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A Forerunner of German Colonialism
Biography and the Making of Transnational Imperialism: Karl Gützlaff on the China Coast, 1831–1851 Thoralf Klein Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK Correspondence: [email protected] This essay challenges the ‘methodological territorialism’ and ‘methodological nationalism’ prevalent in recent studies of imperial biographies, examining the role of the German Karl Friedrich August Gützlaff (1801–1851) in establishing a transnational form of free-trade imperialism in China. A native of Prussia and a missionary by training, Gützlaff was first posted in the Netherlands East Indies before associating himself with British interests on the China coast. However, his loyalty was not limited to one imperialist power. In the 1840s, Gützlaff promoted German trade with China, and at certain points of time he also supported American as well as Scandinavian interests. In addition to making a name for himself as a cultural broker and promoter of free trade and diplomatic representation, he also became involved with various forms of imperialism, from the more fluid commercial variant to the more formalised power structures of territorial rule. The case of Gützlaff therefore lends itself to a reflection about the permeable and shifting boundaries of empires. Moreover, it calls for a reassessment of German imperialism in the period before 1871, showing how Germany’s involvement with ‘Western’ global expansion was palpable and not merely confined to the realm of colonial fantasy. Keywords: Karl Gützlaff; biography; transnational history; imperialism; China; empire; Hong Kong; Britain; Germany; German colonial history; cultural broker The ‘imperial turn’ of the last 20 or so years has brought about a new approach to the writing of imperial biography. -
Z164 08 0549.Pdf (4.546Mb)
THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS TO THE THIRTY-THIRD GENERAL MEETING OF THE MISSIONARY SOCIETY, USUALLY CALLED THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY, O n T h u r sd a y, M a y 10, 1827. ---- ---------- WITH LISTS OF CONTRIBUTORS, (rc. Sec. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE GENERAL MEETING. LONDON : SOLD BY WESTLEY AND DAVIS, STATIONERS’ COURT, LUDGATE STREET; J. NISBET, BERNERS STREET, OXFORD STREET ; T. D. CLARKE, BRISTOL ; W. OLIPHANT, SOUTH BRIDGE, AND WAUGH AND INNES, HUNTER SQUARE, EDINBURGH ; AND LA GRANGE, NASSAU STREET, DUBLIN. JAK DENNETT, PRINTER, LEATHER LANE, HOUIOUN. REPORT LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 1827. O n a retrospect of the past twelve months, the Directors see abundant cause for thankfulness to the Great Author of all success, for the continued marks of his favour towards the Society. From the several stations, with few exceptions, the intelligence has been of a cheering and encouraging character. The spirit of missionary zeal, both at home and abroad, is evi dently on the increase; and, although some circumstances have occurred during the year to give exercise to faith, nothing has transpired, either to shake our confidence in the stability of the Society, or to diminish our hopes of its progressive efficiency and success. DEPUTATION. The Deputation sailed from Singapore* for China, on the 1st of October, 1825, and on the 14th of that month reached Macao, whence, after remaining there about three weeks, they proceeded to Canton, and arrived in that city on the 5th of November. At Canton they continued till the 5th of December, when they embarked on their return to Singapore. -
The Rise of the Single Female Medical Missionary in Britain and South Africa, 1875-1925
Gender, professionalism and power: The rise of the single female medical missionary in Britain and South Africa, 1875-1925 Hilary Ingram Department of History McGill University, Montreal Submitted July 2007 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of M.A. in History. This thesis is copyright © 2007 Hilary Ingram 2 ABSTRACT This essay will examine the recruitment of single British women by leading Protestant missionary societies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to assess what motivated women to apply and what qualifications and training were required before they were deployed to the mission field. Single female candidates accepted into missionary service negotiated boundaries between gender and class and worked to redefine their position within religious missions, gradually becoming more professionalized as the years progressed. This thesis places particular emphasis on the study of British female medical missionaries. Throughout, it examines key themes regarding gender and professionalism and the interaction between gender and race on the mission field. Using South Africa as a case study to examine the interaction between female medical missionaries and their African trainees, in the final section the paper analyzes how white female medical missionaries defined themselves as professional women in the field. Cet essai examine le recrutement par les principales sociétés protestantes de missionnaires de femmes britanniques célibataires au cours de la fin du dix- neuvième siècle et du début du vingtième. Il cherche à comprendre ce qui motiva les femmes à postuler, ainsi qu’à découvrir la formation et les qualifications exigées d’elles avant qu’elles ne soient envoyées en mission. -
Historical Sketch of the Missions in Siam and Laos
un o ºr a tº E CARE of T H E Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church 5iSíOrical Sketch ºf its |missionsin Siam & £aOS fifth €dition C REv is so 2 Woman's Foreign Mis sionary Society of the Presbyterian Church, Witherspoon Building, Philadelphia ; ſº 1903 Price, 10 cents U N D E R T H E C A R E o F T H E Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church DiStorical D)is SiOnSin Siam & £aOS 7ifth 6dition ( R Ev is E D ) Woman's Foreign Mis. sionary Society of the Presbyterian Church, Witherspoon Building, Philadelphia ; ; 1903 MISSIONS IN SLAM, 108 KTAVZNº. O4- zº- Krºm r \ - - s Awari Lºr- ſºn z. I 3* - K wºn A N ºf{* 'e-se Pºss };A < *** caneer --------- tºwn * - * \ ºr \;=z. Q ºn tº Halºg, As. - * sº £: . "... A … gº lina 27 •se d bou º * - Hº TONG KING ºf ~~ ſº - - Auºng Harbour - W. Nº * Bay - (A. º S 2 |ron pissa) - ſº Sºngkhºnongkha, Cº- - 2?” | Itarulut £ºey tº tº ,” yºnºnm %3 > z sº ºst ºils ºn 2. - - - S --- --- uncº" * ------ º - ... ".…: ' ... --- M. --orna º - - “” º y ** pºf Mººngton, ºranjº wº §. - ºrºuſ"" } ſº rua ºn Arrº %rrn SºBattambang h; jºr sº un- - º ` or Tonlé Sº antaboon Grº | Koh Ka N "… ºfºrº - Roh - - - - r º “F* * **** tº samt Sullivam.gº, º t % A.,A | º an | > Lºughborough to Koking r ºw, º,Grrrn ~ - mº"º wan. | cº º: o Tau Pussao- Pulo Marth- 1% - Davis I ****,xon perman #. (hannel S. mru * in Wankeou Sanue chance 1. § $º º Straut rulo Trºjany. -
BLIND and SIGHTED PIONEER TEACHERS in 19TH CENTURY CHINA and INDIA (Revised Edition)
BLIND AND SIGHTED PIONEER TEACHERS IN 19TH CENTURY CHINA AND INDIA (revised edition) M. Miles, West Midlands, UK. [email protected] Miles, M. 2011. BLIND AND SIGHTED PIONEER TEACHERS IN 19TH CENTURY CHINA AND INDIA (revised edition). This article introduces blind and sighted men and women who developed education and employment for blind people in China and in India from the 1830s onward, and whose pioneering efforts have disappeared from later accounts of blind people's history. This revised and much extended online version is published in xxxx 2011: www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles201104.html and www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles201104.pdf SYNOPSIS Blindness, blind people and blind teachers appear in literature from both Chinese and Indian antiquity. Legal and charitable provisions existed and a few blind characters played a role in epic history, while most blind Asians probably lived quite constricted lives. The 'official' starting dates for formal blind schools are 1874 in China, and 1886 in India, but in fact there was well documented educational work with blind people from the 1830s onward in both countries, and many aspects of it are both interesting and instructive for what came later. Two of the key 19th century special teachers were blind young women. In 1837, missionary teacher Mary Gutzlaff integrated several young, blind, Chinese orphan girls in her small boarding school at Macau. One named 'Agnes Gutzlaff' was then educated in London, and returned in 1856 to Ningpo, moving later to work in Shanghai. Agnes became the first trained and experienced person in China to teach blind people to read, using first the Lucas system, then Willam Moon's embossed script.