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The Art of Travel (Third Edition, 1860)

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The Art of Travel (Third Edition, 1860) THE AET OF TEAYEL; SHIFTS AND CONTRIVANCES AVAILABLE IN WILD COUNTRIES. BY FRANCIS GALTON, F.R.G.S., AUTHOR OF ‘ THE EXPLORER IN TROPICAL SOUTH AFRICA,’ AND HONORARY SECRETARY TO THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. (SBbiiiun, aitir ©alarjjjeir. WITH MANY ADDITIONAL WOODCUTS. LONDON: JOHN MUERAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1860. The right of Translation is reserved. LONDON : PRINTED BY W ILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD-STKEET, AND CHARING CROSS. PREFACE. T his volume is intended as a Manual to all who may have to “ rough it,” whether they be travellers, missionaries, emigrants, or soldiers. I planned the work when exploring South Africa in 1 8 5 0 -5 1 ; and, since my return to England, my own stock of experiences has been steadily increased by those of other travellers, which I have made a point of re-testing, in every needful case, except where the contrary is implied. In it are included the experiences, not alone of one kind of country, but those of the Bush, the Desert, the Prairie, the Ice, the Water-side, and the Jungle ; and the whole is arranged in a systematic manner, as a boot of ready reference. A First Edition was published in 18 54 ; and a Second one, enlarged, revised, and more fully illustrated, in 1856. I have now to offer to the public a Third Edition, which is far fuller of information than the preceding one, and in the composition \ of which I have been more or less indebted to hints from nearly every modem English traveller of eminence. Indeed, I have to thank very numerous correspondents, of various posi­ tions in society, for valuable suggestions. To conclude, I sincerely trust that I may continue to be a 2 IV PREFACE. favoured by my readers with sucb remarks, sketches and cor­ rections, as would appear to them likely to add to the value of the work. I hope I have given sufficient assurance, both that the experiences of others are highly valued, and also that I am most anxious to test them thoroughly and to turn them to accomit. Communications may be addressed to me— “ Care of Mr. M urray, 50, Albemarle Street, London.” F rancis Galton. October, 1859. CONTENTS. Water — Fire — Bivouac — Clothes — Food and Cooking — Discipline — Defence — Hiding-places or Caches — Boats, Bafts, Fords — Road across country — Heavy "bodies, to move — Carpentry and Smith’ s W ork — Skin, Horns, &c. — Candles, Soap, Pottery, Char­ coal — Writing Materials — Cattle — Saddlery — Waggons, &c. — Guns — Trapping — Fishing — Medicine — Presents to natives — Estimates — Instruments. Chapter I.— WATER, p. 1-21. PAGE. 1. §1 . Where to look for Water. Among mountains after rain, &e.— 2. Signs of well water. Wells and pools. Sandy river-beds. — 3. Fresh water by desert shores. Bushing wells. Theory of Fountains. — 5. To know when water is near at hand, converging flight and tracks. — 6. Instinct of animals. 6. § 2. Occasional supplies from Rain, Dew, &c. Rain-water, to catch. Wetting the skin with sea-water; nauseous taste in mouth. Dew- water, to collect. — 7. Water in paunch of dead game ; in roots ; &c. 7. § 3. Precautions against Thirst. 7. § 4. To purify Water.—8. Muddy water, to filter ;—through bundles of grass, sunken cask or bag. Filtering materials. Alum. Snow- filter. — 9. Putrid water, to disinfect. Salt water, to distil: makeshift stills; gun-barrel still. 11. § 5. To dig Wells and to water Cattle from them. Digging with stick and hand. Slow yield of water.—12. Digging with split bamboo. Securing wells in sandy soils. — 13. Watering cattle from wells. Troughs ; buckets. Pole and bucket. — 14. Horse harnessed to bucket-rope. Arab pump. VI CONTENTS. PAGE. 14. § 6. Water Vessels. Kegs for pack-saddles.— 16. Spigot; tundish; syphon. Water carried in waggons : Captain Sturt;—17. Water­ proof bags fitted into basket-work ;—18. would make a powerful float.—Small water-vessels. Daily rations of water. Canteens.— 19. Zemsemiyah. Various native vessels. Carrying bladders or intestines filled with water. Bark. — 20. Wood. Greased canvas, &c., &c. Carrying water in open buckets. Mending leather vessels. — 21. Ostrich egg-shells buried full of water. Chapter II.—FIRE, p. 22-86. 22. § 1. Gunpowder, &c. Given—knife, flint, gunpowder and fu el: to light a fire. — 23. Outfit for fire-making. Lucifers. — 24. Light by help of a gun, of caps, of powder. Fire-sticks. — 27. Authors on ancient methods of obtaining fire. Spontaneous combustion. 27. § 2. To obtain a Spark. Flints. — 28. Granite and other siliceous stones. Porcelain. Flinty stones may be found in roots of drift­ wood. Silica in bamboo. Steels. Pyrites. Tinder of various descriptions. To make amadou. — 29. To char rags. Touch­ wood. Cattle-dung. Receptacles for tinder. — 30. To keep tinder dry, in soaking weather (see also p. 125). Cotton rag. Wick in a tube. Pith. — 31. Down of various plants. Saltpetre, to procure from ashes of several plants. Touch-paper. Burning- glasses, spectacles, watch-glasses, ice-lenses. 32. § 3. To kindle a Spark into a Flame. By whirling, by holding up to the wind, and by blowing. The cook’s duty in fire making. Fibrous fuel. Sizes of small sticks required to light a fire. — 33. Sulphur matches. Lighting fires in soaking weather. 33. § 4, Fuel. Roots of decayed trees. Dry cattle-dung. Bones. — 34. Sea-weed. Peat. Charcoal carried in sacks ; in balls. How to prepare these balls (or guls). 34. § 5. Camp Fires. Of three logs. ■— 35. A fir-tree cut in two, and one half laid on top of the other. Dangers from flying brands. Brushwood for a blaze in the early morning. Brand carried before the mouth in cold night-travel. — 36. Fire-places for brushwood, &c. (Ovampo). Hearths on snow; for charcoal; on board boats. CONTENTS. Vll Chapter III.—BIVOUAC, p. 37-74. PAGE. 37. § 1. Where to seek for Shelter. Importance of comfort (see also p. 47­ 50). A low screen, like that chosen by an animal. — 38. A tree is no protection against wind, — 39. but causes eddies in a gale. To find out sheltered spots. Roofs. Radiation chill on a still night with a blue sky. 40. Rising grounds warmer than hollows in plains at these times, or than the plain itself. — 41. Shelter of a forest. Warmth of rock by night and coolness by day. Chill near water. Lying in sand, snow, ashes of camp-fire. Reeking carcase of newly dead animal. 42. § 2. Bivouac without Tents. Nature of a bivouac ; pleasures o f ; security of. Screens of living or dead bushes; 43. of saddle-bags, & c.; turf on edge. Firwood sheds made of boughs and branches. Screen of blanket stretched out by sticks. — 44. Substitutes for sticks or poles: viz., faggot; guns; rope from an overhanging branch. Screen of stones and bags filled with sand. Tente d’Abri.— 45. Burrows, as dry wells, and other sleeping holes (see p. 72). Sleeping-bags. — 46. Mountaineering outfit. Gipsy- tent (see also p. 56).—47. Tripod of guns. Between plaids in cut heather. Warmth of double shirts, &c. Change of dry clothes for night. — 48. Bivouac and travels in Arctic regions. — 49. G. Cumming, outfit for short trips.—50. Dr. Kane, raw meat and a fur bag. Cot with mosquito curtain, in woods. Importance of warmth. 51. § 3. Mattresses, &c. Warmth of. Substitutes for under-clothing and for bedstead, in wet. — 52. Shape of a man’s lair. Hollow corre­ sponding to hip. Making a mattress ; paillasse. Shavings, to cut them. Oakum. — 53. Macintosh. Painted canvas (see also p. 73). Coverlets of various materials; air-tight and heavy. Wetted plaids. Advantage of sleeping-bags (see p. 45).— 54. Brown paper. Extra clothes (also p. 47). Pillows: bags; saddle; air- cushions. Sleeping with guns (see p. 229). 54. § 4. Tents. Real uses of.—55. Desiderata. Roominess.—56. Various tents: viz., Bell-tent; Marquees ; Gipsy (also p. 46) ; Rhodes’s ; —57. Umbrella; Edgington’s, 3-poled ; Pyramidal; Kirghis-jourt. — 58. Smallest sort of tent (also p. 46). (Sail-tent, p. 140.) — 59. (Tente d’Abri, see p. 44.) Tent-pole replaced by a young tree, a tripod (also p. 44). Lengthening poles and mending broken ones. Materials for tents : canvas ; silk ; calico. — 60. Leather, matting, &c. Old tent, to strengthen. Tent-pegS, iron and wood. Pitching tents and awnings. To drive tent-pegs securely. Pouring water on ground. Backing pegs. Dateram, or object buried in sand and tent-rope tied to it. — 61. Theory of its action. Bushing a tent. — 62. Thorns and — 63. bells, against thieves. Preparations for a storm : ditch, and guys, and slackened ropes. — 64. Tent pitched for a lengthened habitation. viii CONTENTS. PAGE. 64, § 5. Tent Furniture. Bedstead (also p. 73). Hammocks and cots. Chairs and tables.:— 65. Rush-bottomed chairs. Trench in ground. Tying things to tent-pole. Luxuries of tent-life. — 66. Losing things on ground. 66. § 6. Huts. Materials for walls; for roofs ; for floors. — 67. Tarpaulin. Bark {also p. 176). Weaving reed mats.—68. Plaiting them, &c. Reed huts and fences. Straw walls. — 69. Wattle-and-dab. Com­ mon huts. Palisades ; burning down trees for them. — 70. Log huts. Malay hitch for laths, bamboos, planks, &c. — 71. Snow houses.— 72. Underground huts. Hole, tented over. Thatch. Wood shingles. Addenda. Pegs in walls. Bedstead. — 73. Feathers for bedding. Concrete. Glass and its substitutes. To shape glass with a key. — 74. Grass shutters. Mosquito curtains. Hand-bell, whistle, for servants. Chapter I V .— CLO TH ES, p. 75 -8 3. 75. § 1. Articles of Dress. Merits of flannel and cotton. Poncho. To waterproof cloth. Coat. — 76. Waistcoat, trowsers. Dressing- gown. Socks. Braces and belts. Shoes, sandals; should be greased.
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