WFD Implementation in : Preliminary Study for Assessment of Pressures and Impacts in the River Basin District

Božidar Stojanović, Dragana Ninković, Dragica Vulić Institute for Water resources development „Jaroslav Černi“, , Serbia

Abstract

Analysis of pressures and impacts, according to the provisions of Article 5 of the WFD, is one of the key phases in preparing of the RBMPs. This paper describes a methodological framework for preliminary pressures and impacts assessment in order to facilitate implementation of the WFD on small and medium rivers which are not, or are only partly, included in the national monitoring network. In order to fill this gap, proposed methodology combine available data pollution loads and water quality, environmental regulations, GIS and expert opinions for assessment of significance of driving forces and pressures. This approach includes the following steps: identifying driving forces and pressures, analyzing the significant pressures, and assessing the impacts and the risk of failing the WFD objectives. Methodology was used in the Kolubara river basin district (central Serbia) as a case study.

Kewords: Water Framework Directive, Kolubara river basin district, pressures, impacts, assessment

Introduction

Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000) establishes a new approach to water resources management that aims to harmonize existing European water policies and to prevent further deterioration of water quality and quantity, as well as to protect and to enhance the status of water resources and to promote sustainable water use. The fundamental change in water management is introducing a single system of coordinated objectives to be met through integrated River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) within specified timeframes. Serbia, although not a member of the European Union, for several years conducted activities for the implementation of the WFD, based on obligations under the Convention on the Protection of the River and the membership of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River - ICPDR.

The first step in the characterization of the river basin is the identification of significant pressures and assessment of the impact of human activities on water resources, and identification of water bodies that are at risk not to reach the objectives of WFD. The WFD requires information to be collected on the type and magnitude of significant anthropogenic pressures, and indicates a broad categorization of the pressures into: point sources of pollution; diffuse sources of pollution; effects of modifying the flow regime through abstraction or regulation; and morphological alterations.

The main document that considers the procedures, methods and tools for the analysis of pressures and iimpacts on the level of the European Union's "Guidelines for the analysis of pressures and impacts“ (IMPRESS, 2003). This guide is not binding, but provides a general framework for the analysis according to which methodological approach should be defined in accordance with the specific conditions in each country.

This paper presents the preliminary results of the identification of sources of pressure, its characterization and analysis of the impact to the water bodes in the river basin Kolubara. Applied methodological approach involves the determination of parameters relating to concentrated sources of pollution by using emission factors for certain activities. The analysis was limited to the surface waters, due to the lack of data on other types of water resources.

Methodological approach

According to the recommendations from IMPRESS Guidance, methodology of pressures and impacts assessments includes the key stages of the general approach as laid down in the WFD are: • Identifying driving forces and pressures, • Analyzing the significant pressures, and • Assessing the impacts and the risk.

BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010 1 Identifying driving forces and pressures

The WFD requres collecting the information about the driving forces, and then analyzing the characteristics of the pressures and impacts of human activities on the water bodies. Details on identification of driving forces are listed in Annex II of the WFD, and practical instructions are given in section 3.2 of IMPRESS Guidance. In the initial stage of the process is necessary to identify and describe all existing sources of pollution, including demographic and urban development, land use, industry, agriculture and other activities. The demographic development can be considered the primary driver of the process whose effects are transmitted to changes in land use, changes in urban structure, the development of industry, agriculture, etc. Other sources of pressure (diffuse, hydro morphological, and others) are not the subject to this work.

Determination of the scope of information for identification and characterization of point pressure sources was based on the WFD. Estimation and identification of significant point source pollution, in particular by substances listed in Annex VIII, from urban, industrial, agricultural and other installations and activities, based, inter alia, on information gathered under: Directives 91/271/EEC, 96/61/EC, 76/464/EEC, 75/440/EC, 76/160/EEC, 78/659/EEC and 79/923/EEC.

Characterization of the pressure of waste water is based on measured data when available, or based on calculations using emission factors. The load of municipal water is determined using the number of inhabitants and typical values of emission factors for specific pollutants.

Table 1 - Emission factors used to evaluate the load of municipal water Parameter Amount Source

BOD5 60 g/ inhabitant /day Directive UWWTD – 91/271/EEC COD 110 g/ inhabitant /day ICPDR Emmision Inventory for Ptot 1,8 g/ inhabitant /day Danube River Basin Roof report, 2004 Ntot 8,8 g/ inhabitant /day

Analyzing the significant pressures

In the case of surface water, WFD requires assessment and identification of significant sources of pollution in particular by substances listed in Annex VIII of the directive for urban, industrial, and other structures and activities based on information collected under Articles 15 and 17 of the Directive on urban waste water treatment (UWWT,19). Besides UWWT directive requires the reduction of pollution from various sources of concentrated pollution and contribute to the requirements of IPPC Directive (1996), which establishes the rules when issuing permits for industrial installations in the discharge.

According to adopted criteria, significant point sources of pollution include all settlements with built sewage and waste water load greater than 2000 EC, or industrial facilities that are subject to the IPPC Directive. Significant pressures are considered to exceed the values of parameters given in table 2

Table 2 - Criteria for determining significant pressure based on the emission characteristics from point sources of pollution Pollution source General criteria Parameter value

Settlements with built Characteristics of effluent * : • annual volume of waste water, sewage and load BOD>25 mg/l, COD>125 mg/l, • population and the number of p.e. greater than 2000 EC Ptot>1 mg/l, Ntot>10 mg/l, (UWWTD, 1991) • annual load by priority substances SM>35 mg/l • annual burden from industry to the Ntot =50 t/yr, Ptot=5t/yr, As=5 Industrial activity in Annex I IPPC Directive kg/yr, Cd=5 kg/yr, Cr=50 kg/yr, accordance with the • annual load priority and other Cu=50 kg/ yr, Hg=1 kg/ yr, IPPC Directive and substances whose quantity is limited Ni=20 kg/ yr, Pb=20 kg/ yr, EPER • food industry with loads > 4000 p.e. Zn=100 kg/ yr, Phenol=20kg/ yr

BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010 2 Assessing the impacts and the risk

Assessing the impact of pressure on surface water and estimation of the likelihood that these pressures cause the deterioration of the current status of water are esential part of DSPIR framework applied for river basin management, and basis for estimation if water body meet requirements of the WFD for good ecological and chemical status. For characterization of ecological status of water it is required to use biological, hydromorphological, chemical and physical-chemical parameters. For a good chemical status it is required that concentrations of priority substances in water are in compliance with quality standards.

Assessing the impact on water body requires certain quantitative information that describes the state of water bodies (quality and quantity of water) or the characteristics of pressure (impact) acting on it. Type of analysis depends on the type and quantity of data that are available. The quality, ie. status of surface water in Serbian monitoring system is usually determined by physical-chemical indicators, while the biological elements of quality are much less represented. As a reference and a key water quality parameters there are taken organic pollution, nutrients and dangerous substances.

Table 3 - Parameters of water quality and adopted threshold values for good status Parameter National standard - class II ICPDR, 2004

Dissolved O2 mg/l 6 6

BOD5 mg/l 4 4

COD (Cr) mg/l - 25 Saprophobic index 2,5 2,5

NH4 mg N/l 1 0,3 Ptot mg/l - 0,2 Hg µg/l 1 0,1 Cr µg/l 100 50 Phenol µg/l 1 1 Lindan µg/l 56 1

Direct approach to the analysis of the impact of significant pressures to the quality of the surface water bodies in the case of Kolubara river basin takes into consideration the available monitoring data. But, if data are not available impact assessment is mainly based on the application of simple mathematical models aiming at the estimation of surface water quality parameters. This approach can be used for determination of pressure significance using parameter values from table 2. Combining the significance of pressure and sensitivity of the recipient it is possible to make expert risk assessment.

Preliminary assessment of the risk that water body does not meet the objectives of the WFD is done in the following categories: (1) at risk, (2) probably at risk, (3) probably not at risk, and (4) not at risk.

Table 4 - Criteria for preliminary risk assessment Assessment based on data from Expert opinion based Risk category monitoring system on the significance of pressure 90% of the value exceeds the limit Significant pressure; emissions exceed at risk (aR) values (TLV) and has a sufficient the parameter values from Table 2 number of measurements Pressure is not significant; emissions do 90% of the value exceeds the TLV, probably at risk not exceed the values of parameters but there is no sufficient number of (paR) from Table 2 Recipient sensitive to measurements pressure. Pressure is not significant; emissions do 90% of the value is not exceeded probably not at risk not exceed the values of parameters and there is no sufficient number of (pnaR) from Table 2 Recipient is not sensitive to measurements pressures 90% vrednost nije prekoračena i not at risk (naR) No point sources of pressure ima dovoljan broj merenja

BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010 3 Preliminary assessment of the driving forces and pressures in the Kolubara river basin

Territory of Kolubara River Basin is situated between 19o 31'and 20o 30' east longitude and 44o 05' and 44o 40' north latitude. Kolubara River Basin belongs to the River Basin and the Danube River Basin. Total surface area is approximately 3640 km2. There are eleven rivers with basin surface area larger than 100 km2, and among them Kolubara, Ljig and Tamnava are the most important.

Identification of water bodies in the water currents in the basin Kolubara performed according to the criteria adopted at the national level during the process of applying WFD in Serbia (Cherni, 2006). In accordance with the adopted criteria and typology system in the rivers of Kolubara river basin were identified 42 water bodies. There are six water bodies on the Kolubara river and 36 water bodies in the tributaries. Identified water bodies shown on the map presented in figure 1. .

Figure 1 – Water bodies in the Kolubara river basin

These watercourses are exposed to the point and diffuse sources of pollution pressures at different extent. This paper analyzes only point sources of the pollution, of which the most dominant are settlements and industry. Measured and estimated values are processed through the application Cadastre of point sources of pollution (KIZ, 2008). There are several watercourses with the river basin size of over 100 km2, that are not exposed to point sources pollution, where do not exists major settlements, industry, or large agricultural farms. These are the following rivers: Obnica, , Gradac, Lepenica, Spa and Dragobilj.

Identifying driving forces and pressures

The Kolubara river basin includes 15 settlements with more than 2.000 population equivalent (p.e.) which are taken into account for analysis. Table 5 shows the characteristics of nine municipalities that have built sewage systems.

Only town has the plant for waste water secondary treatment, and settlement Vreoci is connected to sanitary waste water treatment plant in AD „Kolubara Prerada“. All Access of households to the sewage system ranges from 7% to 90%. The settlements Barajevo, Stepojevac, Bukovik, Jabučje, Šopić and Popučke have not sewage systems and they are belonging to the category of diffuse pollution sources.

BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010 4 Table 5 – Characteristics of municipal point sources of pollution in the Kolubara river basin Sewage BOD COD N P SM Settlement P.E. Recipijent 5 tot tot conection (%) t/yr t/yr t/yr t/yr t/yr 34 9.520 Kolubara 208,49 416,98 34,75 8,69 173,74 68 2.992 Tamnava 65,52131,05 10,92 2,73 54,6 76 7.461 Ub 163,4326,79 27,23 6,81 136,16 Ljig 63 1.877 Ljig 41,182,21 6,85 1,71 34,25 Veliki Crljeni 7 350 Peštan 7,67 15,33 1,28 0,32 6,39 Lazarevac 70 16.486 Lukavica 361,04 722,07 60,17 15,04 300,87 Lajkovac 95 3.271 Kolubara 71,63143,27 11,94 2,99 59,7 Mionica 70 3.150 Ribnica 189 378 31,5 7,88 157,5 Valjevo 78 6.124 Kolubara 134,12615,7 140,32 23,4 513,69 Total 51.231 1.242 2.831 325 70 1.437

The area of middle and lower of Kolubara river is the most important for elecricity production and coal mining facilities in Serbia. There dominate thermal power station „TE Kolubara A“ and ten lignite open pit mines. In the complex TE Kolubara in Veliki Crljeni, generate different types of waste waters that are discharged to the river Turia, Beljanica channel and Bare. These are industrial waste water, waste water from cooling tower, sanitary and atmospheric waters, overflow and drainage water from the ash dump.

In addition to power plant and mines in the area are present other large industrial facilities: "Kolubara - Prrerada", "Kolubara - Metal," "Toplana" and "XELLA AD. in Vreoci, and Kolubara - Universal "in the Veliki Crljeni. Waste water occurs in the metal industry, casting process and surface treatment of metals in „Krušik“ and „Gradac“ in Valjevo and „Foundry“ in Ljig. Technological and sanitary waters from industries „Krušik“ and „Gradac“ are pretreated before discharging into municipality Valjevo sewage.

Nonmetal industry includes facilities for the production of building materials, separation of gravel, concrete production and „gasconcrete“ elements, the production of lime, cutting and processing of stone, which are located in Valjevo, Ljig and Vreoci. Food industry is especially frequent in the northwestern part of the basin, bordered above the rivers of Kolubara Tamnava and Ub. These are the dairy industry in Ub and slaughterhouse in Divac, fruit and vegetables in Lajkovac, cold storage, brewery and mill-making industry "Vapek“ in Valjevo. None of these industries have not built waste water treatment facility.

Assessment of industrial waste water loads was based on data from the Cadastre of point pollution sources. For those industries that are not included in the cadastre, the assessment of waste water laods were conducted on the basis of production capacity and appropriate emission factors for each type of industry.

Table 6 - Emissions of pollutiants from industrial activities

Industry type Q (m³/day) P.E. COD (t/yr) BOD5 (t/yr) NH4+ (t/yr) P (t/yr)) SM (t/yr)

Power and coal 57.273 15.544 2.624 371 13,5 7,72 3.246 production Metal processing 1.721 5.017 66,2 17,2 3,62 0,257 26,4 Nonmetal 802 1.1380,09 24,6 0,06 0,131 68,6 Food 524 2.03944 74,2 0,52 0,073 44,2 Total 60.320 23.7382.734 487 17,7 8,181 3.385,

BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010 5

Figure 2 - Spatial layout of municipal and industrial pollution sources

Analyzing the significant pressures

The analysis of significant pollution pressures from point sources was performed only for the main watercourse of Kolubara river, and pressures from settlements and industry are shown cumulatively in six water vodnom telu bodies as annual pollution load (tables 7 and 8 respectively).

Table 7 – Pollution load of waste water from settlements by water bodies Average Suspended Hydrological BOD COD N P Water body annual flow 5 matters (SM) 3 station (m /s) t/yr RS_KOL 1 20.82 Draževac 437,41 874,82 72,9 18,23 364,5 RS_KOL 2* RS_KOL 3 16.06 Beli Brod 481,44 819,62 80,24 20,06 401,21 RS_KOL 4 9.47 Slovac 189 378 31,5 7,88 157,5 RS_KOL 5* RS_KOL 6 3.66 Valjevo 134,12 615,7 140,32 23,4 513,69 Total 1643,18 2688,14 198,96 69,57 1436,9 * no significant pollution sources

Results from table 7 show that pollution loads and average flows rise from water body RS_KOL 6 to water body RS_KOL 1. The largest burden on water body RS_KOL1 comes from the settlement Obrenovac. However, taking into account the relationship between pollution loads and the average flow at hydrological stations, the pollution pressure on the water body RS_KOL 1 is only 65% of the pressure on the water body RS_KOL 6.

The water bodies RS_KOL2 and RS_KO5 have no major settlements with built sewage, so existing settlements does not belong to point sources.

BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010 6 Table 8 – Pollution load of waste water from industry by water bodies BOD COD N P SM Water body 5 t/yr RS_KOL_1 15,26 318,28 1,39 0,01 435,29 RS_KOL_2 5,59 13,51 0,67 0,23 12,18 RS_KOL_3 1512,38 10320,38 16,03 2,80 1472,52 RS_KOL_4 18,98 24,46 0,55 0,01 5,11 RS_KOL_5 * RS_KOL_6 * Total 1552,20 10676,62 18,65 3,06 1925,10 * no significant pollution sources

The largest emission of pollution from industry have recorded on the water body RS_KOL_3. Extreme values were obtained for the parameter chemical oxygen consumption (COD). At water bodies RS_KOL_5 and RS_KOL_6 were not identified any industry with direct discharge of waste water to recipients. Industry located in Valjevo is connected to public sewers and the settlement waste water treatment plant. Minimum load was recorded in the water bodies RS_KOL_2 and RS_KOL_4.

Table 9 – Pollution load from municipal and industrial waste water Suspended BOD COD N P Water body 5 matters (SM) t/yr RS_KOL 1 452.67 1193.1 74.29 18,24 799.79 RS_KOL 2* 5,59 13,51 0,67 0,23 12,18 RS_KOL 3 1993.82 11140 96.27 22.14 1873.73 RS_KOL 4 207.98 402.46 32.05 7,89 162.61 RS_KOL 5* RS_KOL 6 134,12 615,7 140,32 23,4 513,69 Total 3195.38 2688,14 198,96 72.63 3524.61 * no significant pollution sources

Integraged assessment of significant preassures from settlements and from industry by water bodies shows that there no significant pressures in water RS_KOL 2 i RS_KOL 5, while other four water bodies are under significant pressures.

Assessing the impacts and the risk

According to the Water Framework Directive the status of surface waters are based on the ecological quality, and values of biological parameters can serve as indicators assessing of impacts. The status of water bodies of surface water in this study, was evaluated through the physical - chemical indicators of quality due the lack of data on biological parameters in compliance with WFD..

Impact assessment was based on the results from monitoring. The River Basin Kolubara system of regular monitoring include three rivers (Kolubara, Peštan and Ljig), with a total of 5 monitoring stations. Quality is considered for a period of 7 years (1998 to 2006). Data were processed as C90% values for all parameters except for oxygen, which is given as C10%.

Impact analysis and assessment of water body status were based on Serbian regulation for quality class II (see table 3). Result of analysis are shown in table 9 and risk assessment in table 10.

BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010 7 Table 9 – Water quality at measuring stations in Kolubara river basin Monitoring Requested Determined class Water body station class 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 SLOVAC RS_KOL 4 IIB II/III III II II/III III II/III BELI BROD RS_KOL 3 IIA III III II/III III III III DRAŽEVAC RS_KOL 1 IIB II/III III III III III II/III BOGOVAĐA RS_LJIG_1 IIA II/III III III III III III VREOCI RS_PEST_2 IV III - III III III III

Table 10 - Risk assessment based on monitoring results _ Monitoring Organic Nutrient Hazardous Overall risk Water body station pollution pollution substances assessment

RS_KOL_1 Draževac paR aR pnaR aR

RS_KOL_3 Beli Brod pnaR aR pnaR aR RS_KOL_4 Slovac pnaR aR paR aR RS_LJIG_1 Bogovađa aR pnaR aR aR RS_PEST_2 Vreoci pnaR aR paR aR

Results show that at all monitoring stations water quality was unsatisfactory, and that there were significant anthropogenic impacts, and consequently these water bodies were assessed as at risk to reach the objectives of WFD.

For three water bodies in river Kolubara water quality data are not available impact assessment was conducted taking into account pressure significance using parameter values from table 2. Combining the significance of pressure and sensitivity of the recipient it is possible to make expert risk assessment, as shown in table 11.

Table 11 - Risk assessment based on significance of pressures (expert opinion)

Organic Nutrient Hazardous Overall risk Water body pollution pollution substances assessment RS_KOL_2 - - - pnaR

RS_KOL_5 - - - naR

RS_KOL_6 + + - paR

Conclusions

Assessing the impact of pressure on surface water and estimation of the likelihood that these pressures cause the deterioration of the current status of water are esential part of the DSPIR framework applied for river basin management, and basis for estimation if particular water body meet requirements of the WFD for good ecological and chemical status. The main document that considers the procedures, methods and tools for the analysis of pressures and impacts is "Guidelines for the analysis of pressures and impacts“ which but provides a general framework for the analysis.

This paper described a methodological framework for preliminary pressures and impacts assessment in order to facilitate implementation of the WFD in Serbia. Type of analysis depends on the type and quantity of data that are available. In Serbian monitoring system is usually determined by physical- chemical indicators, while the biological elements of quality are much less represented. On the other hand there are non satisfatory number of monitoring stations in smaller river basins. In order to fill this gap, proposed methodology combine available data pollution loads and water quality, environmental regulations, GIS and expert opinions for assessment of significance of driving forces and pressures. This approach includes the following steps: identifying driving forces and pressures, analyzing the significant pressures, and assessing the impacts and the risk of failing the WFD objectives.

BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010 8 Methodology was used in the Kolubara river basin district (central Serbia) as a case study. The analysis was limited to the surface waters, due to the lack of data on other types of water resources. As a reference and a key water quality parameters there were taken organic pollution, nutrients and dangerous substances. Results show that at all monitoring stations water quality was unsatisfactory, and that there were significant anthropogenic impacts, and consequently these water bodies were assessed as at risk to reach the objectives of WFD. For water bodies where information of water quality data are not available impact assessment was conducted using expert risk assessment by combining the significance of pressure and sensitivity of the recipient.

Acknowledgements

The paper presents a part of results from the Project TR 22204 “Development and application of a method for estimating pressures, impacts ad risk in order to implement the Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC)” supported by Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia.

References

• WFD, 2000: Water Framework Directive (WFD), DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy 2000/60/EC • CIS-IMPRESS, 2003: Guidance document No 3, Analysis of Pressures and Impacts, http://forum.europa.eu.int/Members/irc/env/wfd/library/ • ICPDR, 2004: Danube River Basin Roof report, ICPDR, 2004 • UWWTD, 1991: Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment, Official Journal L 135, 30.05.1991, str. 40-52 • EPER, 2000: Guidance Document for implementation of an European Pollutant Emission Register according to Article 15 of Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), 2000 • IPPC,1996: Council Directive 96/61/EC of 24 September 1996 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (OJ L 257 , 10.10.1996, p. 26) • Pilot plan, 2007: Pilot plan of water resource management, Characterization report for Kolubara river basin, EuropeAid 118940/C/SV/Multi, 2007 • KIZ, 2008: Katastar koncentrisanih izvora zagađenja, JVP „Srbijavode“, 2008 • Cherni, 2006: The study of identification of water bodies, Institute for Water Resources "Jaroslav Cherni," AD, Belgrade, 2006

BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010 9