Mammalogy 4764 9/15/2009
BIOL 4764. Mammalogy Introduction Characteristics Origins
Structure and Function Movement, Physiology, Feeding, Reproduction Radiation and Diversity
Behavior / Ecology Disease, Syllabus Overview Mating systems, Dispersal, Dr. Ron Moen - 720-4372 Habitats [email protected] www.d.umn.edu/~rmoen/mammalogy
Mammalogy
Class Mammalia: 4,600 or 5,400 described species
Why study mammals? 1. We are mammals 2. Humans rely on mammals for food, companionship 3. Mammals hunted for food, sport -- Economics 4. Models for diseases, drug development Deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) 5. Conservation 6. Basic research 7. Effects on humans (e.g., Hantavirus, Lyme disease)
www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/lyme
High Risk Areas Lyme disease occurrence in Minnesota (cases/person/km2) at county resolution Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)
White-footed mouse (P. leucopus) Borrelia burgdorferi Odocoileus virginianus
www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/lyme
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Learning resources for mammals Books: Mammals of ______
Journals: J. of Mammalogy, Canadian J. Zool., Ecology, JWM
Popular publications: Natural History, National Geographic P. maniculatus Museums and Zoos
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta Internet--Lots of sites, but be careful. Video/DVD: BBC The Life of Mammals, others
Other texts: Vaughn, T.A., J.M. Ryan, and N.J. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy. 4th Edition. Thomson Learning, Inc.
Murray et al. 2006
Historically … Lister and Bahn 1994 More recently … Early mammalogists were: Natural history emerged in the 1600’s (e.g., Audubon, Catesby)
Hunters Taxonomy as currently used in 1700’s -- Linnaeus
Breeders Early 1800’s, United States. Lewis and Clark Expedition New mammal species identified--pronghorn, grizzly bear
Mid 1800’s -- Charles Darwin, theory of natural selection Genetics work by Mendel
1900’s -- Rise of museums Taxonomy and Systematics Ecology as a science Mammalogy as a science
Hierarchical classification system Evolutionary history Pelycosaur ~280 MYA Kingdom Animalia
Therapsid ~250 MYA Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Artiodactyla Early Cynodont ~250 MYA
Family Cervidae
Genus Odocoileus Late Cynodont ~220 MYA
Species Odocoileus virginianus Thrinaxodon Common name: White-tailed deer Feldhamer 4.4
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Number of teeth Digestive system Specialization related to diet -- will look at later Marsupial: 50
Placental: 44 Felidae: 28 or 30
Feldhamer et al. Fig. 6.2
Soft tissue features of Mammals Circulatory system
Muscular diaphragm Efficient - key to active lifestyle of mammals Separation of systemic and pulmonary circulation Four-chambered heart with functional left aortic arch 4-chambered heart is a double pump - part of a highly efficient circulatory system, which supports active lifestyle Lungs at low pressure Body at high pressure Red blood cells lack a nucleus - increases O2 capacity, which supports … what? Mammals range in size: 2 g shrew to 160,000 kg whale
900 Heart rates (Vaughn 2-3) 800 Heart 700 600 rates 500 400
Heart rate 300 200 100 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Body mass
1000
100
Heart rate 10
1 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Body mass
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Fat and energy storage Seasonal changes in availability Winter/Summer, Wet/Dry seasons
Fat storage not unique to mammals, but essential
Functions: 1. Energy storage 2. Heat and water source 3. Thermal insulation Megaloceros
100 100 Antler composition 80 Water
75 60 Percent z Ash 40 of Caribou: Bergerud 1976 z White-tailed deer: 20 z Final 50 z O.M. Jacobson and Griffin 1982 z z z zz z Antler Moose: Van Ballenberghe 1982 0 Length Red deer: Muir et al. 1987 Ca 25 15 Reindeer: Baksi and Newbrey 1989
Red deer: Fennesey et al. 1990 Composition (%) 10 P Fallow deer: Sempere 1990 0 5 0 25 50 75 100 Percent of Antler Growing Period 0 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Day of antler growth
Predicted antler mass if skeletal minerals depleted Ca and P Metabolism 50 Intake Factorial levels of 45 energy intake, Megaloceros Bone 40 energy efficiency, and skeletal 35 Resorb resorption Rumen Adsorb 30 Alces 25
Blood Kidneys 20
Antler mass (kg) Antler mass 15 Rangifer Small and Large Intestine Urine 10 5 Odocoileus Cervus Feces 0 Fetus 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Antlers Milk Body mass (kg)
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Chapter 3: Techniques for studying mammals Field methods: Capturing, Marking, Monitoring Field Summer and winter trapping Laboratory
Computer
Remote camera technology Presence / Absence Mark-Recapture surveys
Field methods: Capturing, Marking, Monitoring
VHF radiotelemetry Triangulation Aerial telemetry
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Satellite imagery -- GPS positioning -- GIS analysis
Male Female
Lynx 1
Aerial photographs
Physiological changes Measurement in laboratory Measurement in field Infer from signals in field
15 16 Nitrogen Metabolism zz z Body 12 10 Intake Changes Fat UN : C Salivary 8 Blood (%) zzzzz ratio Glands 5 z in zzz zzz 4 Recycle zzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzz nitrogen 0 0 Rumen 100 40 Liver Excrete metabolism 80 Recycled N 30 Microbial N during Source Total of 60 Urine Blood Kidneys winter N 20 N (%) (g / d) 40 Small and Large Catabolized Catabolism N Intestine Urine 10 Tissue 20
Feces Intake N 0 0 0 1020304050607080 J. Wildl. Manage. 61:881-894 Day of Simulation
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