer concludes that immoral sometimes also called as wickedness and evil behavior because it is described as opposite of being good. Wicked behavior person also believes that everything that he has done is not a wrong act and it does not against the community. Evil behavior itself associated with the elements of unbalanced behavior such as revenge, anger, selfishness, ignorance, and etcetera. According to Tsang (2002:

25):

Evil behavior in this case arises from our failure to activate our moral standards. This social psychological explanation claims that all of us have the potential to commit evil actions, given the right circumstances. Once

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individuals realize the moral ramifications of their actions, they can work actively to convince themselves and others that their evil behavior falls within moral standards.

To summarize, every human being has the potential to become immoral. It means that everyone is born to have a potential to be either good or evil in equal measure. No matter who they are, or where they come from, everyone has these potential inside them because goodness and badness is the combination of attitudes that everyone has as a human being. However, all return to their individual, whether they will keep doing good things based on a value system that applies in society or choose to ignore and care only for their own good.

Immoral comes from human failure to follow moral standards in the society. It means they prefer to be selfish without having to think about others, whether their behavior or their actions are wrong or not. Once the individual decides to do so, he will fall from the moral standards of society.

Conflict in self-determination to be a moral human or immoral human being is the free choice of every human being, but immoral is not sourced from a lack of knowledge but originating from the perpetrator who can not resist the temptation to do the deviant acts because even the human has a lack of knowledge about doing something not good, they still guided by their simple instinct to benefit themselves. It can be said that people still guided by norms value system that keeps them from giving up into temptation.

Immoral behaviors are done merely to satisfy desires or to pursuit what a human cannot accomplish if he does not go through the wrong paths. The perpetrator can not avoid the temptation which eventually leads to bad things.

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There are temptations that lead to bad things in every human being but it depends on them, whether they can avoid the temptation or not. If the principles and beliefs of a man are strong, the temptations that lead to bad things will be overcome. Temptation in the form of desire is very common in human lives. The source of temptation itself actually from the human mind‘s, but human can strengthen their minds internally in order to avoid the bad temptation and only focuses on good things to make them still remain morally person.

Immoral act by a human being and adversely affect theirselves or the environment make an author of some literary works sometimes want to give a message to the readers in order to avoid bad things. The text in a novel is often used as an author's means to express what is in his mind.

The meanings written in a novel are usually hidden in the form of writing in a denotative and connotative. Good literary works always give a message to readers to do good, meaning that literary work invites readers to uphold moral norms. Moral and immoral will always alternate in life, one day a person can do moral deeds but at the other times, a person can also do immorality.

So, through the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray invites the reader to understand that in this life, human beings cannot be separated from the mistakes both intentional and unintentional. As the writer seen in the novel The Picture of

Dorian Gray, it portrays a lot of immorality committed by it character‘s.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the writer explains about the method that uses to analyze the object of the research. This chapter showed how the writer analyzed with using methodology, it contains about qualitative method, descriptive analysis method, method of collecting data, method of analyzing data and procedures of the research.

A. Methodological Pattern

Methodology is a way of obtaining truth by using certain procedures to obtain the results of a study. Methodology is basically aimed at obtaining data for a specific purpose. There are two kinds of methodological study namely quantitative and qualitative research. In this research the writer uses qualitative, because this is the right method to analyze social phenomena. As Ratna (2004: 47) states that qualitative research give attention to the nature of data with the relation of data context on its existence. This methods are involves in a large number of social phenomena. It means that qualitative research seeks to preserve the form, content, and context of social phenomena and analyze their qualities.

In analyzing a literary work, it is really important to be sure what method a researcher should use and how it is analyzed in order to achieve the aim of the research. The writer explains the method of qualitative research and descriptive analysis.

19 a. Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is a scientific research that aims to understand social reality. Qualitative research focuses on issues related to human problems.

Researcher is the important key in research instruments because researchers emphasize the role of collecting, examining, observing and analyzing data and create reports. This is where a researcher must have a clear theory in order to be able to ask, analyze and make conclusions about the object under study until it becomes clear because the researcher is the person who collects and get the information. As Creswell (2014: 232) states that:

Qualitative methods rely on text data, have unique steps in data analysis and draw on diverse design. Writing a methods section for a proposal for qualitative research partly requires educating readers as to intent of qualitative research, mentioning specific designs, carefully reflecting on the role the researcher plays in the study, drawing from an ever-expanding list of types of data sources, using specific protocols for recording data, analyzing the information through multiple steps of analysis and mentioning approaches for documenting the accuracy-or validity-of the data collected.

Based on explanation above, the writer summarizes that in writing the data that has been obtain using the qualitative research, the researcher should do carefully on analyzes the information in order to get the accurate results of object of the research. Later on, the data will generate into descriptive data in the words form which is obtain from written and spoken data of people. b. Descriptive Analysis

Descriptive analysis is a research method that aims to study the problems, procedures prevailing in society and certain situations, including about the relationship of activities, attitudes, and ongoing processes and the influence of a

20 phenomenon. This descriptive method of analysis also studies the norms and standards in a society. Ratna (2004: 53) states that descriptive analysis method is done by collecting the data and follows with analyzes, and then after the data has been analyzed, furthermore the writer will describe the data as the object of the research.

B. Method of Collecting Data

Gathering information is important in order to answers statement of problem in the research and lead to a successful writing. These data will give us evidence about the object that the author wants to discuss and the author will be able to write the result of data analysis.

The Picture of Dorian Gray written by Oscar Wilde is the only source of this research. The novel version being used in this thesis is the version published by Modern Library in 2004. The writer reads it closely for many times. Then, the writer marks some quotation that related to research of problem in order to support the object of the research.

C. Method of Analyzing Data

After collecting data, the next procedure of the study is analyzing the novel to identity some problems that appeared in the novel. The writer focuses on the analysis of the intrinsic elements of the novel. These elements are characters, plot, theme and setting.

The writer analyzes Immoral Characters in Wilde‘s The Picture of Dorian

Gray by using Structural Approach, and then put it into discussion. Finally, the writer makes a conclusion and suggestion based on the all chapters.

21

D. Procedure of the Research

In order to create a good quality of the research, the writer has processes steps to arrange this thesis as follows:

1. Reading the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray as the most important

source of the thesis.

2. Identifying the issues which consist in the novel.

3. Choosing one issue the writer wants to analyze.

4. Choosing an approach that use for analyzing the research.

5. Collecting the data, including text, e-journal, thesis, books and internet

sources that related to the object of the research.

6. Making memorandum and marking some quotation that might be needed

to the analysis.

7. Writing the result of data analysis.

8. Submitting and presenting the research into a thesis form to get a Sarjana

Sastra degree.

22

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer explains the analysis of structural aspect of novel using Structural Approach. It describes about the intrinsic elements of the novel.

Then the writer reviews the immoral characters in Wilde‘s The Picture of Dorian

Gray and moral messages that found in the novel.

A. Structural Aspects of Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray

The writer describes the whole aspects of the structural aspects of novel such as characters, plot, setting and theme as the initial step in the structural study before continuing to the main analysis. a. Characters

In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, the writer explains about characters that exist in this novel, they are Dorian Gray, Lord Henry Wotton,

Basil Hallward, Sibyl Vane, James Vane, Alan Campbell, Duchess of Monmouth,

Victoria Wotton, and Lord George Fermor. a) Dorian Gray

Dorian Gray is the main character who plays a major role in the course of the story. At the beginning of the story, Dorian is portrayed as a kind-hearted and good looking boy who makes a lot of people know him and refer him as a beautiful creature. Dorian is the last grandson of Lord Kelso, one of the richest men in England. The beauty that Dorian has, comes from his mother, Margareth

Devereux, a Lady who has a beautiful face that makes many people amazed.

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Basil Hallward, Dorian's friend, has a greatly admired of Dorian's charming face and choose to records physical appearance of Dorian by painting him, while Lord Henry Wotton, a friend of Basil Hallward who was an aristocratic nobleman of England, not only admired Dorian for his good looks but also the innocence and purity of his mind in seeing life.

Lord Henry looked at him. Yes, he was certainly wonderfully handsome, with his finely-curved scarlet lips, his frank blue eyes, his crisp gold hair. There was something in his face that made one trust him at once. All the candour of youth was there, as well as youth‘s passionate purity. One felt that he had kept himself unspotted from the world (Wilde, 2004:18).

Dorian is not only portrayed as a handsome young man but he is also described as a person who has a simple, a little bit brainless and naïve thought.

Dorian who was still in the early stages of his maturity and still possessed childish behaviors easily became a worshiper of youth and beauty because of the corruptive influence that was given by Lord Henry.

Lord Henry not only gave a bad influence on Dorian, but he also gave an immoral book to Dorian that made Dorian very interested in the book which he thought the story in the book was very similar to his life journey and he choses to swallow all the bad opinions of the book. After having decided to make friends with Lord Henry, his life goal is to gain a lot of life‘s pleasure. But, it leads to negative things that make his innocent heart get ruined and spoil. Dorian's behavior and actions are reflected in his painting painted by Basil, and as time goes by, the painting becomes corrupted due to the bad behaviors done by him.

Years by years, his portrait became worse every time he did the immoral things.

24

The first change of his portrait is when he broke Sybil's heart and led her to a suicide.

He rubbed his eyes, and came close to the picture, and examined it again. There were no signs of any change when he looked into the actual painting, and yet there was no doubt that the whole expressionhad altered. It was not a mere fancy of his own. The thing was horribly apparent (Wilde, 2004:102).

Dorian is well aware of how immoral he is as a human being, but he does not want to do anything about it at all. He believes that there is no way to go back.

At the end of the story, he feels he has to change to become a better person but unfortunately it is too late for him. b) Lord Henry Wotton

Lord Henry Wotton is an aristocrat who has a great insight and knowledge.

He can change a person only with his words and he likes to influence others. But, the influence he gives to others is a negative influence that leads the persons who gets his negative influence to their destruction. In fact, Lord Henry also admitted that the influence he gave was a bad and immoral influence.

‗Have you really a very bad influence, Lord Henry? As bad as Basil says?‘ ‗There is no such things as a good influence, Mr. Gray. All influence is immoral-immoral from the scientific point of view.‘ ‗Why?‘ ‗Because to influence a person is to give him one‘s own soul.‘ (Wilde, 2004:20).

Lord Henry greatly upholds on aesthetics and hedonistic lifestyle. His life is only dedicated for pleasure and does not care about the rules. Lord Henry is also portrayed as a character who does not believe in the meaning of marriage even though he is a married man. For him, marriage is an unreal thing between two human beings. He thinks that men prefer to marry a woman because they are

25 tired, while women choose to marry a man because they are curious about a meaning of marriage. Both of these reasons make Lord Henry feel disappointed.

He also had the thought that the position of women was far below men, that women were just an ornament and could only speak empty words, means that everything women say have no meaning.

My dear boy, no woman is a genius. Women are a decorative sex. They never have anything to say, but they say it charmingly. Women represent the triumph of mind over morals (Wilde, 2004:53). c) Basil Hallward

Basil Hallward is a famous painter who make friend with Lord Henry and

Dorian Gray. He is described as a quiet person. He has only few friends due to his slightly closed attitude. He is a hard worker who will do anything he does with all of his heart, especially when he is in the studio and completes his paintings. He will only focus on the object of his painting and ignore the presence of others. "It is quite true, I never talk when I am working, and never listen to it, and it must be dreadfully tedious for my unfortunate sitters" (Wilde, 2004: 19). Basil also admits that he has a peculiar tendency to hide a person that he likes from everyone and not tell people about where he is going if he leaves the city, he chooses to hide it for himself.

When I like people immensely, I never tell their names to anyone. It is like surrendering a part of them. I have grown to love secrecy. It seems to be the one thing that can make modern life mysterious or marvelous to us. The commonest thing is delightful if one only hides it. When I leave town now, I never tell my people where I am going. If I did, I would lose all my pleasure. It is a silly habit, I daresay, but somehow it seems to bring a great deal of romance into one‘s life (Wilde, 2004:4).

26

Basil is a person who believes in the kindness of every human being. This principle makes Basil unaffected by the corruptive influence of Lord Henry and

Dorian Gray's bad behavior. Basil really trusts Dorian above everything. When there were rumors of Dorian misbehavior throughout London, Basil did not believe it at all. He still believes in Dorian.

Basil greatly admired the good looks of Dorian and decided to paint him.

The beauty of Dorian makes him believe Dorian more than anything. The beauty of Dorian has brought him to a new flow of art with the spirit of romance. Basil even made Dorian his source of inspiration and considered that his career as a renowned painter would depend on Dorian, on the beauty of art Dorian had given by his handsome face. d) Sibyl Vane

Sibyl Vane is a beautiful and talented woman in acting but poor who lives with her mother. She is a shy and gentle woman. She strongly believes in the existence of true love and assumes that love is the greatest happiness in the world and she is excited to find her true love too. When she fell in love with Dorian, getting married was the only thing she wanted to do with Dorian. Even if she thinks that she already know everything about Dorian, the fact is Sibyl does not know Dorian's real name. She only calls Dorian with Prince Charming. Her prowess in acting makes her look dazzling in Dorian's eyes.

Sibyl is the only thing I care about. What is it to me where she came from? From her little head to her little feet, she is absolutely and entirely divine. Every night of my life I go to see her act, and every night she is more marvelous (Wilde, 2004:61).

27 e) James Vane

James Vane is the older brother of Sibyl Vane. James's attitude is the opposite of his sister. James is portrayed as a rough male character with brown hair, a fat body with ugly face.

At this moment the door opened, and a young lad with rough brown hair came into the room. He was thick-set of figure, and his hands and feet were large, and somewhat clumsy in movement (Wilde, 2004:70).

He loves Sibyl more than anything because Sibyl is the only sister he has and that is makes him very overprotective to her. James also hates to see his mother and sister acting in the theater. He hopes by being a sailor, he will make a lot of money and bring his sister and mother with him to leave London. f) Alan Campbell

Alan Campbell is a very clever scientist. He has a high passion for knowledge and chemistry. He is a scientist at one of Britain's most famous universities, Cambridge University. He is described as a man who often spends a lot of time working in the laboratory and ignoring other things. Besides an intellectual, Alan is also good at playing piano and violin. He also liked Opera and often went to see opera shows in London

His dominant intellectual passion was for science. At Cambridge, he had spent a great deal of his time working in the Laboratory, and had taken a good class in the Natural Science Tripos of his year. Indeed, he was still devoted to the study of chemistry (Wilde, 2004:187). g) Duchess of Monmouth

Duchess of Monmouth is a beautiful and clever woman. She is a member of the high noble class of London. She was captivated by Dorian Gray's beauty and tried to seduce Dorian while he was in the Country Estate. She is the only

28 woman who makes Lord Henry unnerved. She believes that marriage in the

London nobility class is just a show. It was this view that made Lord Henry highly praises her. h) Victoria Wotton

Victoria Wotton is the wife of Lord Henry. She is portrayed as a noble lady who does not really care about her husband's business and she is a typical of woman who will not ask questions about her husband's whereabouts. Victoria

Wotton frees her husband to do what her husband wants and does not demand anything. She is a woman who often talks about absurd things with a serious face. b. Plot

Plot is regarded as the chronology of events. The writer describes the chronology of the events that arranged in Wilde‘s The Picture of Dorian Gray sequentially. Plot consists of exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution. a) Exposition

The novel begins when Basil Hallward, a famous painter is finishing the painting of a handsome man. Lord Henry, Basil‘s friend comes to visit him and interested in getting to know the handsome man Basil was painting. Basil refuses to introduce Dorian Gray to Lord Henry because he thinks that Lord Henry will only give a bad influence on Dorian. But, Lord Henry denied it and remained adamant to get introduced to Dorian. As Basil and Henry are talking, Dorian comes to Basil's studio and makes Lord Henry stunned by Dorian's handsomeness.

Before introducing Lord Henry and Dorian, Basil had threatened Henry not to

29 influence Dorian's innocent thoughts. He says, "Do not spoil him. Do not try to influence him. Your influence would be bad ". (Wilde, 2004: 15). b) Rising Action

After getting closer with Lord Henry, Dorian's innocent thoughts were gradually fanned by Lord Henry. Lord Henry instilled a thought to Dorian that man should not live morally, that man should live by rules made by him self and without worry about others think and no need to care about the rules that exist in the society. Lord Henry also tells Dorian that having fun is the key to the enjoyment of life. Lord Henry tells him that Dorian's youth will never come back again and Dorian will grow old, wrinkled and can not do anything without the help of others. So, Dorian must take advantage of his youth, good looks and his wealth to get many pleasures.

You have only a few years in which to live really, perfectly and fully. When your youth goes, your beauty will go with it, and then you will suddenly discover that there are no triumphs left for you, or have to content yourself with those mean triumphs that the memories of your past will make more bitter than defeats. Every months as it wanes brings you nearer to something dreadful. Time is jealous of you, and wars against your lilies and roses. You will become sallow, and hollow-cheeked, and dull-eyed. You will suffer horribly…Ah! Realize your youth while you have it (Wilde 2004:25).

The corruptive influence of Lord Henry's words instantly made Dorian aware of his youth and his beauty. Henry's compliment for Dorian‘s picture that seems amazing make Dorian angry and says a bad oath that he is willing to give his soul to the devil as long as he remains young forever.

30 c) Climax

Dorian's oath to gives his soul to the devil comes true. But, unfortunately as the consequences, all of the badness of Dorian‘s behaviors is summed up in that picture. As time went on, Dorian did many immoral acts. Hearing the bad rumors about Dorian that had spread throughout London, Basil decides to meet

Dorian and advise him. After talking with Basil, Dorian tells him about his true conditions and shows the picture that Basil had painted many years ago. Basil feels surprise when he sees it. It has turned into a very dreadful picture.

Basil tells Dorian to repent his sins to God, but in frantic condition, Dorian takes a knife and stabs it into Basil's body many times. It causes Basil death in

Dorian‘s own hands ―He stabbed him twice more, but the man did not move‖.

(Wilde, 2004:179). d) Falling Action

Few years after Basil's death, Dorian accidentally meets with James Vane, the older brother of Sibyl Vane, a woman who eighteen years ago decide to end her own life because of Dorian. James feels that Dorian is the Prince Charming who often called by his sister. James decides to revenge her sister death with kill

Dorian but unintentionally he ends up dead in the hands of Dorian friend, Sir

Geoffrey Cloutson, while Geoffrey is hunting and he thinks that James is an animal. Dorian sounds very happy after knows that the man who was shot by his friend was James Vane, the man who tried to kill him.

When the farm-servant had done so, he stepped forward. A cry of joy broke from his lips. The man who had been shot in the thicket was James Vane. He stood there for some minutes looking at the dead body. As he

31

rode home, his eyes were full of tears, for he knew he was safe (Wilde, 2004:237). e) Resolution

Dorian who feels that he has a lot of sins decides to stop doing immoral things. Dorian wants to do good things and start a new life. Dorian thinks that he has to be a good person and do the good things in order to change his picture. He thinks that with good thing that he has done in the Country State, it will help to change his dreadful picture. Dorian comes to upstairs and feels curious to see again the picture that he kept in a locked room that no one else could enter except him. When Dorian enters the room and sees his picture, Dorian cries as he sees that it does not change at all. Dorian feels very upset after sees it. He takes a knife and stabs it. But, Dorian ends up stabs himself while the picture returns to a picture that Basil painted many years ago, a young man with a very handsome face.

When they entered they found, hanging upon the wall, a splendid portrait of their master as they had last seen him, in all the wonder of his exquisite youth and beauty. Lying on the floor was a dead man, in evening dress, with a knife in his heart. He was withered, wrinkled, and loathsome of visage. It was not till they had examined the rings that they recognized who it was (Wilde, 2004:254). c. Setting

Setting is one of the intrinsic elements that refer to the locations and the time occurs in the story. In the novel of The Picture of Dorian Gray, setting of location takes place in London, England. It is describes from this statement, ―Lord

Henry laughed. ―I don‘t desire to change anything in England except the weather,‖ he answered‖ (Wilde, 2004:45).

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In this novel there are two regions in London which reflects the differences in social status of the society. The first is The West End, the location of the wealthy people in London, "He was very nearly black-balled at a West End club of which his birth and social position entitled him entirely to become a member" (Wilde, 2004: 159). And the second is The East End, the location of the working class in London.

―Still the East End is a very important problem,‖ remarked Sir Thomas, with a grave shake of the head. ―Quite so,‖ answered the young lord. ―It is the problem of slavery, and we try to slove it by amusing the slave‖. (Wilde, 2004:45).

Setting places in the novel is very different from each other. The West End is described as a place that has a beautiful physical appearance also filled with nobles who sometimes gather to hold luxury parties in their luxury homes. While

The East End reflects a place that is not so good and there are only poor people who work as slaves.

Therefore, in this story, there are also the specific places that affect the course of the story. The first place is Basil's studio. It is Basil's workplace and the place where Dorian meets Lord Henry for the first time. Basil‘s studio is the place where Basil gave birth so many incredible painting. This place is described as a cozy place with a beautiful garden that creating a natural atmosphere and brings tranquility. The arrangement of the studio with a beautiful garden explains that the owner is an artist who has a high artistic taste.

The second place is Dorian's house. This is the place where Dorian spends much of his free time. Dorian‘s house is a luxury house where the London‘s aristrocrat live. Dorian's hobby on high-value art objects is an evident from the

33 items that adorn his house. There is one room in Dorian's house where he kept all his childhood memories. A small room located on the top floor of his house. This room was made by his grandfather for Dorian to spends his time in childhood. But, as he grew up, he uses the room for the study room.

He had not entered the place for more than four years—not, indeed, since he had used it first as a playroom when he was a child, and then as a study when he grew somewhat older. It was a large, well-proportioned room, which had been specially built by the last Lord Kelso for the use of the little grandson (Wilde, 2004:137).

This room is like a storage box of memories of young Dorian. Although it has changed, but Dorian could still remember the days he spent in this room, to the objects that had been displayed there. This room was also used by Dorian when he kills his best friend, Basil. In this room he keeps his picture that has been transformed into a very scary picture. He hides it in that room so that there is no one knew about his corrupted soul and sins. He wants to conceal it from the world.

The last one is the theater. This is a place where Dorian and Sibyl meet for the first time. Dorian often spends his time here to see Sibyl performances. This theater is a theater located in the East End area, a shabby theater filled by poor people of all ages and is always noisy by the commotion.

The heat was terribly oppressive, and the huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow fire. The youths in the gallery had taken off their coats and waistcoats and hung them over the side. They talked to each other across the theatre, and shared their oranges with the tawdry girls who sat beside them. Some women were laughing in the pit. Their voices were horribly shrill and discordant. The sound of the popping corks came form the bar (Wilde, 2004:91).

Furthermore, this novel covered several seasons that accompany the turn of the year continuously. These years indicate that the story takes place over a

34 long period of time and certainly leads to changes. But certainly, the setting of time in the novel is happening in the nineteenth century.

I am quite content with philosophic contemplation. But, as the nineteenth century has gone bankrupt through an over-expenditure of sympathy, I would suggest that we should appeal to Science to put us straight. (Wilde, 2004:45). d. Theme

Theme is the foundation of a story as the writer mentioned previously. The author will make theme as the fundamental elements before developing it.

Therefore, theme is a soul of a story. It is unifying concept in making a fiction.

After read the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, the writer assumes that the theme of this novel is corruptive influence. This refers to Dorian Gray who was originally a good and innocent young man but after meeting Lord Henry and being exerted with corruptive influence, made Dorian becomes a person who only cares on his own pleasure. The damaging influence of Lord Henry is not only derived through the words he says, but also through the yellow book he gives to

Dorian. A poisonous book that contains a story about the main character who is just looking for his pleasure without caring about anything else.

Dorian gets influence and it causes Dorian do many immoral things. The fall of Dorian to this corruptive influence can not be avoided. Dorian feels free to do whatever he wants regardless of the laws and norms prevailing in society. At the end of the story, the consequences of Dorian's immoral behavior are his destruction and death. The corruptive influence always gives a bad ending for the one who get corrupted.

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B. Immoral Characters in Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray

In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, the author shows immoral behaviors and acts to the readers directly. Immoral behaviors performed by the characters are behaviors which unacceptable to society in general because the standard morals that exist in society become a control to relate to one another.

Once an individual decides to do immoral behaviors or acts, he will fall from the moral standard of society. And in this novel, there are many moral decline depicted by the author.

According to the statement above, the writer will review the immoral characters through this novel. There are six characters that do immoral behaviors and acts. They are Dorian Gray, Lord Henry, Basil Hallward Sibyl Vane, James

Vane and Alan Campbell. a. Dorian Gray

Dorian Gray is the character that dominates this story. Dorian at the beginning of the story is told as a protagonist, however, as the story progresses,

Dorian turns into an antagonist for the corruptive influence from his friend, Lord

Henry. Based on the novel, there are two immoral behaviors and acts done by

Dorian. The first one is his obsession of youth and beauty and the second one is a murder. a) Obsession of Youth and Beauty

Obsession is a strong will of desire or lust for something. The person who is obsessed of something will do anything to achieve his obsession. In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorian's obsession is obsession of youth and beauty. Dorian‘s

36 obsession of youth and beauty begins because of the corruptive influence from

Lord Henry. Lord Henry says bad things about growing old and glorifying of youth and beauty that will disappear over time. Lord Henry also influenced

Dorian by saying that his handsomeness was remarkable, that appearance was not something superficial. That physical appearance of someone is very important.

Some day, when you are old and wrinkled and ugly, when thought has seared your forehead with its lines, and passion branded your lips with its hideous fires, you will feel it, you will feel it terribly. Now, wherever you go, you charm the world. Will it always be so? You have a wonderfully beautiful face, Mr. Gray. Don‘t frown. You have. And beauty is a form of Genius-is higher, indeed, than, Genius, as it needs no explanation. It is one of the great facts of the world, like sunlight (Wilde 2004:24).

Hearing Lord Henry's words, Dorian begins to think about the fact and the truth of the words that Lord Henry tries to express. After few moments of silence,

Dorian chooses to agree with Lord Henry's views. That his youth will be taken away by time, he will become a weak person, wrinkled, and an ugly old man who will be left behind by people who now adore his beauty. Dorian believes that his perfect life will not last forever, and the immediate fear comes to him. He thinks that his youth will never be repeated, unlike the dead flowers which will always get reborn and bloom in the coming year. He approves all of Lord Henry's opinion about the beauty of his youth and even says that he will kill himself if one day he thinks that he is more getting old and ugly.

Dorian feels if he can choose anything, he only will ask for one thing, he wants to have his youth forever. And when Basil shows Dorian‘s face in the picture that he has painted, Dorian sees how handsome he is. He feels jealous of his good looks, charming and awesome face in that picture. He feels angry

37 because he knows that the picture will never fade. Instantly, he is filling with anger and says an oath words that he will give anything including his soul if he is allow to stay young and handsome forever.

―How sad it is!‖ murmured Dorian Gray, with his eyes still fixed upon his own portrait. ―How sad it is! I shall grow old, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young. It will never be older than this particular day of June… If it were only the other way! If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that-for that- I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!‖ (Wilde, 2004:29).

Dorian's oath to give anything including his soul as long as his youth and his beauty are not scratched away from him, somehow, fulfilled. By time to time, he is still looks young and handsome. However, all of his bad behaviors and acts are portray in his picture. The picture that Basil gives to him is getting worse everytime he is doing something bad. Dorian's obsession of youth and beauty has made him do a lot of immoral things. Lord Henry had successfully destroyed

Dorian by his influence. Dorian Gray who was first described as an innocent and simple minded young man is gone. Dorian's attitude is rapidly evolving in the worse direction. b) Murder

Murder is an act to eliminate a person's life in a way that is unlawful.

Murder is usually based on a variety of motives and can be done in various ways.

In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, besides being the one who has been affected by the corruptive influence of Lord Henry, Dorian also commits a crime that out of the law prevails in society, a murder. This incident began when Basil

Hallward came to Dorian's house before his departure to Paris to attend a painting

38 exhibition. Basil came to Dorian‘s house to tell him about the bad issues that spread among London society about the immoral behaviors of Dorian. He said that Dorian‘s public image was ruined and at this time, society began to reject him.

Basil says that he will always trust Dorian. He believes that Dorian will not do bad things, because for Basil, although the years have passed and he has grown old, Dorian will still be his inspiration in art. Despite the fact that Dorian has done immoral deeds, Basil will still choose to trust Dorian if Dorian says that is not true. However, Basil also said that even if he believes in Dorian, he also does not want Dorian to have a bad reputation in the eyes of society.

I do want to preach to you. I want you to lead such a life as will make the world respect you. I want you to have a clean name and a fair record. I want you to get rid of the dreadful people you associate with. (Wilde, 2004:171).

The same Idea also found on other page as follow:

You must give me some answer to these horrible charges that are made against you. If you tell me that they are absolutely untrue from beginning to end, I shall believe you. Deny them, Dorian, deny them! Can‘t you see what I am going through? My God! Don‘t tell me that you are bad, and corrupt, and shameful. (Wilde, 2004:173).

Basil does not want to believe the rumors spreading in London. The rumors say that Dorian is a bad person and will spoil anyone who becomes close to him. Basil said that he was eager to see the truth by looking into Dorian's soul.

But for him, that is impossible because only God can do it.

After thinking about it seriously, Dorian ask Basil to follow him upstairs to show his soul to Basil. It potrays in the picture that Basil painted years ago. At first, Basil says that it is impossible to see Dorian‘s soul from the picture, but

Dorian sure Basil will trust him after see it. Basil chose to follow Dorian upstairs

39 and instantly surprised when he sees that the picture he had painted years ago had turned into something dreadful. Dorian's perfect face he had once captured on his canvas had turned into something scary and horrible.

An exclamation of horror broke from the painter‘s lips as he saw in the dim light the hideous face on the canvas grinning at him. There was something in its expression that filled him with disgust and loathing. Good heavens! It was Dorian Gray‘s own face that he was looking at! The horror, whatever it was, had not yet entirely spoiled that marvelous beauty. There was still some gold in the thinning hair and some scarlet on the sensual mouth. The sodden eyes had kept something of the loveliness of their blue, the noble curves had not yet completely passed away from chiseled nostrils and from plastic throat. Yes, it was Dorian himself. (Wilde, 2004: 176).

Basil looks very shock when he sees it directly. He asks Dorian what had happened to his picture. Dorian told him that the picture had changed when for the first time he saw it and says willing to give his soul as long as he remained young and handsome forever. His wish was come true. However, all of the bad and immoral behaviors of Dorian will be captured in the picture.

Basil told Dorian to repent, pray to God and be a good person. He wants his best friend back. A handsome young man who has a beautiful soul. However,

Dorian laughed and said it was too late. Basil tries to convince him that nothing is too late for forgiveness in God's eyes. Basil believes that God will forgive Dorian.

Basil tells Dorian that the picture of Dorian is really dreadful and teribble,

Dorian looking at the picture of himself and suddenly hateful feelings against

Basil just burst out. Dorian saw a knife above the picture. He tooks it without

Basil's realized and when Basil was off guard, Dorian stabbed Basil many times to death.

40

The mad passion of a hunted animal stirred within him, and he loathed the man who was seated at the table,more than in his whole life he had ever loathed anything. He glanced wildly around. Something glimmered on the top of the painted chest that faced him. His eye fell on it. He knew what it was. It was a knife that he had brought up, some days before, to cut a piece of cord, and had forgotten to take away with him. He moved slowly towards it, passing Hallward as he did so. As soon as he got behind him, he seized it, and turned round. Hallward stirred in his chair as if he was going to rise. He rushed at him, and dug the knife into the great vein that is behind the ear, crushing the man‘s head down on the table, and stabbing again and again. (Wilde, 2004:179).

There was a stifled groan, and the horrible sound of Basil who choking with blood. After killing Basil, Dorian simply walks away from his room and leave the Basil's bloody body on the floor. Dorian personality, habits, believes, behaviors and characters have already changed. He is not Dorian Gray who is charming and pure anymore. He became a murderer who kills his own best friend. b. Lord Henry Wotton

Lord Henry is a very influential character in the change of Dorian Gray's behaviors. His versatility in speech is able to make many people follow the lifestyle that is owned by him, hedonistic lifestyle. He represents the understanding about Hedonism and how important it is. a) Excessive worship of Hedonism

Hedonism is a worldview that assumes that people will be happy by seeking as much pleasure as possible. In the other word, it is the view which sees that pleasure is the goal of human life. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray,

Lord Henry is a very admirable of hedonistic lifestyle. For him, a man must live to please himself regardless of what others think. He is a hedonist that does not care about the good of others. He is only caring about people who can help him to

41 achieve pleasure together. He was so adored with pleasure. He likes to come to parties held by London's nobility and rich people. Beside like to go to many parties, he also likes to smoke and trying all kinds of wines in all of the bars and clubs in London. He pursuits his pleasure consciously. He embraced a new hedonism principle.

Live! Live the wonderful life that is in you! Let nothing be lost upon you. Be always searching for new sensations. Be afraid of nothing…. A new Hedonism-that is what our century wants (Wilde, 2004:25).

The hedonism that is embraced by Lord Henry is a new hedonism that disregards the religion, moral norms that society accepts and advocates only the satisfaction that must be gained in all things. Henry lives with concept of a new hedonism that sees that the final goal of life is achieving pleasure. He should obtain pleasure as long as he can. His pleasure is only reached when he gets satisfied of the attainment to his will.

He is a very persuasive and influential man who can invite people who being intimate with him to follow his hedonistic lifestyle. He thinks pleasure is the most important thing in the world. It is an important achievement of a man.

Therefore, man should do anything to maximize his own pleasure.

I believe that if one man were to live out his life fully and completely, were to give form to every feeling, expression to every thought, reality to every dream---I believe that the world would gain such a fresh impulse of joy (Wilde, 2004:20). c. Basil Hallward

Basil is a kind-hearted man who became the protagonist in this story. Basil greatly admired Dorian and thought that Dorian was everything for him. Basil's interest in Dorian is becoming more and more inappropriate for a man to another

42 man. As time passes, the excessive worship that Basil feels ultimately leads to

Homosexuality. a) Homosexuality

Homosexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction between individuals with the same gender. Homosexual behavior of Basil Hallward is clearly shown in this novel through his attitudes and conversations. From his conversation it can be seen that he is interested to Dorian Gray. Basil is very open and honest when talking about his strange feelings about Dorian to Lord Henry.

When he met Dorian for the first time at a party, Basil felt very nervous and instantly liked Dorian. Their encounter was very memorable for Basil, he felt there was something in Dorian that was able to attract everyone's attention, including himself. In fact, the feeling that Basil felt for Dorian when he met

Dorian, make him dare to ask Lady Brandon, a London noble woman, to introduce him to Dorian. He wants to get to know with a young man that intrests him from the very first time they met.

Sudeenly I found myself face to face with the young man whose personality had so strangely stirred me. We were quite close, almost touching. Our eyes meet again. It was reckless of me, but I asked Lady Brandon to introduce me to him. Perhaps it was not so reckless, after all. It was simply inevitable (Wilde, 2004:8).

The feeling that Basil feels for Dorian is same as a feeling of normal man who is attracted to a woman who interests him. However, it is felt by Basil to

Dorian, both of them are share the same gender. Basil's feelings are getting bigger every day and turning into excessive worship. In fact, before deciding to paint

Dorian, Basil has rejected many offers of paintings that came to him. In a

43 conversation with Lord Henry, Basil implicitly spoke of his homosexuality. He said he had thought of Dorian in a different way.

There is nothing that Art cannot express, and I know that the work I have done, since I met Dorian Gray, is good work, is the best work of my life. But in some curious way-I wonder will you understand me? – his personality has suggested to me an entirely new manner in art, an entirely new mode of style. I see things differently. I think of them differently (Wilde, 2004:11).

Basil also said that while he was painting a landscape with Dorian sitting beside him, Basil could see the beauty of nature that all this time he can not see when he painted it alone, now, he can see the beauty that has always been missed.

Dorian greatly affects his imagination. This shows how Basil greatly worships

Dorian. Unusual worship by a man to another man.

As time went on, Basil became more worried when Dorian rarely come to see him and preferred to meet Lord Henry often. There was a feeling of jealousy he felt for Lord Henry. He thinks that Lord Henry has taken away his happiness.

Basil feels that Dorian begins to forget about him and that makes him sad. When

Lord Henry told Basil that Dorian was going to marry a theater artist, Basil felt a huge of disappointment.

The painter was silent and preoccupied. There was a gloom over him. He could not bear this marriage, and yet it seemed to him to be better than many other things that might have happened. After a few minutes, they all passed downstairs. He drove off by himself, as he had been arranged, and watched the flashing lights of the little brougham in front of him. A strange sense of loss came over him. He felt that Dorian Gray would never again be to him all that he had been in the past. Life had come between them…His eyes darkened, and the crowded, flaring streets became blurred to his eyes (Wilde, 2004:90).

The cause of the love feeling in Basil towards Dorian comes from the incredible beauty that Dorian possesses. Basil who always focused on his works

44 and has long felt of the loneliness, feels happy when he meets Dorian. Basil felt that he had finally found something special that he had been looking for. Basil was delighted to find someone who made him feel so special. Basil even confessed to Lord Henry that he really liked Dorian more than anything even though he was not so sure of the feelings Dorian felt for him.

Before leaving for Paris to attend a painting exhibition there, Basil visited

Dorian and talked about many things. He advised Dorian of the secret that Dorian kept so close. The secret that made him famous as a person who behaved badly in

London. Dorian, who feels cornered trying to divert the conversation and asks

Basil to reveal his secret first. A secret of the reason why Basil refused to show off Dorian's picture to the public years ago. After a tense of silence, Basil finally confessed to Dorian about his feelings. He admitted it all openly, about his strange feeling to Dorian.

Dorian, from the moment I met you, your personality had the most extraordinary influence over me. I was dominated, soul, brain, and power by you. You became to me the visible incarnation of that unseen ideal whose memory haunts us artists like an exquisite dream. I worshipped you. I grew jealous of everyone to whom you spoke. I wanted to have you all to myself. I was only happy when I was with you. When you were away from me you were still present in my art (Wilde, 2004:128). d. Sibyl Vane

Sibyl Vane is a female theater artist who comes from working class people.

He has a very short relationship with Dorian Gray. At first Dorian loved Sibyl because she acts so well. But, when Sibyl acts so badly at the theater, then he realized that he only loves Sibyl because of her acting. Dorian breaks off his engagement to Sibyl, makes the girl heartbroken and chooses to commit suicide.

45 a) Suicide

Suicide is a deliberate act committed by a person to himself in order to end his life. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, suicide is an act committed by

Sibyl Vane. Her suicidal idea came from her despair when Dorian decided to end their engagement.

It began when Dorian comes to the theatre with Lord Henry and Basil. He forces them to come with him to see Sibyl's performance onstage and to introduce them to her. However, when Dorian and his friends see Sibyl's performances, he feels very angry because she acts very badly. He feels shame to his friends.

Dorian comes to the backstage after finish watching the theatre, he looking for

Sibyl, when he meets her, he says that he wants to break their engagement. He realizes that he only loves Sibyl because of her good acting on the theather. And tonight when he wants to introduce her to his friends, Sibyl makes him disappoint and make him looks stupid in front of Lord Henry and Basil.

You have killed my love. You used to stir my imagination. Now you don‘t even stir my curiosity. You simply produce no effect. I loved you because you were marvelous, because you had genius and intellect, because you realized the dreams of great poets and gave shape and substance to the shadow of art. You have thrown it all away. You are shallow and stupid. My God! how mad I was to love you! What a fool I have been! You are nothing to me now. I will never see you again. I will never think of you. I will never mention your name (Wilde, 2004:98).

Dorian says that his love for Sibyl comes from his admiration for Sibyl's intelligence in acting and when Sibyl no longer feels that acting is not something that interests her anymore, and then she means nothing to him now. Sibyl was shocked and pale hearing on Dorian's words. She clenched her hands together and refused to believe the words spoken by Dorian. When Sibyl tries to persuade

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Dorian, Dorian gets angry and rushes off Sibyl who cries as she continues to call his name.

The next day Lord Henry comes to Dorian's house to inform him that

Sibyl had died. Dorian, who had been thinking many times about getting Sibyl back as his fiancee is shock to hear it. Lord Henry tries to calm Dorian by explaining that Sibyl kills herself by swallowing a liquid poison.

I have no doubt it was not an accident, Dorian, though it must be put in that way to public. It seems that as she was leaving the theatre with her mother, about half-past twelve or so, she said she had forgotten something upstairs. They waited some time for her, but she did not come down again. They ultimately found her lying dead on the floor of her dressing-room. She had swallowed something by mistake, some dreadful thing they use at theatre (Wilde, 2004:111). e. James Vane

James Vane is the protective older brother of Sibyl Vane. He loves his sister so much. He promises to kill anyone who hurt his only sister. After Sibyl's death, James blames Prince Charming and seeks the real name of that man for many years to avenge him for the death of his sister. a) Revenge

Revenge is an act of someone who tries to reply the misery he ever felt to the one who caused it. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, this act is done by James Vane, after years since the death of his sister due to suicide, James accidentally heard Prince Charming's call addressed to a man. Prince Charming is a call that James recognizes as the affectionate vocation his sister calls to a man that she loved many years ago.

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James never knew the real name of the Prince Charming that Sibyl always mentioned. And when he heard the name again, he was overcome with anger and intended to avenge his sister's death on that man, the man that is calling as Prince

Charming, Dorian Gray. Immediately he pursued a man whom he considered

Prince Charming and pointed a gun at the man's head.

―You wrecked the life of Sibyl Vane,‖ was the answer, ―and Sibyl Vane was my sister. She killed herself. I know it. Her death is at your door. I swore I will kill you in return. For years I have sought you. I had no clue, no trace. The two people who could have described you were dead. I knew nothing of you but the pet name she used to call you. I heard it tonight by chance. Make your peace with God, for tonight you are going to die (Wilde, 2004:216).

Dorian felt that his life on the verge of death and said that he did not know

Sibyl Vane and immediately get an idea to distracted James by asking how many years it was since his sister died.. James hesitantly replied that it had happened eighteen years ago. Dorian told James to put the light in front of Dorian's face and

James was shocked when he sees a handsome young man who looked about twenty years old. Realization came to James that it was not the young man he is looking for, because the man he is looking for should have reached the age of half a century.

James apologizes for his mistake that almost kills Dorian. Dorian draws a long breath and after advising James to pay attention to something carefully,

Dorian immediately leaves the place. Just as Dorian left the place, a woman come up to James and tells him that Dorian Gray was Prince Charming that James was looking for. Dorian is not aging even though eighteen years had passed. James is

48 shock and rushes to chases Dorian to complete his revenge. However, Dorian has disappeared from his gaze in the blink of an eye. f. Alan Campbell

Alan Campbell is well known as a brilliant scientist and a great musician.

He used to be Dorians friend, but after they get close, he saw Dorians true color and decide to leave him. Years have passed, Alan returns to meet Dorian because

Dorian asks Alan to help him destroy the body of someone he has killed.

a) Help to hide a crime

Help to hide a crime is an act committed by a person who aims to help the offender conceal his crime in order to avoid the offender to get the punishment that imposed by society or law. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, this act is done by one of his characters, Alan Campbell.

This incident begins when Dorian who has killed Basil is confused to get rid of Basil's body and instantaneous thoughts about Alan Campbell came to his mind. Dorian knows that Alan is a great scientist, he believes that Alan can help him to destroy the body. Although the relationship between Dorian and Alan is not good at all, Dorian insists on sending a letter for Alan to visit his house. Alan who really disliked Dorian was forced to come to Dorian's house after reading the letter that Dorian has sent.

After arrived at Dorian‘s house, Alan stared at Dorian with a very hateful look. He refused to to talk to Dorian. Trying to break a long silence between them,

Dorian slowly explained that on the top floor of his house lay a corpse. And the body had been dead since ten hours ago. Alan who heard it cut off Dorian's words

49 and said that he did not want to interfere with Dorian's life and problems again.

Dorian tries to persuade Alan to help him destroy the corpse and says that the body has committed suicide.

―You are mad, I tell you—mad to imagine that I would raise a finger to help you, mad to make this monstrous confession. I will have nothing to do with this matter, whatever it is. Do you think I am going to peril my reputation for you? What is it to me what devil‘s work you are up to?‖ ―It was suicide, Alan.‖ ―I am glad of that. But who drove him to it? You, I should fancy.‖ ―Do you still refuse do this for me?‖ ―Of course I refuse.‖ (Wilde, 2004:190).

Hearing the explanations of Dorian, Alan still did not care and did not want to help Dorian. Dorian insisted on persuading Alan to destroy the corpse from his home. Dorian strongly believes that Alan is a great scientist and can certainly accomplish that. Alan still refuses Dorian's request. Alan says that he has nothing to do with it. He does not care what shame will come on Dorian after this incident because Dorian deserves it all.

Dorian who heard all of Alan's words is panic. He takes a long breath and admitted that he had actually killed the corpse lying on the upper floor of his house because the man had made him suffer so that Dorian chose to kill him. Alan was very surprised to hear Dorian's confession, but he again said that it was none of his business and he was sure Dorian would soon be arrested by the London police. Dorian still continues to persuade Alan to help him destroy the corpse under the pretext that the corpse could be used as a material for Alan's research.

Seeing his persuasion did not work, Dorian then tore a paper and wrote something on the paper. After writing it, Dorian handed it to Alan and suddenly

Alan‘s face is pale. After few minutes of terrible silence, Dorian turned around

50 and put his hand upon Alan's shoulder. Dorian says that Alan should help him or he will send a letter that makes Alan feels of fears, somewhere.

―I am sorry for you, Alan,‖ he murmured, ―but you leave me no alternative. I have a letter written already. Here it is. You see the address. If you don‘t help me, I must send it. If you don‘t help me. I will send it. You know what the result will be. But you are going to help me. It is impossible for you to refuse now (Wilde, 2004:193).

Alan finally surrendered to Dorian's threat. Alan decides to help Dorian to destroy the body. Dorian is happy to hear that. When Alan reasoned about returning to his lab to pick up some things, Dorian balked at the idea and said that

Alan could write down a list of all of the items he needed and Dorian's servant would get him for Alan. Dorian was afraid that Alan would choose to leave if he let him go.

After getting all of the tools for the experiment. Alan comes to the upstairs of Dorian's house. Upon arriving upstairs, Dorian said that he was not sure he could accompany Alan during the process of destroying the corpse. Alan tells

Dorian to go and lock the door quickly, leave him alone with the corpse. After taking a long time with the experiment to destroy the corpse, Alan approaches

Dorian with a pale face and says that he has done what Dorian ask him to do, and hopes that after this they will not seeing each other again. Dorian is excite about it and very grateful to Alan for his help.

―You have saved me from ruin, Alan. I cannot forget that,‖ said Dorian, simply. As soon as Campbell had left, he went upstairs. There was a horrible smell of nitric acid in the room. But the thing that had been sitting at the table was gone (Wilde, 2004:197).

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C. The Consequences of Immoral Behaviors of Characters

The consequence is the end result or impact of an action. In other words, the consequence refers to the things that arise as a result of an action or deed. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, immoral behaviors committed by some characters have a negative impact to themselves.

The first consequence is obtained by Sibyl Vane. Her immoral act was to end her own life. Sibyl who deeply admired the meaning of true love chose to end her life after Dorian decided to break their engagement. The consequence that

Sibyl received from her act is she died without ever getting or feels the meaning of true love that she was looking for. If she had chosen to rise from adversity over the failure of his engagement with Dorian, perhaps Sibyl could find the meaning of true love in another man someday.

The second consequence is obtained by Basil Hallward. Basil greatly admired Dorian's beauty and even had a forbidden feeling for Dorian. Basil is a person who loves Dorian too much, he put his great trust in Dorian but at the end it leads him to his own death. Basil's excessive love for Dorian led him to his death in the hands of the one he loved.

The third consequence is accepted by Alan Campbell. The feelings of guilt that Alan felt after helping Dorian to destroy Basil's body made him choose to end his own life. While the other consequence is accepted by James Vane. James who wants to kill Dorian and take revenge for the death of his sister instead ended up dead accidentally in the hands of a friend Dorian while James was spying on

Dorian.

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The last consequence is obtained by Dorian. Dorian's obsession of youth and beauty had made him do many unkind acts and when Dorian chose to destroy his painting, he ended up stabbing himself to death. While Lord Henry, is the only character in the novel who does not accept the consequences for his actions.

D. Moral Messages

This novel tells about a moral value which always is a point to right and wrong of human behavior. This novel describes the characters that show many immoral behaviors and acts. The author indirectly want the readers know about the unfavorable actions from the immoral behaviors reflected through the actions of the characters.

If the reader can examine carefully, in this novel there are moral messages brought by the author to his readers. The author implicitly conveys the messages through the actions and dialogues contained in this novel. Such as:

a. Being old is a journey. When we are old, there will be events when the

strength of our body and muscles become weak, memory and thinking

power will decrease. However, it all returns to each individual, if the

individual is very appreciative of life, then he will utilize his time by being

a useful person for others. Being old is really hard to avoid, unsettling

about it will only be a waste of time that can actually be used to enjoy the

moment that exist now.

b. The act of killing is an intolerable crime. Murder is a very big sin. No

matter how we hate people, we can not eliminate the life of that person. A

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person who commits murder will not only deal with the law and his God

but will also continue to be followed by a feeling of guilty.

c. Hedonistic lifestyle is a lifestyle that only provides temporary pleasure

because it is only centered to seek worldly pleasure without knowing the

true meaning of happiness.

d. Suicide is a very irresponsible act because whatever problems are

happening to us, we should try to find a way out of the problem instead of

choosing to end life and run away from the reality.

e. Revenge done by someone will not make them feel satisfied, because not

every feelings of hurt must be avenged with hurt and not every blood

should be paid with blood.

f. Helping to hide a crime especially murder is a very immoral act because

killing is a big sin that the offender must bear without the interference of

others. Even if we are in a state of urgency, helping to hide a crime is also

a crime.

Moral messages contained in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray aims to inform the moral values to the readers through the characters exist in the story.

The most important thing in delivery of moral messages that the writer tries to explain is that in the life-related with the society and community, one must follow the rules and norms that apply in a society where one is living, because the rules and such norms as well as traffic signs on the road. The purpose of these traffic signs is to provide the right direction to control human‘s behavior.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

In this chapter, the writer completes this research by giving the conclusion on it. Then, the writer formulates a suggestion. This chapter is the final chapter of the research.

A. Conclusion

After doing the research on Oscar Wilde's classic literature, The Picture of

Dorian Gray, the writer conclude that this novel is not an immoral book because the immorality here refers to the immoral acts committed by the characters, not the book. In fact, all the characters in this novel that do immoral acts are the characters created by author to convey his messages to his readers in order to prohibit the readers doing such things, because literary works are actually a means to convey messages in the realities of people's lives.

From the immoral behavior of the characters contained in this novel, the writer can see the decline of moral values that occur on the characters. Dorian

Gray is the main character who at the beginning of the story is portrayed as a man who has a pure heart turns into a person who deeply worships life and even gives his soul to the devil to keep him looking young and handsome. It is also happened to his two friends, Lord Henry Wotton and Basil Hallward. Lord Henry chose to worship life by always wanting to get pleasure as much as he can, regardless of the norm prevailing in society. While Basil has a greatly worships the beauty of

Dorian Gray by allowing excessive worship to grow in his heart, causing a feeling of love for Dorian who has the same gender as Basil.

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The moral decline that causes the character to perform immoral acts not only occur to the main characters in this novel, but also occurs in three supporting characters, they are, James Vane, Sibyl Vane and Alan Campbell. Sibyl Vane was a woman who chose to end her own life after Dorian broke off their engagement.

James Vane, brother of Sibyl Vane who did not receive the death of his sister chose to avenge it on Dorian. While Alan Campbell is a character who is described as someone who helped Dorian to destroy the body of Basil that Dorian killed.

The story in this novel contains philosophical reflection, passion of life and it also presents a number of events that reflect the immoral behavior that often occurs in society's lives. When a person seeks to circumvent the regulations and norms of life that exist in a society, then the person will experience a moral collapse and deterioration of human values. In addition, he also will get the consequences of his act. From the explanation contained in this paper, it can be concluded that immoral acts that violate the norms in a society will never bring happiness of life.

B. Suggestion

The writer suggests to other who wants to analyze novel The Picture of

Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde to elaborate both intrinsic and extrinsic aspects to analyze all of the elements in this novel. It is important to analyze all of the aspects in intrinsic elements beside the characters, plot, setting and theme. And also in extrinsic elements, the researcher who wants to choose this topic can get a lot of data which is related to the time where the story was created by the author.

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The writer also suggests adapting the theme about relation between good and evil, the transformation of Dorian Gray, the superficial nature of society and the negative consequences of corruptive influence. It would be the interesting themes to be analyze.Therefore to choose a deep analysis about the homosexuality relation in this story with the author‘s real life is strongly suggested by using genetic structuralism approach.

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APPENDICES

SYNOPSIS OF THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY

Dorian Gray meets Lord Henry Wotton at the studio of Basil Hallward, who is using Dorian as a model for his latest painting. Lord Henry tells Dorian about his epicurean views on life, and convinces him of the value of beauty above all other things. The young and impressionable Dorian is greatly moved by Lord Henry's words. When Basil shows them the newly completed painting,

Dorian is flooded with awe at the sight of his own image, and is overwhelmed by his fear that his youth and beauty will fade. He becomes jealous that the picture will be beautiful forever while he is destined to wither and aging. He passionately wishes that it could be the other way around. Lord Henry is fascinated with Dorian's innocence as much as Dorian is impressed by Henry's cynically sensual outlook on life. They become closed friends, to Basil's dismay. He fears that Henry will be a corrupting influence on the young, innocent Dorian, whom he adores.

Dorian and Lord Henry become closed friends, often dining together and attending the same social parties. Henry's influence has a bad effect on the young man, who soon adopts Henry's views as his own, abandoning ethical restraints and seeing life in terms of pleasure and sensuality. Dorian falls in love with the beautiful Sibyl Vane, a poor but talented young Shakespearean actress. They are engaged to be married until Dorian brings Henry and Basil to a performance, where her acting is uncharacteristically - and inexplicably - terrible. Dorian confronts Sibyl backstage, and she tells him that since she is now truly in love, she no longer believes in acting. Disgusted and offended,

Dorian breaks off their engagement and leaves her sobbing on the floor. When he returns home, he discovers that the figure in his portrait now bears a slightly different, more contemptuous facial expression.

Dorian awakens late the next day feeling guilty for his treatment of

Sibyl, and writes an impassioned love letter begging her forgiveness. Soon, however, Lord Henry arrives, and informs Dorian that Sibyl committed suicide last night. Dorian is shocked and wracked with guilt, but Henry convinces him to view the event artistically, saying that the superb melodrama of her death is a thing to be admired. Succumbing to the older man's suggestion, Dorian decides that he need not feel guilty, especially since his enchanted portrait will now bear his guilt for him. The picture will serve as his conscience, allowing him to live freely. When Basil visits Dorian to console him, he is appalled at his friend's apathy towards Sibyl's death. Dorian is unapologetic and annoyed by

Basil's adulation of him.

Paranoid that someone might discover the secret of the painting, and therefore the true nature of his soul, Dorian hides the image in his attic. Over the next several years, Dorian's face remains young and innocent, despite his many selfish affairs and scandals. He is an extremely popular socialite, admired for his fine taste and revered as a fashionable trend-setter. The picture, however, continues to age, and grows more unattractive with each foul deed.

Dorian cannot keep himself from looking at the picture periodically, but he is appalled by it, and is only truly happy when he manages to forget its existence.

He immerses himself in various obsessions, studying mysticism, jewelry,

music, and ancient tapestries. These interests, however, are all merely distractions that allow him to forget the hideousness of his true soul.

One night, Basil visits Dorian to confront him about all of the terrible rumors he has heard. The painter wants to believe that his friend is stll a good person. Dorian decides to show him the portrait so that he can see the true degradation of his soul, but when Basil sees it he is horrified, and urges his friend to repent for his sins. Basil's reaction enrages Dorian, and he murders the artist with a knife. To dispose of the body, he blackmails an estranged acquaintance, Alan Campbell, a chemist who is able to burn the body in the attic's fireplace. Alan has already been driven into isolation by Dorian's corrupting influence, and this action eventually compels him to commit suicide.

Not long after, Dorian visits an opium den and is attacked by James

Vane, Sibyl's brother, who has sworn revenge on the man that drove his sister to suicide. 18 years have passed since the event, however, yet Dorian still looks like a 20-year-old youth. James thinks that he is mistaken, and Dorian escapes before his would-be murderer learns the truth. Over the next several days

Dorian lives in fear, sure that James is searching for him. While hunting one day, Dorian's friend Geoffrey accidentally shoots a man hiding on Dorian's property. This stranger is revealed to be James Vane. Dorian is overcome with relief, but cannot escape the fact that four deaths now weigh on his conscience.

Deciding to change his life for the better, Dorian commits a good deed by refusing to corrupt a young girl who has fallen in love with him. He checks the portrait, hoping to find that it has changed for the better, but when he

realizes that the only thing that has changed is the new, hypocritical smirk on the wrinkled face, he realizes that even his effort to save his soul was driven by vanity. In a fit of despair, he decides to destroy the picture with the same knife that he used to kill Basil, its creator. Downstairs, Dorian's servants hear a shriek, and rush upstairs to find their master dead on the floor, the knife plunged into his own chest. Dorian's youthful countenance is gone, and his servants are only able to recognize him by the jewelry on his fingers.1

1 http://www.gradesaver.com/the-picture-of-dorian-gray/study- guide/summary

BIOGRAPHY OF OSCAR WILDE

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was born on October 16, 1854 in

Dublin, Ireland. His father, William Wilde, was an acclaimed doctor who was knighted for his work as medical advisor for the Irish censuses. William Wilde later founded St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital, entirely at his own personal expense, to treat the city's poor. Oscar Wilde's mother, Jane Francesca Elgee, was a poet who was closely associated with the Young Irelander Rebellion of

1848, a skilled linguist whose acclaimed English translation of Pomeranian novelist Wilhelm Meinhold's Sidonia the Sorceress had a deep influence on her son's later writing.

Wilde was a bright and bookish child. He attended the Portora Royal

School at Enniskillen where he fell in love with Greek and Roman studies. He won the school's prize for the top classics student in each of his last two years, as well as second prize in drawing during his final year. Upon graduating in

1871, Wilde was awarded the Royal School Scholarship to attend Trinity

College in Dublin. At the end of his first year at Trinity, in 1872, he placed first in the school's classics examination and received the college's Foundation

Scholarship, the highest honor awarded to undergraduates.

Upon his graduation in 1874, Wilde received the Berkeley Gold Medal as Trinity's best student in Greek, as well as the Demy ship scholarship for further study at Magdalen College in Oxford. At Oxford, Wilde continued to excel academically, receiving first class marks from his examiners in both

classics and classical moderations. It was also at Oxford that Wilde made his first sustained attempts at creative writing. In 1878, the year of his graduation, his poem "Ravenna" won the Newdigate Prize for the best English verse composition by an Oxford undergraduate.

Upon graduating from Oxford, Wilde moved to London to live with his friend, Frank Miles, a popular portraitist among London's high society. There, he continued to focus on writing poetry, publishing his first collection, Poems, in 1881. While the book received only modest critical praise, it nevertheless established Wilde as an up-and-coming writer. The next year, in 1882, Wilde traveled from London to New York City to embark on an American lecture tour, for which he delivered a staggering 140 lectures in just nine months.

While not lecturing, he managed to meet with some of the leading

American scholars and literary figures of the day, including Henry Longfellow,

Oliver Wendell Holmes and Walt Whitman. Wilde especially admired

Whitman. "There is no one in this wide great world of America whom I love and honor so much,'' he later wrote to his idol.

Upon the conclusion of his American tour, Wilde returned home and immediately commenced another lecture circuit of England and Ireland that lasted until the middle of 1884. Through his lectures, as well as his early poetry, Wilde established himself as a leading proponent of the aesthetic movement, a theory of art and literature that emphasized the pursuit of beauty for its own sake, rather than to promote any political or social viewpoint.

On May 29, 1884, Wilde married a wealthy Englishwoman named

Constance Lloyd. They had two sons: Cyril, born in 1885, and Vyvyan, born in

1886. A year after his wedding, Wilde was hired to run Lady's World, a once- popular English magazine that had recently fallen out of fashion. During his two years editing Lady's World, Wilde revitalized the magazine by expanding its coverage to "deal not merely with what women wear, but with what they think and what they feel. The Lady's World," wrote Wilde, “should be made the recognized organ for the expression of women's opinions on all subjects of literature, art and modern life, and yet it should be a magazine that men could read with pleasure.”

Beginning in 1888, while he was still serving as editor of Lady's World,

Wilde entered a seven-year period of furious creativity, during which he produced nearly all of his great literary works. In 1888, seven years after he wrote Poems, Wilde published The Happy Prince and Other Tales, a collection of children's stories. In 1891, he published Intentions, an essay collection arguing the tenets of aestheticism, and that same year, he published his first and only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. The novel is a cautionary tale about a beautiful young man, Dorian Gray, who wishes (and receives his wish) that his portrait ages while he remains youthful and lives a life of sin and pleasure.

Though the novel is now revered as a great and classic work, at the time critics were outraged by the book's apparent lack of morality. Wilde vehemently defended himself in a preface to the novel, considered one of the great testaments to aestheticism, in which he wrote, “an ethical sympathy in an

artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style" and "vice and virtue are to the artist materials for an art.”

Wilde's first play, Lady Windermere's Fan, opened in February 1892 to widespread popularity and critical acclaim, encouraging Wilde to adopt playwriting as his primary literary form. Over the next few years, Wilde produced several great plays—witty, highly satirical comedies of manners that nevertheless contained dark and serious undertones. His most notable plays were A Woman of No Importance(1893), An Ideal Husband (1895) and The

Importance of Being Earnest (1895), his most famous play.

Around the same time that he was enjoying his greatest literary success,

Wilde commenced an affair with a young man named Lord Alfred Douglas. On

February 18, 1895, Douglas's father, the Marquis of Queensberry, who had gotten wind of the affair, left a calling card at Wilde's home addressed to

"Oscar Wilde: Posing Somdomite," a misspelling of sodomite. Although

Wilde's homosexuality was something of an open secret, he was so outraged by

Queensberry's note that he sued him for libel. The decision ruined his life.

When the trial began in March, Queensberry and his lawyers presented evidence of Wilde's homosexuality—homoerotic passages from his literary works, as well as his love letters to Douglas—that quickly resulted in the dismissal of Wilde's libel case and his arrest on charges of "gross indecency."

Wilde was convicted on May 25, 1895 and sentenced to two years in prison.

Wilde emerged from prison in 1897, physically depleted, emotionally exhausted and flat broke. He went into exile in France, where, living in cheap hotels and friends' apartments, he briefly reunited with Douglas. Wilde wrote very little during these last years; his only notable work was a poem he completed in 1898 about his experiences in prison, “The Ballad of Reading

Gaol.”

Wilde died of meningitis on November 30, 1900 at the age of 46. More than a century after his death, Wilde is still better remembered for his personal life—his exuberant personality, consummate wit and infamous imprisonment for homosexuality—than for his literary accomplishments. Nevertheless, his witty, imaginative and undeniably beautiful works, in particular his novel The

Picture of Dorian Gray and his play The Importance of Being Earnest, are considered among the great literary masterpieces of the late Victorian period.

Throughout his entire life, Wilde remained deeply committed to the principles of aestheticism, principles that he expounded through his lectures and demonstrated through his works as well as anyone of his era. "All art is at once surface and symbol," Wilde wrote in the preface to The Picture of Dorian

Gray. “Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril. Those who read the symbol do so at their peril. It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors. Diversity of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new, complex and vital.”2

2 https://www.biography.com/people/oscar-wilde-9531078