Social Inclusion Study
Targeted Rural Initiative for Poverty Termination and Infrastructure (TRIPTI) Orissa Poverty Reduction Mission Government of Orissa
Field Report September 2009
Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI
CONTENTS
1. Background ...... 1 2. Scope of the Study ...... 1 3. Sampling Plan and Coverage ...... 2 4. Team Composition ...... 3 5. Methodology for EPVG Identification and Need Assessment ...... 3 5.1 EPVG Identification Process and Need Assessment of EPVG...... 3 5.1.1 Desk based review and consultation process ...... 3 5.1.2 Selection of Participatory Techniques for EPVG Identification ...... 3 5.1.3 EPVG Need Assessment Process ...... 5 5.1.4 Training on PRA Techniques ...... 6 5.2 Field Study and Piloting of Process ...... 6 5.2.1 Coordination with TRIPTI ...... 6 5.2.2 Organization of Field Work ...... 6 5.2.3 Piloting of process in Balasore district ...... 7 5.2.4 Piloting of process in Nayagarh district ...... 8 6. Field Findings and Results from EPVG Identification Process ...... 8 6.1 Results of EPVG Identification Process ...... 8 6.2 Effectiveness of various EPVG Identification Processes ...... 9 6.3 EPVG Typology and their characteristics ...... 11 6.4 Need Assessment Process and Key Issues...... 12 6.5 Typology of Needs for EPVG Households ...... 13 7. Methodology for Participatory Identification of Poor ...... 14 7.1 Process for Participatory Identification of Poor (PIP) ...... 14 7.2 Selection of PRA technique for PIP ...... 14 7.3 Orientation of Study Team and Cluster Coordinators of TRIPTI...... 14 7.4 Field Study and Piloting of PIP Process ...... 15 8. Field Findings and Results from PIP Process ...... 16 8.1 Results of PIP Process ...... 16 8.1.1 Results of PIP process - Rench Sasan Gram Panchayat ...... 16 8.1.2 Results of PIP Process - Bandhabhuin Gram Panchayat ...... 18 8.2 Key well-being Indicators ...... 20 8.3 PIP process and key issues ...... 21 8.3.1 Effectiveness of PRA exercise for identification of poor ...... 21 8.3.2 Possible Strategy for Selective Targeting of Households categorized as Well-off ...... 22 8.3.3 Role of GPLF in PIP Process...... 23
Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI
8.3.4 Communication regarding the PIP Process ...... 23 9. Social inclusion study and emerging technical issues for TRIPTI...... 23 Annexure 1: EPVGs in Baunsagadia, GP Baunsagadia, Block Khaira, Balasore ...... 27 Annexure 2: EPVG Identified in Kabar village, GP Kupari, Block Khaira, Balasore ...... 27 Annexure 3: BPL Survey validation in Kabar, GP Kupari, Block Khaira, Balasore ...... 28 Annexure 4: EPVG Identified in Lodhachua, GP Lodhachua, Block Ranpur, Nayagarh ...... 29 Annexure 5: EPVG Identified in Jiripada village, GP Patia, Block Ranpur, Nayagarh ...... 29 Annexure 6: EPVG Profile ...... 30 Annexure 7: Summary Data for Rench Sasan GP, Nimapara block, Puri district ...... 35 Annexure 8: Summary Data for Bandhabhuin GP, Pallahara block, Angul district ...... 36 Annexure 9: Common well-being indicators in Rench Sasan GP ...... 38 Annexure 10: Common well-being indicators in Bandhabhuin GP ...... 39 NEED ASSESSMENT FORMAT & VULNERABILITY MATRIX ...... 41 PIP Process Output – Maps ...... 44 Illustrative Map on using PIP output for Planning and Monitoring ...... 44
Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI
1. Background
The World Bank assisted Targeted Rural Initiative for Poverty Termination and Infrastructure (TRIPTI) being implemented by the Orissa Poverty Reduction Mission (OPRM) aims to enhance social and economic empowerment of rural poor in 38 blocks in 10 districts of Orissa. The programme would strengthen SHGs and promote their federation at the Gram Panchayat level in order to develop self-sustaining community institutions. The project would cover over 1.254 million families in 8,369 villages under 1,020 gram Panchayats in these project blocks. One of the major strategies of the project is to ensure social inclusion of poor in the project that would enable poor and marginalized to have equal opportunities to participate in community based institutions and to provide need based support to such groups in enhancing their productive potential. The project would adopt a two-fold approach in ensuring inclusion of these groups. Firstly, the project would identify the left out poor in the village and would organize them in existing or new SHGs. Second, the project recognizes that there are extremely poor and vulnerable groups (EPVG) in community that typically suffer from severe economic and social impediments and such groups needs to be identified and supported through specific need based interventions to enable them to participate in community / village level institutions. The pro-poor inclusion fund (PPIF), a sub-component of community investment fund under the project is earmarked for investments that would enhance the productive capacities of such EPVG households / groups, including providing need based bridging finance for inclusion of identified EPVG households into existing SHGs. A part of this fund would be managed by the Gram Panchayat level federation (GPLF) to undertake various activities that would enhance productive potential of EPVG households.
2. Scope of the Study
The objective of the social inclusion study was to pilot the identification of EPVGs in select Gram Panchayat and their need assessment to evolve and develop operational processes that would be adopted in TRIPTI to ensure social inclusion of EPVGs. The following specific objectives of the social inclusion study were finalized with the TRIPTI team during the inception phase. 1. Pilot several processes that can be used to identify extremely poor and vulnerable groups in village / Panchayat and assess the effectiveness of these processes 2. Pilot need assessment process for EPVG to develop a robust yet a simple mechanism for need assessment 3. Identify broad typology of activities that can potentially and feasibly be supported through pro-poor social inclusion fund, which can enhance productive capacities, social and economic provision / welfare of EPVG households 4. Develop a process manual that can provide guidance to CRPs, CCs, GPLF members and block teams in identification and need assessment of EPVG based on the pilot experience 5. Identify training needs of project teams for conducting the PIP process and produce a training guidelines that can be used in capacity development of the project team Revision in Scope of Work The objectives of the social inclusion study was revised during the visit of Bank mission and it was agreed that a more comprehensive Participatory Identification of Poor (PIP) process was to be piloted in two GPs (from the remaining 4 GPs for field research) to help recommend the process to be adopted for PIP that can be used effectively for targeting left out poor in the project area.
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI
3. Sampling Plan and Coverage
The sample for the study was finalized through discussion with the SPMU TRIPTI. Four districts; Balasore, Nayagarh, Jagatsinghpur and Angul were selected for sampling to ensure that coastal and other central districts under TRIPTI were represented adequately in the samples selected. The sample Gram Panchayats in these districts were purposively selected to ensure coverage of both tribal and non-tribal GPs. The main village in one GP and a satellite village in the second GP were randomly selected in two districts (Balasore and Nayagarh). In the other two districts (Jagatsinghpur and Angul) one GP each was selected to cover all the villages (the pilot project GPs) and in the second GP only a satellite village. Table 1 presents the agreed sampling plan during the inception stage.
Table 1: Sampling p lan for the study District Block GP Name GP Type Study Village Angul Pallahara Bandhabhuin Tribal GP, All Pilot Project Nagira Tribal GP Main Village Balasore Khaira Baunsagadia Tribal GP, Main Village Pilot Project Kupari Non-Tribal Satellite Village Jagatsinghpur Kujanga Gandakipur Non-tribal, All Pilot Project Pankapal Non-tribal Satellite Village Nayagarh Ranpur Lodhachua Non-tribal, Main Village Pilot Project Patia Non-tribal Satellite Village
Revision in Sampling Plan The sampling plan for the study was revised in between by SPMU TRIPTI due to the revision of scope of work and the consultants agreed to the revised sampling and work plan. Before the revision in scope of work, the field study in Balasore and Nayagarh districts as per the original scope of work was completed. According to the revised sampling plan (Table 2 ), it was decided to cover one full GP each in Angul and Puri districts for the revised scope of work. Accordingly, Rench Sasan GP in Nimapara block under Puri district and Bandhabhuin GP in Pallahara Block under Angul district were purposively selected by TRIPTI where pilot implementation was in progress.
Table 2: Revised sampling plan for the study District Block GP Name GP Type Study Village Angul Pallahara Bandhabhuin Tribal GP, Pilot Project All Balasore Khaira Baunsagadia Tribal GP, Pilot Project Main Village Kupari Non-Tribal Satellite Village Puri Nimapara Rench Sasan Non-tribal, Pilot Project All Nayagarh Ranpur Lodhachua Non-tribal, Pilot Project Main Village Patia Non-tribal Satellite Village
Study Timeline The initial timeline for the study was for 12 weeks and it was agreed during the inception phase that there would be a delay of about 4 weeks since the election process has started and code of conduct was in vogue (March and April 2009). The timeline for the study was further revised by TRIPTI till the end of August keeping in view of the changes in scope of work.
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI
4. Team Composition
The study team comprised of team leader, one livelihood specialist, one social development specialist and two researchers for Balasore and Nayagarh districts. With revision in scope of work, two more members were added (one social development specialist and one researcher) for field work in Puri and Angul districts.
5. Methodology for EPVG Identification and Need Assessment
5.1 EPVG Identification Process and Need Assessment of EPVG
One of the main tasks for the consultant was to pilot the process for identification of extremely poor and vulnerable groups in sample project villages and recommend the process that needs to be followed in identification of EPVG by TRIPTI. The methodology adopted to complete the task is outlined below.
5.1.1 Desk based review and consultation process
Internal discussion followed by a consultation process with the key staffs of TRIPTI was one of the first activities undertaken during the inception phase, to arrive at a common understanding regarding the intended objective of this task. The consultation process was supplemented by desk based review of project documents and targeting process adopted in other similar projects in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. One of the main outcomes of the activity was a clear understanding regarding the need for targeting the EPVG households and its importance for TRIPTI; to ensure that the most deprived and vulnerable among community are not excluded from the project since they typically suffer from exclusion error and are missed out in most of the development and social welfare programme. “Voiceless-ness”, poor social connectivity and spatial isolation arising out of extreme poverty and vulnerability seems to be the prominent internal reasons for such exclusion. Capturing of benefits by others in the community seems to be the main external reasons for such exclusion. It was realized that the need identification process clearly has to be robust enough to ensure that exclusion error is minimal to the extent possible. It was also recognized that the identification process for EPVG cannot be based on absolute poverty, given the inherent difficulty in measurement of absolute poverty. Difficulty in estimating vulnerability, one of key element of poverty, which seems to be the main characteristics of EPVG households, also presents great challenge. It was agreed that the EPVG identification process needs to capture and reflect on the relative poverty and vulnerability of households and hence the identification process has to be based on participatory techniques. It was also agreed that a participatory process for EPVG identification would ensure that local context and definition of poverty and vulnerability are well reflected in the identification process. Since the project benefits to EPVG as envisaged in TRIPTI forms a component of Community Investment Fund it was recognized that community participation and approval in the identification process of EPVG households is crucial, which could only be ensured through a robust participatory process.
5.1.2 Selection of Participatory Techniques for EPVG Identification
The consultation and internal discussion also focused on deciding the participatory techniques to be piloted for the EPVG identification process. It was felt that the quality and robustness of participatory targeting methods depends on several contextual factors such as size of the village, demography, social structure, spatial distribution of households and also factors such as rapport with the community, community participation, capacities of the facilitators and others. It emerged during such deliberation that maintaining process quality and standards project wide in more than 1000 GPs and more than 8000 villages (30,000 habitations/tolas/sahis) itself presents a great challenge for TRIPTI. One of the important parameter considered in choice of technique was the robustness of targeting method and
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI yet the method has to be simple enough that the project team can effectively use in large number of villages and hamlets without compromising the quality and inherent strength of participatory processes. The team also recognized the risks associated in targeting when the programme covers large number of villages and target driven methods sometimes takes precedence over the process based approaches. The study team identified several participatory techniques that have been or can be used for identification of EPVG and a list of such participatory techniques was finalized for piloting to examine their relative effectiveness from various anticipated project issues and considerations. Well-being / Wealth Grouping: Well-being or Wealth Grouping is one of the most common participatory techniques used in categorizing households in terms of relative poverty. The method has been used earlier in several Bank assisted CDD projects in India and have been reported to be quite effective. The study team recognized that though “Wealth” and “Well-being” are quite often interchangeably used to identify the same process; there are actually some differences in conception of grouping characteristics / criteria. “Wealth” reflects in general household assets and endowments while “Well-being” a state of happiness and satisfaction of household. Well-being clearly is a better reflection of “Vulnerability” though lack of wealth itself reflects deprivation and associated vulnerabilities. With these considerations it was decided to pilot well-being grouping technique that focuses on overall household welfare and reflects vulnerabilities strongly for EPVG identification. Social Mapping: Social mapping exercise is one of the common participatory methods in mapping spatial distribution of households with intended characteristics. The choice of characteristics is guided by the objective with which mapping exercise is being conducted. It was decided to pilot social mapping followed by well-being grouping (focusing only on the EPVG households) since the map would provide a good opportunity to accurately identify all households (on the basis of separate kitchen) with the community prior to identification of EPVG households. It was opined that map would act as an excellent reference for the community to consider and evaluate every household before EPVG households are identified. Key Informant Consultation / Opinion: Key informant consultation is one of the simple and robust methods for identification of specific issues (problems, poorest households or households with certain characteristics, etc.) that is commonly used to get reliable data from community very quickly. In fact, it is quite frequently used for wealth / well-being grouping / ranking exercise, where a small group of key informant is identified and they group or rank all village level households according to wealth / well-being, and the result is later validated in a large village level meeting before finalization. It was agreed to pilot this process and was decided to use key informants (Sarpanch, ward member, school teacher, Anganwadi worker, etc.) in EPVG identification and compare results with other processes being piloted. Validation of BPL List: The BPL list categorizes households based on poverty and is the standard measure used for targeting in all Government programme. The revised BPL survey (2002) uses 13 indicators based on “Quality of Life” and all households have been ranked based on their score (between 0-52), however the same has not yet been adopted by the state Government because of certain issues. The Project Implementation Plan for TRIPTI clearly outlines that identification of “Left out Poor” in each village would be based on the BPL list 1. It was recognized that the BPL Survey 2002 data can itself be used for identification of EPVG; by selecting households with lower ranks (or lower scores) and validating directly with the households. Ordered Household Opinion Survey: It was recognized that an ordered household opinion survey (by visiting every 5 th / 10 th household in an ordered manner depending on
1 The strategy to use BPL data for identification of poor for TRIPTI was changed during the period of study and the project now intends to use Participatory Identification of Poor as a methodology for identifying left out poor households.
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI number of households in the habitation / village) to identify EPVG could be a surrogate to a community meeting and could allow each individual household to openly indicate EPVGs residing in their hamlet and households. The ease of conducting this process was another factor that was considered in deciding the process to be piloted. It was also recognized that the process has some inherent weakness since the list of EPVG is not emerging from a group based participatory process, but still it was decided to pilot the technique to evaluate the extent of error that the process may suffer from, as compared to other techniques. FGD and Well-being grouping with SHGs and GPLF: It was agreed to pilot EPVG identification process through existing community institutions (SHG and GPLF) since they have a central role in the project and also to evaluate whether existing institution can be used effectively for identification of EPVG. It was first decided to undertake a FGD with SHG and GPLF members to identify characteristics / indicators of EPVG households and then use the result of FGD to identify households belonging to EPVG.
5.1.3 EPVG Need Assessment Process
It was recognized that the need assessment of EPVGs would involve largely in-depth interview and enquiry process that would enable the households to analyze and communicate openly their vulnerabilities and potential mechanism to address them. It was agreed to use the vulnerability analysis matrix outlined in the project implementation plan and refine the same if necessary during the process. A checklist to guide the need assessment process was prepared and it was agreed to include key concerns associate with the process. Some of the key concerns were 1. The need assessment is for the household as a unit. However, specific needs of individual members need to be analyzed and factored in the overall household assessment, if the household was classified as EPVG primarily due to some member specific characteristics such as disability, old age, chronic illness, etc. This was thought to be necessary since the source of vulnerability and deprivation may be arising out of such characteristics, which needs to be examined well. 2. To be careful about different needs of different sub-groups within EPVG such as widow/destitute, disable/chronically ill, aged, landlessness, etc. 3. To be cautious about the distinction between “Need” and “Want” of a household. The process to focus on needs of the households as may emerge from the vulnerability analysis. In generic terms the need would be to reduce vulnerability and the typology of activities to be identified should be able to minimize or completely eliminate (if possible) such vulnerabilities. 4. To be careful during the identification of activities since the immediate demand from the households may be for livelihood activities rather than well analyzed requirements that may address fundamental reasons of household vulnerability. However, there could be situations that well analyzed needs of a household may effectively be addressed by certain specific livelihood activities. A very good analysis of vulnerability should precede the identification of activities. 5. Given the relationship between poverty (lack of adequate livelihood outcome) and vulnerability, a livelihood analysis should also be integrated with the need assessment process however the link between vulnerability and livelihood has to be analyzed properly. The livelihood analysis need to analyze available livelihood capitals at the household level and establish appropriate connect between asset / endowment (natural resources - land, physical and financial assets, human capital) and the choice of activities.
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI
5.1.4 Training on PRA Techniques
Training of all the members of the study team was organized prior to commencement of field work. The training was for 3 days, focusing on theoretical and practical issues related to various PRA techniques to be used during the pilot study. The following areas were covered during the training; • Discussion on scope of work and the finalized approach for the study • Basic understanding of PRA principals and associated concepts on poverty and vulnerability • PRA exercises to be piloted and practical issues involved • Field report and data recording formats and division of responsibility among team members • Experience sharing of senior team members in conducting PRA exercises
5.2 Field Study and Piloting of Process
5.2.1 Coordination with TRIPTI
Before the commencement of field work, a joint plan was developed with TRIPTI team. A communication campaign in each of the village was organized by TRIPTI in advance and necessary communication to concerned CDPO and Anganwadi worker in the village was provided to support the field work. The Cluster Coordinators (CCs) selected were also placed in advance of field work, except in Balasore where the concerned CCs field placement was delayed. The senior specialist of TRIPTI also visited during the course of field work and provided useful feedback to the study team. The study team maintained regular communication with the Institution Building Specialist from TRIPTI to apprise her about the progress, issues and field findings. The study team requested TRIPTI for assistance as and when it was felt necessary and the specialist from TRIPTI were prompt in responding to such requests.
5.2.2 Organization of Field Work
The study team comprised of team leader, livelihood specialist, social development specialist and two researchers. It was decided that the entire team would be together in the first few exercises and then the team would divide into two groups once all the members have gained a complete understanding of the process. After the exercise was completed in few habitations the team got divided into two groups and independently carried out the process in different habitation. Similarly, visiting TRIPTI staffs were requested to divide and join the two groups. Cluster Coordinator also joined the team and was encouraged to conduct the exercise once she felt confident about the process. Anganwadi workers were also present during the exercise in most of the cases and their help was taken to organize community meetings for PRA exercises. The timing of community meeting was kept flexible and was fixed according to community convenience. Advance information regarding the meeting was given, usually a day before the scheduled meeting. Help from community leaders (particularly Ward member) and Anganwadi worker was sought for fixing the meeting and informing all the households. The team members themselves went around the habitation and gave advance information to households regarding the venue and time of the meeting. Venue was fixed according to community convenience and was usually at a central point such as school, puja mandap, community meeting point, etc. accessible to all households. The meetings usually covered one or more habitations depending on the size of habitation, distance between habitations, social and other village level issues likely to affect participation of households. Community opinion was always sought in deciding whether the
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI meeting should invite people from different habitations. Usually the meeting lasted for about 2 hours and in few cases about 3 hours to complete the exercises.
5.2.3 Piloting of process in Balasore district
EPVG identification process was first piloted in Balasore district and various EPVG identification process was piloted in different habitations of the village. The study was conducted in Baunsagadia village of Baunsagadia Gram Panchayat and two satellite villages (Kabar, Kumbhka) of Kupari Gram Panchayat in Khaira block. Baunsagadia was the first village where field work was conducted. The team on the first day of their visit went round the village and in their initial interaction with the community it became apparent that the EPVG identification cannot be undertaken for the entire village through one exercise. Habitations in the village were found to be geographical distant and separated and the community was not willing to converge at one location. Table 3 provides details of EPVG identification process that were piloted in Baunsagadia.
Table 3: EPVG identification p rocess in Baunsagadia village S No. Habitation EPVG Identification Process 1 Tala Kolho Sahi Social Mapping followed by Well-being grouping 2 Uppar Kolho Sahi (Tikar Social Mapping followed by Well-being grouping Sahi) 3 Nua Sahi Social Mapping followed by Well-being grouping 4 Tanti Sahi Well-being grouping 5 Ramda Social Mapping followed by Well-being grouping 6 Patra Sahi 7 Teliabanka Well-being grouping 8 Guda Gudi Well-being grouping
Kabar and Kumbhka revenue villages under Kupari Gram Panchayat were the next villages where the EPVG Identification process was piloted. The team decided to pilot three different approaches for EPVG identification: Validation of BPL list in Kabar village, EPVG identification by SHG in one habitation of Kumbhka village and EPVG identification through existing GPLF in Kabar village. BPL Validation: The BPL household survey 2002 data for Kabar village was taken and a sample of 10 households with the lowest score and rank in the village were selected for validation. The team visited each of these 10 households who were scored and ranked to be poorest in the village to validate whether they would be in EPVG. EPVG identification by SHG: Kendugadia habitation in Kumbhka village was chosen to pilot EPVG identification process using existing SHGs in the habitation. It was decided to test the process at an individual habitation level using SHGs. The habitation had two SHGs; Maa Durga (12 members) and Maa Mangla (11 members) and all the group members were invited for a focus group discuss to identify indicators for EPVG households followed by identifying EPVG in their habitation. EPVG identification by GPLF members: The process was piloted in Kabar village (6 habitations) where a FGD with GPLF members was organised in which all the leaders of SHGs participated followed by identification of EPVG in the village. In total 37 leaders and members of SHGs including GPLF leaders attended the focus group discussion for identification of EPVG.
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5.2.4 Piloting of process in Nayagarh district
Nayagarh was the second district chosen for piloting the EPVG identification process. The field study was conducted in two GPs; Lodhachua (in main village Lodhachua) and Patia Gram Panchayat (in satellite village Jiripada). In Lodhachua it was decided to pilot four different methods; social mapping followed by well-being grouping, well-being grouping, ordered household opinion survey and key informant interview (Table 4 ).
Table 4: EPVG i dentification process in Lodhachua village S No. Habitations EPVG Identification Method 1 Bada Sahi Well-being grouping & Ordered Household Opinion Survey 2 Nua Sahi Well-being grouping 3 Tala sahi Well-being grouping 4 Godi Sahi Social Mapping followed by Well-being grouping 5 Full Village Key Informant Consultation
Ordered household opinion survey: The process was piloted in Bada Sahi habitation where every 15th household was visited and the opinion of adult member present was taken to identify EPVG households in the habitation. In total 10 households were visited in the habitation and their opinion was taken to identify EPVG. Households reported to be EPVG by more than one respondent were short listed as EPVG households from the process. Key informant consultation: The process was piloted in Lodhachua where key community leaders (Sarpanch, ward member, Anganwadi worker and teacher) were asked to identify EPVG households in the village. In Jiripada (Patia Gram Panchayat) only social mapping followed by well-being grouping process for EPVG identification was piloted, since the process was giving better results.
Table 5: EPVG i dentification process in Jir ipada village S No. Habitations EPVG Identification Method 1 Harijan Sahi Social Mapping for EPVG identification 2 Dalabehera Sahi 3 Puruna Sahi 4 Nua Sahi 5 Poda Sahi 6 Godi Sahi
6. Field Findings and Results from EPVG Identification Process
6.1 Results of EPVG Identification Process
Baunsagadia village, Baunsagadia GP, Khaira block, Balasore district Two approaches for EPVG identification were piloted in this village; a) Social mapping followed by well-being grouping and b) Well-being grouping process. Both the process worked well and 31 EPVG households were identified in the village. The detail is provided in Annexure 1 . Kabar village, Kupari GP, Khaira block, Balasore district Two approaches for EPVG identification were piloted in this village; a) FGD and well-being grouping with GPLF members and b) BPL list validation.
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI
FGD and well-being grouping with GPLF members to certain extent was able to identify EPVG in few habitations (13 EPVG households were identified), but the process was not very successful since the GPLF members were not familiar with all the households in the village and some of the habitations did not had any SHG representation. The process also could not identify exact number of households (though reported no is 189) and their caste distribution correctly. The output of the process is provided in Annexure 2 . Validation of BPL list was also piloted in this village and the poorest 10 households based on their score and rank according to BPL survey 2002 was selected for validation 2. The process could not identify any EPVG members. The result of the validation process is provided in Annexure 3 . Kumbhka village, Kupari GP, Khaira block, Balasore district EPVG identification process using existing SHGs was piloted in one of the habitation (Kendugadia) to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the process vis-à-vis process using GPLF. The process was quite effective since all the 23 members of the 2 SHGs knew all the households in the habitation very well and they identified 2 EPVG households. Lodhachua village, Lodhachua GP, Ranpur block, Nayagarh district Key informant interview process was first piloted in this village and the EPVG households identified through this process were later compared with the EPVG households identified through social mapping and well-being process. In total 7 EPVG households were identified through this process of which 5 households were identified as EPVG during the social mapping and well-being process. Ordered household opinion survey was piloted in one habitation (Bada Sahi) of the village and 8 EPVG households were identified, which included all the 4 EPVG households identified through well-being grouping process. Social mapping followed by well-being grouping and well-being grouping process were piloted in the village to examine whether the process is effective and works well in different districts. Both the process worked well and 9 EPVG households were identified in the village. The details are provided in Annexure 4 . Jiripada village, Patia GP, Ranpur block, Nayagarh district Social mapping followed by well-being grouping was selected for piloting in this village, since the process was found to be more effective than other methods. In total 7 EPVG households were identified in this village. The details are provided in Annexure 5 .
6.2 Effectiveness of various EPVG Identification Processes
The study team examined the effectiveness of various processes piloted in the two districts and the inference drawn from these experiences is outlined below. Social Mapping for EPVG Identification • It is difficult to conduct one social mapping exercise for an entire village if the village is very large, with many habitations and more so if the habitations are physically, socially and economically disconnected as observed in all the four Gram Panchayats. In such cases it would be very difficult to get adequate and fair representation from all the habitations if only one exercise is conducted for the entire village. The community in such villages is likely to advice against one community meeting for the entire village and may suggest conducting the exercise separately for each habitation.
2 The survey ranks all household in the Gram Panchayat and household with lower score is given lower rank. A household ranked 1 in the Gram Panchayat is the poorest household with the lowest score. For testing the effectiveness of the process, the lowest 10 ranked households from Kabar village was selected.
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• The social mapping exercise works very well in individual habitation since participation and representation is much better. The exercise can also be done by combining two or three habitations depending on the size of habitations, community willingness, physical and social connectedness among them. In such cases the community in all the habitations should agree and the meeting venue and time should be convenient to all the habitations. It is observed that habitations with similar caste and occupation profile of households are likely to agree for such combined meetings. • The quality of social mapping exercise and participation is higher when the exercise is conducted in small habitations. The process works extremely well if the number of households in habitation/s is within 50. The process works reasonably well if the number of households in habitation/s is within 100. In habitation where the number of households is more than 100, it is important to ensure that at least a reasonable percentage of households (30 percent or more) should attend the exercise to maintain quality and robustness of the process. • Participation of households in the social mapping exercise depends on various factors. The factors that to some extent are in control of the researchers are; rapport and communication with community, communication and involvement of community leaders, advanced information to households across the habitation, clear communication regarding the time and venue of the meeting, etc. In spite of all efforts participation of households is likely to vary. In general, effort should be made to ensure that at least 30% of the total households should attend the exercise. It is equally important that participating households should be from all parts of the habitation/s. • Relatively the social mapping exercise works much better than other methods piloted. Firstly, the mapping exercise identifies all households accurately on the basis of kitchen and the chance of missing a household is minimal. In comparison there is a higher chance of missing a household if household listing is done without mapping process as in well-being grouping. Secondly, the mapping process visibly brings forward all the households in the habitation, for evaluation and active consideration of community. In fact the mapping process itself refreshes the memory of the participants regarding all households residing in their neighborhood. The mapping process itself creates a high degree of involvement and interest and the participants remain active and curious about the outcome of the exercise. Well-being grouping for EPVG Identification (Modified) • Well-being grouping like social mapping works very well in small habitations with less number of households. But, the quality of process suffers as the number of households increases. In fact the quality of process is affected by similar factors as in social mapping. • Listing of all households accurately prior to the exercise or at the beginning of exercise is very crucial. Listing of households prior to the exercise with few well informed people in the habitation is better since it does not waste significant time of the community. However, in such cases it is important that the household list is validated at the beginning of the meeting. • One of the weaknesses of using the well-being grouping process for EPVG identification is that it focuses on the last group of well-being or POP (straight way) rather than categorizing all households in the four groups and then deepening the enquiry within the POP category to identify EPVG households. The quality of process seems to be better if the participants are from Poor and POP category since participants from other categories to certain extent get disinterested in the exercise when they realize that the focus is on EPVG households. • Since social mapping become really difficult for habitations with more than 150 households, in such cases the well-being grouping may be used. Alternatively, the
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mapping exercise with few informed people can be conducted and the map and households in the map is validated in a larger gathering of people. BPL HH Survey 2002 for EPVG Identification The BPL HH survey 2002 which lists all households in a Gram Panchayat on the basis of 13 quality of life indicators was thought to be an excellent data source that can potentially be used to identify the EPVG. It was expected that at least the people having the lowest ranking in the list would fall under the EPVG category, but the field validation in one village indicate that it is better to use a participatory identification process than use this data source which is seven years old. Focus Group and Well-being analysis with SHGs and GPLF The process works very well with SHG groups to identify EPVG in their habitations provided that the habitation is small and there is adequate presence of SHGs in that habitation. The process can also run well in large habitation if there is large number of SHGs present and are uniformly spread across habitation. Unfortunately, this cannot be ensured for all the habitations and hence the process may not run well in all the cases. The process using GPLF was not very successful since large number of habitations remained unrepresented through SHGs. The SHG leaders were able to discuss and identify few EPVGs from their habitation, but the quality of deliberation and discussion desirable for the process was not possible since each habitation was represented by only very few SHG leaders. It was also evident that most of the SHG leaders were not very familiar with all the households in the habitation and their living conditions and hence it was felt that the EPVG identification process was somewhat compromised. It is felt that this process should be avoided in identification of EPVG as the chances of errors in the process seem to be very high. Key Informant Interview The identification of EPVG through key informant interview was attempted in one village and it worked very well to identify few cases of EPVG which seems to be very obvious choice among community. But, the method failed to identify all the EPVG households in the community, which emerged through social mapping or well-being grouping exercise. There is also a greater risk and danger of individual perception in the whole process that may not be objective in all the cases and therefore this method is not recommended. Ordered Household Opinion Survey The identification of EPVG through household opinion survey is very easy to execute and does not require organizing a large habitation level meeting. The method can be executed by one person and at convenience. However, the method is likely to identify more number of EPVG households as compared to group based participatory process since triangulation through discussion and deliberation is not possible. Secondly, the process is affected by individual perception and interpretation of EPVG and does not reflect the overall community level definition, which emerges normally during a group based participatory process. Considering these limitations, this method might not work well for the project.
6.3 EPVG Typology and their characteristics
In general the EPVGs identified during the pilot process have more than one defining characteristics that reflect their vulnerability context. Clearly, all the households identified are highly vulnerable and the direct relationship between their poverty and vulnerability is quite visible. The key common characteristics that are observed in EPVG households are; • Lack of Family Members: Women headed household (Widow, Deserted, Destitute), Aged individual or couple with dead or separated children, Orphan • Lack of Assets: Landless, Houseless, Savings
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• Poor Human Health of Head or Family Members: Disability, Chronically ill, Mental illness and retardation, Physically weak • Large number of Dependents: Large family with minors or adult unmarried daughters or old parents / in-laws • Poor Entitlement: Poor access to entitlement and social welfare provision of Government The EPVG households identified in general are of four typologies, with more than one characteristic mentioned above 1. Women Headed Households – Widow, Deserted, destitute with landlessness, no house of their own, staying with others, some of them ill and weak. In few cases young children, disable children, mental illness have also featured. 2. Aged Couple or Individual with landlessness or limited land, cannot do physical labor, others cook and feed them, all children dead or living separately or disable (blind and deaf children), daughter mentally ill, poor entitlements 3. Single earning member chronically ill, poor ability for physical labor, landlessness, large family size, more number of daughters for marriage, himself disable or have disable family members. 4. Extremely poor with landlessness who depend on share cropping and wage labor, but cannot effectively undertake because of health, small children involved in wage labor, almost zero assets, house on encroached land, indebtedness because of sickness and death in family The EPVG households identified during the process and their profile are given in Annexure 6 .
6.4 Need Assessment Process and Key Issues
Difficulty in Articulation of Need The EPVG households in majority of the cases were finding it difficult to articulate and spell out their need clearly. The households due to their long history of deprivation and vulnerability quite often drew blank in reflecting on their situation and communicating the intensity of problems the household is facing. Most of the households have multiple problems both for household as a whole and for individual members in the household. The household members when probed intensely found it difficult to think of many options that might address the needs of the households and ameliorate their household situation. Lengthy Consultation Process It emerges from the pilot experience that one off consultation with the EPVG household may not be effective in identifying the needs of the household accurately. Since most of the households are not very forthcoming and articulate in expressing their needs and vulnerabilities, a high degree of rapport and confidence building with the household is necessary before the members can share in detail their household conditions and problems. The consultation process with the household needs to be repeated several times and only when sufficient rapport has been built, the vulnerability analysis process should be initiated with the households. Quality of Facilitation The quality of facilitation seems to be very crucial for the need assessment process, since the role of facilitator is to encourage the household in analyzing her needs and come out with potential solutions for them. It was observed that in few cases the researchers were interested to analyze the needs of the households themselves rather than facilitating the respondent to do it on its own. Similarly it was observed that potential solutions in few cases were loosely connected to the needs and were more generic demands for supporting livelihood activities such as pond for fishery, goatary, etc. Clearly, the need
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI analysis process would have to be facilitated properly with sufficient time, repeated consultations and adequate patience on the part of the researcher. Difficulty in finding potential Activity In general, it is difficult to identify potential solution for various needs emerging from a household that can completely address all their requirements. The needs seems to be multiple and the solutions or activities too many for a household. The feasibility of such activities also remains a grey area since the household needs were not very well articulated. However, excess to Government social welfare provision (pension for widow, disable and aged; IAY, BPL card and rice, land for house) and relief requirements seems to be the common solution for majority of the households besides new opportunity for livelihood or work/employment.
6.5 Typology of Needs for EPVG Households
The typology of needs can broadly be classified in two different categories Common Needs • Access to Government welfare or social security schemes • Special Relief Requirement Needs in Different Sub-groups • Housing Security for families who are houseless or house on encroached land • Widows and Destitute – Economic and Social Security, work opportunity both wage and non-wage categories • Disable – Certification, Overcoming disability partially (aids), Job skills (for few sub- categories), special need for physical support and social security for disable adult women • Aged – Welfare, health and physical support • Chronically Ill – Alternate avenues for income generation other than wage labor • Extremely Poor – Smoothening of income cycle, wage opportunity, building of minimum productive assets Common types of disability and needs of such families In general, there were several type of disabilities observed in the villages. However, most of the households categorized under EPVG due to disability of principal bread earner or head or with number of disable children were commonly; loco-motor, blindness, mental retardation and others (leprosy). This sub-group under EPVG seems to be the most difficult groups in terms of potential activities that may assist them in overcoming their disability partially or to become economically productive group. The sense of isolation and exclusion seems to be very high with such people and households. The access to medical services and aid and appliances seems to be a tedious process involving certification by hospital and medical institutions. The demand for such services is high, but availability of such services is less and cumbersome. It is also recognized that within this sub-group the need varies with degree of disability, gender and age. For instance, a household with a mentally retarded aged daughter have many needs involving future safety, security and economic support for the daughter than the need for immediate support. It is opined that the most difficult sub-groups within this category involves women with disability, which manifold increases their vulnerability without family support.
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7. Methodology for Participatory Identification of Poor
7.1 Process for Participatory Identification of Poor (PIP)
The scope of work was revised after the consultants made an interim presentation based on their field work in Balasore and Nayagarh districts. The Bank mission to TRIPTI felt that the piloting process needs to identify all the poor in the community through a participatory process so that the left out poor can be effectively targeted and brought under SHG fold. The consultants were requested to pilot the process for Participatory Identification of Poor (PIP) in the remaining part of the study and based on the work requirements the scope of the work was changed. The methodology adopted for the task is outlined below.
7.2 Selection of PRA technique for PIP
The consultant based on their experience of EPVG identification process decided that Social Mapping followed by Well-being grouping exercise would be the most appropriate process for identification of poor in the community. It was recognized that the well-being grouping exercise can itself be sufficient for identification of poor, but the team decided to include social mapping because of several benefits outlined in earlier sections. The choice between wealth-grouping and well-being grouping was deliberated, and it was agreed to pilot well-being grouping because of the following reasons. • It is difficult to quantify all wealth or poverty indicators during a participatory exercise since the quantification process itself would reduce multidimensionality of poverty that the community might be interested to consider, and create difficulty in grouping. For instance if a well-off group is defined by land holding size of 5 acre or more than a household with 6 acre but woman headed and disable family members with high household debt may be classified in well-off category even though the community may want that household to be classified in poor category because of the vulnerability context. Similarly, there may be several such parameters that are quantifiable (both rating and ordinal scale such as housing condition, no of HH assets, no of earning members in the family, no of dependents, etc.), which would create difficulty for community in classifying a household since there would be too many variables to compare and assimilate. • There would be several poverty and wealth indicators that cannot be readily quantified, but are likely to be included in local multi-dimension definition of poverty and well-being. For instance reflecting on vulnerability context by illness, disability, old age, indebtedness, caste or occupation based isolation, etc. becomes difficult to accommodate in wealth grouping exercise, which quite often finds expression in the local context of poverty as can be seen from EPVG household profile. • Well-being grouping comparatively captures local meaning and context of poverty and depravity much better than wealth grouping. It also effectively captures multidimensionality of poverty (since parameters are not limited by quantification ability or limited to wealth indicators) and hence are best in comparing relative poverty and vulnerability.
7.3 Orientation of Study Team and Cluster Coordinators of TRIPTI
A two day orientation was organized for the study team to ensure that PIP process to be piloted was discussed and deliberated thoroughly and the old members of the team shared their experiences with the new members. The following areas were covered during the orientation programme • Discussion on revised scope of work and the finalized approach for the remaining study
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• Basic understanding of PRA principals and associated concepts on poverty and vulnerability • Training on Social Mapping and Well-being grouping exercise to be piloted and practical issues involved • Field report and data recording formats and division of responsibility among team members • Experience sharing by senior members in conducting PRA exercises A one day orientation programme on the PIP process for the Cluster Coordinators of TRIPTI was organized on 2nd May 2009. The orientation programme focused on the following topics • TRIPTI project strategy and participatory identification of poor • Overview on Pilot Process for Rench Sasan and Bandhabhuin Gram Panchayat • Scope of work for Social Inclusion Study • Communication and Rapport building with community • PRA principles and tools used for PRA • Social Mapping exercise • Well-being grouping exercise • PIP planning and development of work plan for the pilot process
7.4 Field Study and Piloting of PIP Process
Coordination with TRIPTI The consultant developed a work plan jointly with TRIPTI based on placement of CCs in the pilot Gram Panchayats; Rench Sasan in Nimapara block of Puri district and Bandhabhuin in Pallahara block of Angul district. A communication campaign in both the GPs was organized by TRIPTI and necessary communication to the concerned CDPO and Anganwadi workers was provided to support the field work. The Cluster Coordinators (CCs) selected were also placed in the Gram Panchayats. The senior specialists of TRIPTI visited regularly to see the pilot process in action and provided useful feedback to the study team. DPMs and other specialists were also placed in field in Bandhabhuin GP and they took the responsibility of coordinating with Anganwadi workers and conducted grading of SHGs. The study team requested TRIPTI for assistance as and when it was felt necessary and the specialist from TRIPTI were prompt in responding to such requests from consultants. Organization of Field Work The study team comprised of team leader, livelihood specialist, two social development specialist and three researchers. It was decided that the entire team would be together in the first few exercises and then the team would divide into three groups once all the members have gained a complete understanding of the process. Each team was joined by a cluster coordinator and other TRIPTI staffs allocated for the pilot project. Cluster Coordinator and other members of the TRIPTI team conduct few exercises on their own assisted by the study team wherever necessary. Anganwadi workers were also present during the exercise in most of the cases and their help was taken to organize community meetings for social mapping and well-being grouping exercises. The timing of community meeting was kept flexible and was fixed according to the community convenience and advance information was given to the community. Community opinion was taken in deciding whether the meeting should invite people from different habitations. Usually the meeting lasted for about 3 hours to complete the exercise.
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Field Exercises PIP Identification Process was first piloted in Rench Sasan GP followed by Bandhabhuin GP. The field exercise covered all the villages in each Gram Panchayat. The PIP process broadly followed these steps; • Communication campaign by TRIPTI • Meeting with the GPLF and sharing of PIP process and role of GPLF members during well-being exercise • Interaction with community leader and identifying exact number of villages and habitations within each village with approximate no of households • Development of field exercise plan jointly with TRIPTI team • Interaction with Anganwadi Worker in each village and interaction with community for PRA exercise • Social Mapping exercise in small group meeting with key informant in the habitation/s and preparation of basic profile of each household • Validation of Social Mapping followed by Well-being grouping exercise in larger meeting, approval of GPLF members and Anganwadi members present during the exercise • Consolidation of data at the team level • SHG membership data for each household through grading exercise by the concerned cluster coordinator • Finalization of Map and data for all villages • Consolidation and targeting process with GPLF
8. Field Findings and Results from PIP Process
8.1 Results of PIP Process
8.1.1 Results of PIP process - Rench Sasan Gram Panchayat
Rench Sasan GP is one of the road side GP on Bhubaneswar-Konark road under Nimapara block of Puri district. The Gram Panchayat has mixed population comprising of Hindus and Muslims. There are 6 revenue villages and more than 40 habitations in the Panchayat. The habitations in Rench Sasan village are closely located whereas in other villages they are spread over in a radius of 3-4 km. Majority of the population depend on agriculture. Apart from agriculture, agriculture labor and petty shop / business are other important livelihood activities. All the households were grouped in four categories on the basis of their well-being; Well- off, Average, Poor and Poorest of the Poor (POP). A social mapping followed by well-being grouping exercise was followed in different habitations. Both men and women participated in these exercises and the summary data for the Panchayat is provided in Annexure 7. Some of the key findings are summarized below. Distribution of Households in Well-being Groups The well-being grouping analysis indicates that the percentage of poor households is not uniform across villages; and satellite villages tend to have more poor people.
The distribution of households in different well-being group is presented in Table 6 .
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Table 6: Percentage of households in different well-being group (Rench Sasan) Village Well -off Average Poor POP Rench Sasan 22.6 30.3 41.5 5.6 Rench Khelar 28.3 31.0 24.8 15.9 Purusandha 17.4 29.3 38.3 15.0 Biswal Sahi 17.7 35.5 31.5 15.3 Brahamanpada 7.8 20.0 48.9 23.3 Bianal 2.6 16.9 59.1 21.4 Total GP 17.5 27.9 41.2 13.4
Distribution of Households in Social Groups The distribution of households in different social group is presented in Table 7 .
Table 7: Percentage of households in different social group (Rench Sasan) Village GEN MN OBC SC Rench Sasan 17.3 15.7 35.6 31.4 Rench Khelar 52.2 2.7 27.4 17.7 Purusandha 46.1 17.4 36.5 Biswal Sahi 35.5 5.6 37.9 21.0 Brahamanpada 12.2 65.6 22.2 Bianal 0.6 79.2 20.1 Total GP 25.1 6.7 41.2 27.0
Distribution of Households in different Well-being groups by Social category The distribution of household in different well-being group by social category is presented in Table 8 .
Table 8: Percentage of households in different well -being group by social category in Rench Sasan GP Well -being group GEN MN OBC SC Total HH Well-off 36.2 40.6 11.8 2.9 17.5 Average 31.5 34.8 28.4 22.1 27.9 Poor 24.1 15.9 44.3 58.7 41.2 POP 8.2 8.7 15.4 16.3 13.4
Membership of Household in SHG The membership of households in SHG by social and well-being group is presented in Table 9 and 10 .
Table 9: Percentage of households by social category who are members of SHG Villag e GEN MN OBC SC Total HH Rench Sasan 66.2 67.8 58.2 63.6 62.8 Rench Khelar 39.0 0.0 64.5 80.0 52.2 Purusandha 6.5 51.7 55.7 32.3 Biswal Sahi 81.8 14.3 87.2 76.9 79.0 Brahamanpada 0.0 55.9 65.0 51.1 Bianal 0.0 52.5 54.8 52.6 Total GP 41.6 59.4 59. 5 63.4 56.1
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Table 10: Percentage of Households by Well -being Category who are members of SHG Village Well -off Average Poor POP Total HH Rench Sasan 51.8 62.3 68.6 66.7 62.8 Rench Khelar 37.5 40.0 75.0 66.7 52.2 Purusandha 3.4 24.5 43.8 52.0 32.3 Biswal Sahi 72.7 84.1 79.5 73.7 79.0 Brahamanpada 71.4 61.1 47.7 42.9 51.1 Bianal 25.0 53.8 54.9 48.5 52.6 Total GP 44.1 55.6 61.1 56.9 56.1
The field data indicates that about 7.5 percent of the households in GP are member in more than one SHG (the maximum being 4 SHG). Similarly, a small percentage of households have more than one family member who belongs to the same SHG.
8.1.2 Results of PIP Process - Bandhabhuin Gram Panchayat
Bandhabhuin Gram Panchayat is in the northern part of the Angul district having 12 revenue villages. The villages and habitations within villages are scattered with predominantly tribal population. Majority of the population depends on agriculture. Apart from agriculture they depend on forest for NTFP and wood. The irrigation facilities are almost non-existent resulting in low agriculture yield and single crop. The villages are mostly connected by Kutcha road with poor communication facility. Pallahara, the block headquarter is 18 km from the GP. A social mapping followed by well-being grouping exercise was followed in different habitations. Both men and women participated in these exercises and the summary data for the Panchayat is provided in Annexure 8 . Some of the key findings are summarized below. Distribution of Households in Well-being Groups The distribution of households in different well-being group is presented in Table 11 .
Table 11: Percentage of households in different well-being group (Bandhabhuin) Village Well -Off Average Poor POP Bandhabhuin 0.0 12.1 81.8 6.1 Bhimkand 2.3 6.8 45.5 45.5 Dudhipani 6.9 23.8 41.6 27.7 Ganeswarpur 7.9 44.7 34.2 13.2 Gopapur 4.0 52.0 20.0 24.0 Iti 11.7 17.9 57.0 13.4 JD-Pabudih 3.5 6.2 73.5 16.8 JD-Panchunaika 14.3 28.6 40.8 16.3 Kurtibaspur 0.0 4.2 83.3 12.5 Pattamund 19.0 18.0 27.0 36.0 Siaria 21.6 23.7 31.7 23.0 Tabhapal 10.6 34.0 36.2 19.1 Total GP 11.0 20.4 47.1 21.5
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Distribution of Households in Social Groups The distribution of households in different social groups is presented in Table 12 .
Table 12: Percentage of households in different social group (Bandhabhuin) Village SC ST OBC Bandhabhuin 0.0 87.9 12.1 Bhimkand 0.0 100.0 0.0 Dudhipani 0.0 93.1 6.9 Ganeswarpur 0.0 42.1 57.9 Gopapur 8.0 48.0 44.0 Iti 9.5 39.7 50.8 JD-Pabudih 9.7 82.3 8.0 JD-Panchunaika 8.2 10.2 81.6 Kurtibaspur 0.0 91.7 8.3 Pattamund 11.0 78.0 11.0 Siaria 23.7 11.5 64.7 Tabhapal 0.0 27.7 72.3 Total GP 8.7 55.3 36.0
Distribution of Households in different Well-being groups by Social category The distribution of households in different well-being group by social category is presented in Table 13.
Table 13 : Percentage of households in different well -being group by social category in Bandhabhuin GP Well -being group OBC SC ST Well-off 12.8 19.2 8.5 Average 27.4 24.4 15.2 Poor 38.6 41.0 53.5 POP 21.2 15.4 22.7
Membership of Household in SHG The membership of households in SHG by social and well-being group is presented in Table 14 and 15 .
Table 14: Percentage of households by social category who are members of SHG Vil lage SC ST OBC Total HH Bandhabhuin 79.3 75.0 78.8 Bhimkand 86.4 86.4 Dudhipani 84.0 42.9 81.2 Ganeswarpur 31.3 77.3 57.9 Gopapur 0.0 0.0 45.5 20.0 Iti 76.5 38.0 54.9 50.3 JD-Pabudih 9.1 53.8 22.2 46.9 JD-Panchunaika 75.0 100.0 77.5 79.6 Kurtibaspur 72.7 0.0 66.7 Pattamund 90.9 56.4 54.5 60.0 Siaria 72.7 87.5 73.3 74.8 Tabhapal 76.9 79.4 78.7 Total GP 65.4 63.1 65.4 64.1
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Table 1 5: Percentage of Households by Well -being Category who are members of SHG Village Well -off Average Poor POP Total HH Bandhabhuin 100.0 81.5 0.0 78.8 Bhimkand 100.0 66.7 90.0 85.0 86.4 Dudhipani 71.4 91.7 81.0 75.0 81.2 Ganeswarpur 100.0 64.7 53.8 20.0 57.9 Gopapur 0.0 15.4 40.0 16.7 20.0 Iti 28.6 78.1 46.1 50.0 50.3 JD-Pabudih 50.0 42.9 50.6 31.6 46.9 JD-Panchunaika 57.1 78.6 95.0 62.5 79.6 Kurtibaspur 100.0 65.0 66.7 66.7 Pattamund 73.7 77.8 51.9 50.0 60.0 Siaria 73.3 78.8 79.5 65.6 74.8 Tabhapal 40.0 87.5 100.0 44.4 78.7 Total GP 60.2 74.2 64.3 56.3 64.1
8.2 Key well-being Indicators
The indicators used by community for well-being grouping varies with village and habitations and indicates local interpretation on living standard, poverty and vulnerability.
Some of the indicators for well-being were identified at the beginning of the well-being grouping exercise, which were later refined (and few more were added) during the household categorization process.
Some of the common indicators used by community for well-being grouping in Rench Sasan and Bandhabhuin are presented below.
Annexure 9 and 10 presents the common well-being indicators in different villages.
Tabl e 16 : Common indicators used by community in well -being grouping in Rench Sasan GP Well -Off Average Poor Poorest Of The Poor Government Agricultural land, Wage laborer, only Landless, wage service, good / business oriented homestead land, laborer, single bread pucca house, more mindset, having more share cropper, having earner, more agricultural land, number of coconut domestic animals, dependents, under better living trees, domestic less or no agricultural debt, broken house, no standard, own animals, able to work land, not getting food jobs throughout the business, food and earn, having twice a day, not year, thatched house, security throughout agricultural having good house, inability to work, the year, having equipments, having can save minimum insufficient food job, having vehicle, domestic animals, Rs.500, can do some security during the children studying in having kitchen saving, insufficient year, mud house / private schools, garden, auto rice for the whole houseless, aged, good schooling of rickshaw driver, year, having IAY handicapped, children children’s schooling house or kutcha borrowing in crisis, In Govt. schools, house, Depend on widow, separated private service, BPL rice, vegetable children, depending on mason work, share selling, not able to get villagers, unable to cropper, selling work throughout the save money, not surplus food grain year getting food twice a day
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Table 1 7: Common indicators used by community in well -being grouping in Bandhabhuin GP Well -Off Average Poor Poorest Of The Poor More agriculture land, not Depend on Landless, NTFP Landless, wage laborer, dependent on forest or share cropping, collection, cow broken houses, no wage wage labor, stable Collecting NTFP, herding, share then no food situation, earning, better or pucca fruit seller, cropper, agriculture distress migration, no house, shop, agriculture agriculture land land to feed for few domestic animals, land to feed 12 months, to feed for nine months, daily wage chronic disease, widow, having agriculture months, laborer, marginal NTFP collection, equipments and domestic thatched / kutcha agriculture land, No dependent disable, animals, Govt. Service, house, having stable source of severely sick, no children having good few cows and income, single domestic animals, not service, better living chicken, grade member, no one is getting two meals standard, teaching job, four service, available for throughout the year, AWW, private job, small wage labor, agriculture work, single bread earner & family size, physical seasonal kutcha house, more dependents, ability to work, goatary, migrants, homestead land, unable to work due to ill food security throughout seasonal fish depend on BPL health the year, having vehicle, business, no rice, not getting having rice hauler, more business food twice a day working hands, gold searching activity from river, NTFP business
8.3 PIP process and key issues
8.3.1 Effectiveness of PRA exercise for identification of poor
Both, the processes (social mapping and well-being grouping) together were found to be quite effective in identifying households in different poverty groups. The merit of these PRA exercises has already been outlined in earlier sections. The well-being grouping exercise categorizes households in a habitation/s on the basis of relative poverty, vulnerability and well-being. It is important to recognize that number of groups or categories of poverty that can be created in each study site would depend on the intended purpose and research objective, and increasing or reducing the groups does not make the exercise difficult or easy. In general, households are categorized in four groups (Well-off, Average, Poor, POP) since the project can have a different strategy or plan for targeting and designing specific intervention for each category. It emerges from the field study that it would be extremely difficult to do well-being grouping of entire village in one single exercise since there are likely to be large number of dispersed habitations. Consequently, the team had to conduct the well-being grouping exercise separately in each habitation. Wherever it was possible the exercise was conducted together for few habitations. This seems to be the best way of doing the exercise, however there are several implications of this which the project team should recognize. Firstly, it is extremely important to recognize that households are categorized on the basis of relative measure of well-being and poverty within that habitation and hence the categories are not comparable across habitations. This would mean that a household in “X” habitation categorized as well-off is not comparable with another household categorized as well-off in “Y” habitation, since categorization was on the basis of relative poverty of households specific to its habitation. Secondly, it is also important to recognize that in general there is a difference in absolute poverty levels across habitations, and most likely the poverty level of main habitation would be comparably lower to other dispersed smaller habitation with concentration of households of lower social categories. These two issues are very critical and raise some fundamental questions that need to be answered well for effectively using the process for targeting.
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• Which households should be targeted or alternatively should we exclude all households categorized as Well-off? This is a difficult question to answer given the fact that well-off households in certain habitations may be categorized as average or poor households had they been present in a different habitation. • Is it possible to categorize all households in different poverty groups based on relative poverty measure applicable to entire village or for that matter Gram Panchayat? This is only possible if the well-being grouping is done for an entire village or Gram Panchayat together in one single exercise. However, this seems to be practically very difficult and is likely to yield wrong results since it would be difficult to ensure fair representation of all habitations and socio-economic groups during the participatory exercise. • What is the project intending to do in terms of targeting? Is it to ensure that all poor and poorest are included in the project? It is understood that targeting would mean that the project would make all efforts to include the poor and poorest currently not in SHG. However, there could be some poor households that may voluntarily not agree to participate in SHG in spite of all efforts from the project. Or is it to ensure that all well-off households are not included in the project? It is understood that yes that would also be the focus, however if a new SHG decides to include few members who belong to well-off category than the project would not reject this as it has been decided by the community, though this is not encouraged in principle by the project. Even if the project wants to reject all such well-off households by asking the group not to include such members; it may be very difficult to evolve a mechanism that can check this each and every time a new group is formed or a new member is added anywhere in the project area since the time, energy, effort and more importantly the quality of monitoring mechanism required to do this would be very high. This brings forward a very pertinent question the project needs to answer clearly on its targeting strategy. What is a bigger risk for the project – Exclusion error or Inclusion error and what should be the non-negotiable principle for targeting? It is opined that the project should make all efforts to ensure that exclusion error is minimal to the extent possible and wherever the poor and poorest do not participate in the project; it should be only because of well informed and analyzed voluntary choice made by them. The project in such situation should analyze the reason for not participation and make necessary strategic changes, and design such interventions that can potentially encourage them to join the project. At the same time project should try to reduce the inclusion error to the extent possible, but should recognize that it is a secondary objective for targeting and not a primary one. It is suggested that the following targeting method should be adopted by TRIPTI if they are to adopt the PIP process outlined above. • Target all the households categorized under Average, Poor and POP category in all habitations / village / Gram Panchayat • Selectively target households categorized under well-off category in each habitation
8.3.2 Possible Strategy for Selective Targeting of Households categorized as Well-off
There could be several strategies for selectively targeting households categorized as well- off and some of the potential strategies that need to be evaluated by the project team are suggested below. Targeting based on Social Category: One of the simple strategies could be to select all the households belonging to the lower social groups (SC, ST, OBC) categorized under Well-off. This strategy assumes that poverty and social category is directly related, and also assumes that habitations with higher poverty level are likely to have high
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI concentration of lower caste households (which seems to be the case in the two GPs where process was piloted). Poverty Grouping of Habitations: This could be another simple mechanism where all the habitations in a village or Gram Panchayat (depending on the reference level of relative poverty measure) can be grouped in two categories (Low and High Poverty level on a relative basis) based on community / GPLF discussion and then include all the well-off households in our target list for habitations classified to be having high poverty level. Screening of Households: The GPLF and the project team can jointly screen the list of well-off households in each habitation for targeting and the relative poverty of habitations can be compared while deciding whether the household included in well-off should be selected for targeting or not. Do Nothing: Some of the households categorized as well-off based on habitation level relative poverty who may get classified in lower poverty group based on village / Gram Panchayat level relative poverty reference, may automatically join one of the groups as the project would progress.
8.3.3 Role of GPLF in PIP Process
At the beginning of the pilot process a GPLF meeting was organized and the purpose of PIP in TRIPTI was explained. The GPLF was encouraged to play a key role in the whole PIP process, which was agreeable to them. The GPLF agreed that during the well-being exercise their representative (Executive Committee member and leaders of SHG from the same habitation) would monitor the process and at the end of the process would approve the findings by endorsing the map and data. During the actual process, in about half of the sites the executive committee member, SHG leaders and Anganwadi worker were present and accorded their endorsement. The consolidation of the data from PIP process would also involve GPLF (to be done) and the GPLF would approve the data for each GP. However, there is a need to evolve a clear strategy regarding the role of GPLF in the PIP process, targeting of household based on PIP, fixing social inclusion milestones for GPLF and linking achievement of these milestones to trigger for CIF disbursement.
8.3.4 Communication regarding the PIP Process
It emerges from the piloting exercise that the purpose of PIP process needs to be articulately communicated to the people. It was observed that the community perceives that the households categorized under “POP” and “Poor” are likely to receive special benefits in the project and hence there was a tendency to categorize more households in these categories. The communication strategy (key message, medium of communication and timing) for PIP process needs to be finalized and the communication campaign needs to ensure that community is sufficiently clear about the reasons for which PIP process is being conducted.
9. Social inclusion study and emerging technical issues for TRIPTI
Identification process of EPVG The PIP process categorizes households on the basis of relative well-being, and the lowest group comprises of poorest of the poor (POP) households in the community, including EPVG households. The number of households identified in this group through PIP process is much larger in comparison to the earlier process piloted for EPVG identification, which focused only on the poorest category to identify EPVG households in the community 3. It emerges that the community tend to identify more households in the lowest category when a full well-being grouping analysis of all the households is undertaken. It is therefore
3 The number of EPVG households identified in the earlier process was also much higher than the targeted number in each GP.
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI important for the project to decide whether the households identified in the POP category through the PIP process be accepted as EPVG households or identify them separately (or within POP category) as a special target. The second important issue that needs to be recognized is that the number of EPVG households that are likely to be identified through the PIP process would be significantly higher than the number of EPVG households that can be supported under the pro-poor inclusion fund (average of 30 EPVG households per Gram Panchayat). The project would have to evolve a selection process (one approach could be ranking) for EPVG households to be supported with pro-poor fund. In this context, the role of different stakeholders (project staff, GPLF, Community) in the selection of EPVG households to be covered under PPIF needs to be thought. Another important issue is to consider whether the EPVG household list would be dynamic during the duration of the project or the list is finalized at the beginning of the project and fixed. If the list had to be kept dynamic, then the project would also have to finalize the process for making changes to the list. Need Assessment of EPVG The need assessment process presently remains a boundary-less exercise since it remains unclear what needs of EPVG households would be addressed through the project. The EPVG households have multiple and wide ranging needs, such as linking with social welfare provisions of Government (pension, disability support, land to landless, IAY, BPL card, etc.), need for wage labor, job and self employment, need for disability aid and appliance, medical aid, need for designing special relief provision, etc. This requires a very high level of convergence with several departments, institutional linkage with service delivery organization and designing well thought project processes for ensuring such convergence at the village and Gram Panchayat level. Without this it may be difficult for the project to effectively address their real needs and requirements. The project would have to clearly spell out the strategy, the activities that can be supported, budget, etc. necessary for identification of activities that are feasible and effective for EPVG households. It seems that multiple strategies might need to be adopted to address varying needs of EPVGs – Convergence with Government Programme, increase access to public services, inclusion in SHG, forming CIGs and fund economic activities, provide aids and appliances, self-employment / job skill development, partnering livelihood activities with SHG, development of social security policy, etc. The project strategy to support EPVGs needs to be finalized prior to the need assessment process in villages. Another important issue that needs attention in this context, is the caste based social exclusion that persists and to adopt a need assessment strategy (either in groups or individual basis) for such households who are at the lowest end of caste hierarchy (like - Haadi, Pana, and the disabled coming from these castes) as they are treated untouchables and their houses are scattered away from the main habitation in isolation where reaching them seems to be a problem. Role of GPLF in PIP and Targeting Process The role of GPLF in the PIP process is crucial from several perspectives. Firstly, the involvement of GPLF in the process legitimizes the identification of poor at the community level and is an excellent opportunity to stress on the role of community institutions to adopt inclusive and participatory approach in the project. Secondly, it articulates the poverty focus of the project more clearly to these community institutions. However, it is important for the project to design subsequent processes that builds on the PIP process and can lead to the development of inclusive community institutions. In this context it is important to have a clear role for GPLF in the targeting process and accordingly devise project processes that can encourage GPLF to use the output of PIP process for inclusion of left out poor. The map form of the output can be an excellent tool that can assist GPLF in targeting left out poor. The map presents relevant information (well-being category, caste, SHG
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI membership, grading of SHG) in an easy, pictorially readable format necessary and can guide GPLF in deciding strategy for inclusion in different habitations and villages. For instance, the maps clearly indicate where inclusion of left out poor in existing groups can be adopted as a strategy. Similarly, the map indicates where significant number of households is left out and it may make more sense in forming new groups. It is important to have a clear strategy regarding the role of GPLF in PIP and targeting process and the project would have to evolve mechanisms that can ensure GPLF has high ownership of the whole process. This would require high quality of facilitation and handholding by the project team and also linking targeting and inclusion of poor as one of key triggers for disbursement of CIF to GPLF. PIP Output as Participatory Project Planning and Monitoring Tool The PIP output map can potentially be used as an extremely powerful participatory planning and monitoring tool for the project. The map can be used in planning of several project activities in a logical manner with community in various stages of the project cycle. The output of PIP process presents a baseline scenario and can be used in planning of following activities and more; • Targeting and inclusion of left-out-poor in phased manner • Improving functioning of community institution (SHG) currently with poor grading through mobilization and hand-holding plan • Planning for CC to support meetings of SHGs for book keeping • Planning a capacity building training calendar of SHGs in the village • Planning for Micro Investment Plan preparation process for all SHG • Planning for SHG bank account opening and bank linkage • Livelihood planning for households The map can similarly be used as an excellent participatory monitoring tool for the project. Some of the potential area of monitoring that can be include are • Monitoring inclusion of left-out-poor and households from lower social groups • Monitoring grading of SHGs in the village • Monitoring SHGs with complete MIP plan • Monitoring SHG bank accounts opened • Monitoring use of CIF by SHGs and households • Monitoring household use of loan for economic activities Since the map remains a dynamic tool, it can be reproduced at various stages of the project cycle, which can be used for monitoring and evaluation; and communicating effectively with community on project progress and performance. This would require plotting some other indicators in the map depending on requirement and then using it as a planning tool. The map can be maintained in a soft format in Corel Draw or other drawing software, which can reproduce maps as and when required with desired changes. It is suggested that the project institutionalize this participatory planning and monitoring process using PIP map output as a tool, which would be a tremendous asset to the project. A sample map is attached to indicate how it can be used as a planning and monitoring tool. PIP Process and Linkage to Project MIS The PIP process brings out critical data to be monitored during the course of the project and it is critical to decide how the PIP process output is to be linked to the MIS. It is suggested that the following data may be linked to the MIS for high quality monitoring system at this stage;
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI
• Complete list of households with social category and well-being category with details of habitation, village, GP, block and district • List of households already in SHG, with SHG name and code (a coding procedure needs to be evolved to address duplicate names), date of grading and present grading • The project may also decide to enter some basic details of each households and the data needs to be decided from the perspective of use and utility In subsequent stages as the map is used for planning and monitoring tool more relevant data can be entered. PIP Process and Operational Issues There are few operational issues related to PIP process that needs attention from the project when they might replicate this process in other villages. Conducting PRA exercises: PRA exercise is about team work and most of the PRA exercises would require at least two members in the team and if there could be three people in the team it would ideal. It is important for the project to decide, how a team can be constituted with CC as a member in each project village for the PIP process. It is also important to organize training programme for the teams before starting the PIP process. Logistical Arrangements: It was seen that in most of the GPs, villages and habitations were scattered and reaching all habitations and villages may not be possible without transportation. Similarly, logistical arrangement for Community Coordinators for staying might be a problem in few villages. It is suggested that logistical arrangements for Community Coordinator and other team members might be worked out before the PIP process. Due attention needs to be paid by the project for ensuring safety and security of CCs so that they can work with high motivation, particularly for woman cluster coordinators.
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Annexure 1: EPVGs in Baunsagadia, GP Baunsagadia, Block Khaira, Balasore
S No. Name of Habitation No of HH by Caste Identification No of HH Process EPVG HH 1 Tala Kolho Sahi 52 ST-37, OBC- Social Mapping 5 15 followed by Well- being grouping 2 Uppar Kolho Sahi 25 OBC-1, ST- Social Mapping 7 (Tikar Sahi) 24 followed by Well- being grouping 3 Nua Sahi 27 OBC-5, SC- Social Mapping 2 1, ST-21 followed by Well- being grouping 4 Tanti Sahi 20 SC-16, SC-4 Well-being grouping 2 5 Ramda 25 ST-25 Social Mapping 5 6 Patra Sahi 23 SC-23 followed by Well- being grouping 7 Teliabanka 65 SC-65 Well-being grouping 5 8 Guda Gudi 86 ST-10, OBC- Well-being grouping 5 70, Gen-6 Total Village 323 ST -117, SC - 31 107, OBC- 91, Gen-6
Annexure 2: EPVG Identified in Kabar village, GP Kupari, Block Khaira, Balasore
Name of S No. Habitation Identification Process No of EPVG HH 1 Tukuna Sahi 3 2 Sethi Sahi Focus Group and Well-being analysis with 7 2 SHGs: Biju Patnaik (Tukuna and Samuka 3 Majhi Sahi 7 Sahi), Kabareshwar A (Salagadia Sahi), 4 Salagadia Kabareshwar B, Ama Bhagwan (Salagadia), 1 5 Samuka Sahi Maa Saraswati, Maa Bhagwati, Maa Tarini – Could Not identify 6 Bankagadia 37 leaders and members Could Not identify Total Village 13
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Annexure 3: BPL Survey validation in Kabar, GP Kupari, Block Khaira, Balasore
S Name of Ran HH HH Characteristics Field Validation N HH k in Score (BPL Survey) o GP 1 Narendra 1 0 Houseless, OBC, Good quality house, Gahana bounded labor, monthly grocery shop, land, Not in income not available, IAY BPL list, richest household land not available in the habitation 2 Jagdish 9 4 Houseless, SC, bounded No BPL card, own land 2.5 Sethi labor, monthly income acre, 1 shop, pucca house, not available, IAY land AC sheet house, electricity, not available 3 Gaya 25 4 Houseless, OBC, Pucca house, 3 sons Moharana bounded labor, monthly together, 1 in Calcutta, 2 income not available, IAY son carpenter, 2 house land not available land 0.5 acre, 2.5 acre share cropping, middle son getting Rs. 4000 per month 4 Bhagaban 26 4 Houseless, OBC, Joint family, 3 sons, Behera bounded labor, monthly electrified, dish TV, big income not available, IAY house with several rooms, land not available large land holding 5 Bhaskar 27 4 Houseless, OBC, No BPL, uses BPL card of Sethi bounded labor, monthly father, IAY, Job card, income not available, IAY seems to be BPL, land 0.05 land not available acre 6 Sudarshan 28 4 Houseless, Others caste, Joint family, 6 sons are Parida bounded labor, monthly residing together, pucca income not available, IAY house with all facilities, two land not available houses, everything is there, sufficient land 7 Sambhuna 29 4 Houseless, others caste, Pucca well furnished th Rout bounded labor, monthly house, two son working in income not available, IAY factories, 3 acre land, land not available monthly income more than Rs. 15000/-, daughter is HIV positive - widow 8 Naryan 30 4 Houseless, caste others, A local powerful politician, Mahapatra bounded labor, monthly well endowed with income not available, IAY household assets, pucca land not available house – everything available in the house 9 Arat Jena 32 4 Houseless, caste others, 0.02 acre land, share bounded labor, monthly cropping, IAY received, income not available, IAY wife SHG member, daily land not available labor, skill cooking, single room kutcha house, BPL, potentially EPVG 10 Sridhar 33 4 Houseless, others caste, Women deserted for last 5 Gahana bounded labor, monthly years, 3 daughters studying income not available, IAY in school, land 1 acre given land not available for share cropping, not in BPL list
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Annexure 4: EPVG Identified in Lodhachua, GP Lodhachua, Block Ranpur, Nayagarh
No of S Name of No of EPVG No. Habitation HH HH by Caste Identification Process HH SC-3, OBC-142, 1 Bada Sahi 150 Gen-5 Well-being grouping 4 SC-1, OBC-60, 2 Nua Sahi 64 Gen-3 Well-being grouping 3 ST-2, OBC-36, 3 Tala sahi 41 Gen-3 Well-being grouping 1 Social Mapping followed 4 Godi Sahi 28 OBC-28 by Well-being grouping 1 ST-2, SC-4, OBC- Total Village 283 264, Gen-11 9
Annexure 5: EPVG Identified in Jiripada village, GP Patia, Block Ranpur, Nayagarh
No of Name of No of EPVG S No. Habitation HH HH by Caste Identification Process HH Harijan 1 Sahi 29 SC – 29 2 Dalabehera 2 Sahi 12 OBC-12 0 Puruna 3 Sahi 17 ST-17 1 4 Nua Sahi 16 ST-16 0 5 Poda Sahi 12 ST-9, Gen-3 Social Mapping followed by 1 6 Godi Sahi 12 ST-6, OBC-6 well-being grouping 3 Total ST-48, SC-29, Village 98 OBC-18, Gen-3 7
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Annexure 6: EPVG Profile
1. EPVGs in Baunsagadia, Baunsagadia Gram Panchayat, Khaira block, Balasore
Sl. Habitation Head of the EPVG Profile Need No Household Assessment 1 Nua Sahi Upendra Schedule Tribe household having 0.4 acre BPL Card, Dehuri of land, family of 3, household engaged in selling wood, stone breaking and agricultural laborer, head is physically weak and ill most of the days, 3 unmarried daughter 2 Nua Sahi Narayan Schedule Tribe household with 0.55 acre of Old age Dehuri land, family of 6, one aged person and 3 pension young children, agricultural laborer and share cropper, only bread earner, household is under debt for loan taken to start a business which was unsuccessful 3 Uppar kolho Nadura Schedule Tribe household having 0.5 acre Pond for sahi Singh of land, family of 6, agricultural laborer, fishery share cropper and also going for stone activity breaking, large family size and only one bread earner, one adult unmarried daughter. 4 Uppar kolho Baigun Sing Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Repayment sahi of 7, share cropper; sold all livestock when of loan parents were ill, both the parents died in the amount, span of 8 months, he is under debt for loan Goatry for taken for treatment of daughter. income 5 Uppar kolho Ram Sing Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Job card sahi of 4, share cropper; small encroached land, stone crushing. 6 Uppar kolho Mangua Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Job card sahi Sing of 7, share cropper 1 acre; small NREGS encroached land, stone crushing. 7 Uppar kolho Darshan Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Job card or sahi Badra of 5, share cropper; small encroached land, wage labor stone crushing. 8 Uppar kolho Sumi Badra Deserted woman, landless, no house, stays House, sahi with her married sister, sells handia, loan of secure job or Rs 35,000 for her treatment during income pregnancy, physically weak and history of opportunity, repeated surgery Debt relief 9 Uppar kolho Kaura Sing Schedule Tribe, landless household, family sahi of 1, migrated 10 Talla Guruwari Schedule Tribe, landless household, women Secure job Koloho sahi Sing headed family, separated from husband for or income 10-15 years, reside in brother’s corridor, source agriculture labor and also going for stone breaking and collects saal leaves from the forest. 11 Talla Tulsi Sing Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Widow Koloho sahi of 4, agricultural labor, women headed pension, Job family, resides with married brother card 12 Talla Sura Sing Schedule Tribe, landless household, women Wage labor Koloho sahi headed family, agricultural labor and going opportunity for stone breaking 13 Talla Minati Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Food Koloho sahi Bindhani of 2, going for stone breaking and collects security
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Social Inclusion Study for TRIPTI
sal leaves and fire wood, separated from round the husband for 10 years, one daughter 25 year years old, non-availability of food few days in a year. 14 Talla Anam Singh Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Job card and Koloho sahi of 8, an agricultural labor and going for land for stone breaking, large family size and only share one bread earner. cropping 15 Gudagudi Ganesh OBC household having 0.3 acre of land, Treatment of Sahi Dalei family of 4, wife is word member, one bread husband earner, husband is a TB Patient unable to work. 16 Gudagudi Gannanatha OBC household having 0.08 acre of land, Old age Sahi Palei family of 4, head of the household is old , 2 pension, daughter engaged in stone crushing, marriage of daughters 17 Gudagudi Adhikari Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Old age Sahi Deuri of 2, agricultural labor, above 65 years old pension unable to work much. 18 Gudagudi Maheswari OBC, landless household, family of 5, wage Debt relief Sahi Pallei labor, only bread earner family size is large, under debt for his mothers treatment 19 Gudagudi Kamala OBC household having 0.5 acre of land, Disability Sahi Bhutia wage labor, family of 4, women headed pension, family, daughter disable. widow pension 20 Patra Sahi Golakha Schedule Caste, landless household, family Disability Patra-A of 4, head of the household is old and pension disable, Rheumatic problem cannot work much, share cropper and going for stone breaking 21 Patra Sahi Golakha Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Disability Patra-B of 9, wage labor, 1 disable, family size is pension, large and one bread earner Goatary 22 Patra Sahi Satrughna Schedule Tribe household having 1 acre of Debt relief, Patra land, family 4, head of the house is visually medical impaired, corneal injury during stone treatment breaking lost one eye, 50 thousand spent on treatment at Hyderabad, 20 thousand debt 23 Patra Sahi Ramesha Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Old age Patra 5, 1 old lady (mother), goat herder, and pension, family is large and only bread earner loan for goat 24 Teliabanka Chaturbhuja Schedule Tribe, landless household , family Old age Patra of 6, head of the house hold is Visually pension, impaired , depends on 65 year old widow market mother, eldest daughter going for stone access for crushing, mother works as wage labor and leaf plates makes saal leaf plates , selling 100 plates @ Rs.10/- per day. Rs. 700 /-debt (for treatment) 25 Teliabanka Kanhu Schedule Tribe household having 0.7 acre Old age Charan of land , family of 2, head of the house hold pension, Patra is 80 year old, blind, hearing problem, 75 special relief year wife, son-in law is share cropper for food taking care of them security 26 Teliabanka Aarati Sethi Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Disability of 6, women headed family, mental illness, 7 pension, year old daughter with tumor operation medical treatment
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27 Teliabanka Gitanjali Schedule Tribe, landless household, family Safe and Sethi of 5, women headed family, works in others secure self household employment 28 Teliabanka Janjali Schedule Tribe, landless household, family No Patra of 2, old women, son migrated labor, suggestion depend on widow pension 29 Teliabanka Rohit Sethi Schedule Tribe, landless household , family Alternate of 7, agricultural labor and going for stone income breaking, family size is large and only one opportunity bread earner 30 Ramda & Saraswati Schedule Tribe, deserted, landless, family of Income Tanti Sahi Patra 5, going for stone breaking and collecting opportunity, saal leaves from the forest, deserted women food security with 4 girl children. 31 Ramda & Kanhu Schedule Tribe, landless household, 14 year Orphan Tanti Sahi Patra old boy, an orphan, depend on villagers, boarding staying in a broken house School
2. EPVG households in Kabar, Kupari Gram Panchayat, Khaira block, Balasore
Sl. Habitation Head of EPVG Profile Need No the Assessment Household 1 Majhi Sahi Ajay Landless, family of 7, working in a grocery BPL card, Mahuri shop, single bread earner and the family size job options large with more girl children 2 Majhi Sahi Ajay Landless, family of 7, share cropper and Old age Mahuri agricultural labor, unmarried sister and the pension, number girl children is more, old parents, marriage of family size is large and single bread earner sister 3 Majhi Sahi Kalawati Landless, alone, deserted, works in others Self Jena household employment 4 Majhi Sahi Rabi Landless, family of 5, agricultural labor, single Food Mahuri bread earner and the family size is large security 5 Majhi Sahi Baburam Landless, family 5, son is the single bread Treatment of Jena earner (migrant labor) and one of son is son chronically ill 6 Majhi Sahi Roga Jena Landless, family of 5, wage labor , head Treatment, chronically ill, single bread earner and family work size is large opportunity 7 Majhi Sahi Pitambar Landless, family of 10, going for stone Land for Rout breaking, old parents with more children the share family size is large and only single bread cropping earner 8 Tukuna Narayan Landless, family of 5, agricultural labor, family Disability Sahi Jena with more girl children, incapacitated two girl pension, children and only bread earner disability aid 9 Tukuna Surendra Landless, family of 2, wife is the single bread Old age Sahi Sahu earner, head of the household is old person pension depends on wife income 10 Tukuna Sanu Sahu Landless, family of 5, makes leaf plate, single BPL card Sahi bread earner 11 Sethi Sahi Babuli Landless and houseless , family of 6, wage Own house Sahu labor and UP School MDM cook, staying in and better other house, work 12 Sethi Sahi Dasonath Landless, houseless, mental retarded staying Disability Parida in encroached land and was driven by other pension villagers to construct a temple
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13 Salagadia Baikuntha Landless, family of 5, only bread earner, 2 son Medical Jena sick incapable of working, wife has also ill- treatment, health, elder daughter is engaged in tailoring own shop
3. EPVG in Kendugadia habitation, Kumbhka, Kupari GP, Khaira block, Balasore
Sl. Habitation Head of EPVG Profile Need No the Assessment Household 1 Kendugadia Dumuni Schedule Tribe, landless household, BPL card Patra women headed family, alone, works in others household and depend on widow pension. 2 Kendugadia Kedar Schedule Tribe, landless household, alone, Pension and Patra impaired hearing and physically week relief unable to do any labor work, he is working in a tea shop.
4. EPVG Households in Lodhachua, Lodhachua GP, Ranpur block, Nayagarh
Sl. Habitation Head of the EPVG Profile Need No Household Assessment 1. Nua Sahi Paramanada Schedule caste and landless household, Debt Nayak family size is 4, head of the family repayment, chronically ill and does only minor wage small shop or labor, his wife is a MDM cook, the alternate household is under debt (Rs.10,000/- for opportunity of daughters marriage) taken 3 years back but work other the household is unable to repay. The debt than wage has been increasing and one of the child labor for head had to leave school since the family is unable to pay school fees (Rs.15/- per month). 2. Nua Sahi Dolia OBC and landless household, family size is Small Bhuiyan 4, the head of the family is mentally ill and business that doesn’t do any work. Wife does wage labor. can engage Children are young (15-16) but they are all family forced to migrate due to poverty. members 3. Nua Sahi Budhei Schedule caste and landless household, Disability aid Nayak widow headed, family of 6 members, has a to children, old ailing mother, out of four children two of BPL card, them are disable, head of the household land, does wage labor and sell fire wood. 4. Bada Sahi Panchanan OBC and landless household, family size is Loan for Sahoo 4, head of the household is a migrant expanding laborer and alcoholic, wife a petty vendor, vending and due to lack of permanent source of activity income the husband sold out the only piece of land and his auto. 5. Bada Sahi Sarat Kar Landless and Brahmin household, family Regular and size of 6, one old and ailing mother and one permanent disable child, head is engaged in Jajmani source of services (TWE), only one bread earner. income 6. Bada Sahi Satyabhama Widow headed household, general caste, Widow Patra no children, having 0.25 acre of land, her pension, BPL husband died of cancer, she is under debt, card, Debt had taken Rs. 50,000/- loan from money repayment lender for treatment of her husband, depend on her brother in laws family for living.
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7. Bada Sahi Kuni Barik Landless, OBC, widow with no family Widow members, works as a MDM cook pension 8. Tala Sahi Abakash Landless, OBC household, family size is 6, Widow Sahoo with wife and a widow daughter with 3 pension, BPL young children, head of the household is card, IGA for aged and engaged in wage labor, finds widow difficulty to do labor and sole bread earner. daughter 9. Godi Sahi Dambaru OBC and landless household with large BPL card, Sahoo family of 7, engaged in wage labor, but Goatary as insufficient income for the entire family IGA
5. EPVG households in Jiripada, Patia Gram Panchayat, Ranpur block, Nayagarh
Sl. Habitation Head of EPVG Profile Need No the Assessment Household 1 Godi Sahi Sauri Schedule Caste, landless widow, homeless Market Nayak and alone, earns livelihood from broom and access basket making, also collects NTFP 2 Godi Sahi Padma Schedule Caste, landless widow, having 2 Market Nayak acre (encroached) land, family size of 4, access for engaged in broom and basket making, collects her products NTFP and selling, she is alone and her unemployed son-in-law is staying with her, she is having a IAY house but unable to repair. Her encroached land forcibly taken by other households 3 Godi Sahi Jayanti OBC household, head is widow, family size of Debt Pradhan three comprising of old mother in law, and a repayment, (Nayak) mentally retarded child of 5 year old. Had 2 share acre land which was mortgaged for treatment cropping of her husband who was suffering from cancer and died. The family is under debt (Rs.30, 000/). Mother in law is a MDM cook and the whole family depends on her income. 4 Harijan Bidesi Schedule caste, landless household, head of Market Sahi Nayak the family suffers from mental disorder and is access for unable to work, wife works as agriculture Siali plate laborer and collects siali leaves to support her family of 5 comprising of young children. 5 Harijan Nisha Schedule Caste, landless household, widow Support to Sahi Nayak headed, family of 2, head and her adult start a unmarried daughter, head works as business, agricultural labor and selling Siali leaves for Widow livelihood pension 6 Poda Sahi Pramila Schedule Tribe household, widow headed, Could not Bewa having 1 acre of land, family of 3, single lady suggest any with 2 dependents (1 son, 1daughter), thing. Widow engaged in agriculture labor and collects pension forest produce 7 Puruna Biranchi Schedule Tribe, landless, family of 5, head Treatment of Sahi Pradhan engaged in wage labor and occasionally her migrate for work, under debt (Rs. 5000/) for daughter, loan taken for treatment of brain malaria, and Debt relief now he is unable to send his daughter to school, has left 4 year old son in ST hostel where food and education is free. His 16 year old daughter is mentally ill.
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Annexure 7: Summary Data for Rench Sasan GP, Nimapara block, Puri district
No of households in different Social group Village GEN MN OBC SC Total Rench Sasan 65 59 134 118 376 Khelar 59 3 31 20 113 Purusandha 77 29 61 167 Biswalsahi 44 7 47 26 124 Brahmanpada 11 59 20 90 Bianal 1 122 31 154 Total GP 257 69 422 276 1024
No of households in different Well-being group Village Well-off Average Poor POP Total Rench Sasan 85 114 156 21 376 Rench Khelar 32 35 28 18 113 Purusandha 29 49 64 25 167 Biswal Sahi 22 44 39 19 124 Brahamanpada 7 18 44 21 90 Bianal 4 26 91 33 154 Total GP 179 286 422 137 1024
No. of Households by Social Category who are members of SHG Village GEN MN OBC SC Total Rench Sasan 43 40 78 75 236 Rench Khelar 23 20 16 59 Purusandha 5 15 34 54 Biswal Sahi 36 1 41 20 98 Brahamanpada 33 13 46 Bianal 64 17 81 Total GP 107 41 251 175 574
No. of Household by Well-being Category who are members of SHG Village Well-off Average Poor POP Total Rench Sasan 44 71 107 14 236 Rench Khelar 12 14 21 12 59 Purusandha 1 12 28 13 54 Biswal Sahi 16 37 31 14 98 Brahamanpada 5 11 21 9 46 Bianal 1 14 50 16 81 Total GP 79 159 258 78 574
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Annexure 8: Summary Data for Bandhabhuin GP, Pallahara block, Angul district
No of households in different Social group Village SC ST OBC Total HH Bandhabhuin 29 4 33 Bhimkand 44 44 Dudhipani 94 7 101 Ganeswarpur 16 22 38 Gopapur 2 12 11 25 Iti 17 71 91 179 JD-Pabudih 11 93 9 113 JD-Panchunaika 4 5 40 49 Kurtibaspur 22 2 24 Pattamund 11 78 11 100 Siaria 33 16 90 139 Tabhapal 13 34 47 Total GP 78 493 321 892
No of households in different Well-being group Village Well-Off Average Poor POP Total HH Bandhabhuin 4 27 2 33 Bhimkand 1 3 20 20 44 Dudhipani 7 24 42 28 101 Ganeswarpur 3 17 13 5 38 Gopapur 1 13 5 6 25 Iti 21 32 102 24 179 JD-Pabudih 4 7 83 19 113 JD-Panchunaika 7 14 20 8 49 Kurtibaspur 1 20 3 24 Pattamund 19 18 27 36 100 Siaria 30 33 44 32 139 Tabhapal 5 16 17 9 47 Total GP 98 182 420 192 892
No of households by Social Category who are members of SHG Village SC ST OBC Total HH Bandhabhuin 23 3 26 Bhimkand 38 38 Dudhipani 79 3 82 Ganeswarpur 5 17 22 Gopapur 5 5 Iti 13 27 50 90 JD-Pabudih 1 50 2 53 JD-Panchunaika 3 5 31 39 Kurtibaspur 16 16 Pattamund 10 44 6 60 Siaria 24 14 66 104 Tabhapal 10 27 37 Total GP 51 311 210 572
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No of households by Well-being group who are members of SHG Village Well-Off Average Poor POP Total HH Bandhabhuin 4 22 26 Bhimkand 1 2 18 17 38 Dudhipani 5 22 34 21 82 Ganeswarpur 3 11 7 1 22 Gopapur 2 2 1 5 Iti 6 25 47 12 90 JD-Pabudih 2 3 42 6 53 JD-Panchunaika 4 11 19 5 39 Kurtibaspur 1 13 2 16 Pattamund 14 14 14 18 60 Siaria 22 26 35 21 104 Tabhapal 2 14 17 4 37 Total GP 59 135 270 108 572
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Annexure 9: Common well-being indicators in Rench Sasan GP
Common well -being indicators used by community in Rench Sasan Village Well -Off Average Poor Poorest Of The Poor Rench Sasan Govt. Service, Agricultural Land, Wage Laborer, Landless, Wage Good House / Business Oriented Homestead Laborer, Single Bread Pucca, Mindset, Having Land, Share Earner, More Agricultural More Number of Cropper, Having Dependents, Under Land, Better Coconut Trees, Domestic Debts, Broken Living standard Domestic Animals Animals Houses and No jobs and Own throughout the year. Business Purusandha Govt. Job, Able To Work and Having No Having No Land, Agricultural Earn, Better Living, Agricultural Thatched House, Land, Food Food Security For Land, Wage Inability To Work, Security, The whole Year, Laborer, Not Insufficient Food Throughout Having Agricultural Getting Food Security During The The Year, Land Twice A Day, Not Year and No Job Having Having Good security during the Business House, Share year. Cropping Bianla Govt. Service, Food Security Can Save Landless, Mud Pucca House, Throughout The Minimum House/ Houseless, Sufficient Food Year, Having Rs.500, Aged, Handicapped, Throughout Agricultural Insufficient Rice Daily Wage Earner, The Year Equipments, For The Whole Food Shortage Having Domestic Year, Having IAY Throughout The Year. Animals, Having House, Or Kitchen Garden Kutcha House Brahmanpada Having Less Agricultural Share Cropping Broken House, No Agricultural Land, Having In Others Land, Agricultural Land, Land, Having Domestic Animal, Daily Wage Severely Sick, Job, Having Auto Rickshaw Earner, Not Handicapped, Vehicle, Good Driver, Children’s Having Good Borrowing In Crisis, House, Schooling In Govt. House, Depend Widow, Aged Children’s Schools, Earning On BPL Rice Schooling In From Kitchen Private Schools Garden Rench Khelar Having Having Auto Depending Only No Land, No House, Business, Rickshaw, Less On Agriculture, Wage Laborer, Vehicle, Govt. Agricultural Land, Wage Laborer, Widow, Separated Service, Having Business, Pvt. Vegetable Children, Depending more Service, Mason Selling, Share On Villagers agricultural Work, Share Cropper, Having Land, Good Cropper IAY House, Schooling Of Having Business Children, Biswal Sahi Agricultural Private Service, Less Agricultural No Land, No House, Land more than Ability To Lead His Land, Able To Wage Laborer, 3 acre, Having Family Without Save Some Unable To Save Govt. Job, Being A Wage Money, Not Able Money, Not Getting Having Pucca Laborer, Selling To Get Work Food Twice A Day House And Surplus Food Throughout The Vehicle Grain, Annual Year, And Food Security, Working As Wage Laborer
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Annexure 10: Common well-being indicators in Bandhabhuin GP
Common well -being indicators used by community in Bandhabhuin Village Well -Off Average Poor Poorest of the Poor Krutibaspur More agriculture land, HH depend on Landless, Landless, Wage Not dependent on forest Share Cropping, NTFP collection Laborer, Broken or wage labor, stable HH collecting Cow Herding, Houses, HH No earning, better house, NTFP, Fruit Share Croppers wage No food shop sellers situation, Distress Migration Siaria Agriculture land to feed Agriculture land Agriculture land Mud House, No 12 months, Cannot work to feed for nine to feed for three Land, as Daily Laborer, Good months, months, Daily No domestic House, Having Thatched / kutcha Wage laborer, animals, Agriculture Equipments House, Having No Agriculture No income other and Domestic Animals few cows and Equipments than wage labor chicken Iti Govt. Service, Pucca Agriculture land, Marginal Landless, No house, Cannot work as Own Petty shop, Agriculture land for House, Daily Laborer, Grade four Land, Chronic Agriculture land more service, Wage Laborer, diseases, than 10 Acres, Children Domestic Grade four Widow, No wage having good service, animals, services. No food Own Agriculture Agriculture Situation, Mud Equipments Equipments house Tavaphal Govt. Service, Agriculture Land, Small Landless, Daily Agricultural Land Wage laborer, Agriculture Wage earner. Better Living standard Distress land, Daily NTFP collection migration, NTFP laborer, NTFP Broken House. collection collection Pattamund Teaching job, AWW, Small Agriculture Wage labor, Landless, No Agriculture Land, Land, NTFP wage No food Private job, Share Less Physical collection, No situation, Mud cropper, Small family strength to work, Land house Size, No agriculture Share cropper Widow headed Physical Ability to work, equipment, Wage HH, Agriculture equipment labor Dependent NTFP collection Disabled. Bhimkand Agriculture Land, Small Agriculture Small Landless, Wage Goatary, land, Wage Agriculture Laborer Small Petty Shop Laborer, Land, Wage Broken Houses, Dependent on Labor, No Houseless, NTFP source of Severely Sick income family members Bandhabhuin Govt. Service, Good Agriculture land Having Mud House, House / Pucca, to feed six Agriculture land Landless Agricultural Land, Better months, to feed for three No domestic Living standard, Food Thatched / kutcha months, Daily animals, Security throughout the House, Having Wage laborer, No income other year, Having Vehicle few cows and No own than wage labor chicken, Agriculture Collecting NTFP Equipments Ganeswarpur School teacher, Having Wage labor, Wage labor, No wage No Rice huller, Grocery NTFP Collection, NTFP Food situation, shop, Agriculture Having goats Collection, Mud Landless, Not Seasonal House getting two meals Migrants throughout the year, Single Bread Earner & More dependent
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Common well -being indicators used by community in Bandhabhuin Village Well -Off Average Poor Poorest of the Poor Dudhipani More agriculture land to Agriculture land Having Mud House, feed 12 months (5 to feed for nine Agriculture land Landless, acre), Not working as months, to feed for three No domestic Daily Laborer, Good Thatched / kutcha months, Daily animals, House / Pucca House, Having Wage laborer, No income other Having Own Agriculture, few cows and No Agriculture than wage labor Equipments, Having chicken Equipments Domestic Animals Gopapur Agricultural Land, Govt. Share cropper, No land, Aged Landless, Wage Service, More working NTFP Business, persons, Laborer hands, Wage earners Single member, Single Bread Gold searching Seasonal fish No one is Earner & More business from River, business, available for Dependents, Better Living standard, Seasonal Migrant agriculture work Thatched House, NTFP business to cities in search Severely Sick, of job, Gold Unable to work business from due to ill health river JD- Govt. Service, More Less Agriculture Small petty Landless, Panchunaika Agriculture land to feed land to feed nine shop, Little land Women Headed 12 months months, No No other Households, Business, NTFP business, Daily Wage Business Kutcha House Earner Having few cows and chicken JD-Pabudih Govt. Service Small Agriculture Wage laborer, Landless, Daily Good House / Pucca land Homestead Wage Laborer, Agricultural Land Own Petty shop land Single Bread Food Security Business Depend on BPL Earner & More throughout the year Lower level rice Dependents Having Vehicle service - Grade Having Aged persons, four, Having domestic Broken Houses, domestic animals animals Widow Headed and own Not getting food HH agriculture twice a day, equipment
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NEED ASSESSMENT FORMAT & VULNERABILITY MATRIX
1. Household Profile for EPVG
Name of Gram Panchayat: Name of Village: Name of Head of Household:
Age of Sex of Marital Is the Caste BPL Family No of No of No of Total No No of Main Secondary Head Head Status head Group (Yes/No) Size Aged Adult Children of people Work Occupation of HH of Head disable? of HH (M, F) (M, F) (M, F) Disable? engaged in work
Type Tenure No of Own Land Land Ownership of Livestock of of rooms land given for taken for Ox Cow Buffalow Goat Sheep Hen Duck Others House Home with share share stead patta cropping cropping land (acre) (acre) (acre)
What assets the household has got?
No of Crops Total No of days Wage Monthly Do the HH No of days PDS Do they Do they get HH current Has the Crops Yield engaged in rate income of has a job of work Rice get old pension for outstanding HH taken (quintal) wage labor household card received quantity age disability loan received under pension IAY NREGA
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Is anybody in the household member of SHG? Details
Problem Analysis 1) What are the problems the household is facing? Identify the extent and intensity of the problem the household is facing and what is the effect 2) What is getting affected? What is the household opinion on their importance? 3) What livelihood capitals are getting affected? 4) How livelihood capitals are getting affected and how acute is the affect – access, sources, control, quality, quantity, accumulation, conversion, opportunity? 5) What is the trend? Is it recent or long history? 6) What has been the impact – changes in livelihood strategy, replacement of capital, vulnerability context? 7) What are the reasons for such problems? Investigate the reasons and categories the reasons into agro-climatic issues, socio-economic context, administration and government, market and collective action issue 8) How the household has tried to address the problem? Preferably draw a historical time-line of its occurrence and effect; efforts by household to solve the problem; and the outcome.
Problem No 1: ------ History of problem (When, How, What, Why, Who, Where) Efforts to resolve (Evidence) The Outcome
2. Vulnerability / Problem Analysis table Key Problems / Cause of Problems Effect of Problem Coping Mechanism Potential Solutions Resource Vulnerabilities Requirement
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3. Livelihood Analysis Table Resource Skill base, health, Present Livelihood Livelihood Outcomes Risk / Limitation Potential Solution Endowments / education and Activities Assets organizing capability
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PIP Process Output – Maps
Illustrative Map on using PIP output for Planning and Monitoring
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Raid Bazar N Village : Rench Khelar G.P.: Rench Sasan 111 Block : Nimapara
District : Puri 110 112 109 113 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Bazar Sahi Pipili Nimapara
96
95 83 82 81 94 84 85 93 80 86 92 79 91 87 Mallik Sahi 90 88 89 75 76 77 78 HH No. Head of Household SHG HH No. Head of Household SHG 1 Dasarathi Sethi 33 58 Kailash Nayak 29 Mohanty Sahi 2 Bhagabat Swain 33 59 Chakradhar Nayak 30 74 73 3 Benudhar Rout 33 60 Jamboo Pradhan 31 72 71 70 4 Maina Rout 33 61 Jayakrushna Nayak 29 5 Kanhu Charan Rout 62 Babaji Parida 30 57 58 59 69 6 Murali Rout 63 Laxman Swain 30 7 Jayadev Sahu 33 64 Nabaghana Swain 28 60 56 68 8 Mahadev Sahu 33 65 Pramod Ku. Nayak 28 61 9 Dusshasan Sahu 33 66 Raj Kishore Sahu (B) 28 50 49 67 10 Duryadhan Sahu 67 Banshidhar Pattnayak 55 51 48 11 Jadumani Sahu 33 68 Gangadhar Sahu 52 12 Bijay Ku. Sahu 33 69 Dhruva Sethy 32 62 63 64 65 66 13 Fakira Sahu 33 70 Dipu Pattnayak 53 47 Matha Sahi 14 Amulya Sahu 33 71 Bulu Pattnayak 45 46 15 Braja Kishore Sahu 33 72 Mathurananda Pattnayak 54 16 Raj Kishore Sahu (A) 33 73 Banshidhar Mohanty 31 44 36 43 35 17 Nakul Ch. Sahu 33 74 Sharat Dash 42 18 Buddha Nath Sahu 33 75 Sanatan Behera 29, 31 41 38 37 40 39 19 Pramod Patra 33 76 Benudhar Behera 29 20 Bijaya Swain 33 77 Kanhu Charan Behera 21 Alekha Nayak 33 78 Manmohan Behera 29 29 22 Jayanta Swain 33 79 Kunja Pattnayak 23 Kailash Swain 80 Netrananda Sahu 28 30 24 Basanta Ku. Nayak 81 Bhaskar Sahu 25 Ramesh Ch. Nayak 82 Hatto Kishore Mallick 32 27 31 26 Bhagaban Patra 83 Kshetramohan Mallick 32 27 Krupasindhu Patra 84 Gandharba Mallick 26 32 28 Premananda Patra 85 Nanda Kishore Mallick 31, 32 29 Sharat Moharana 86 Maguni Mallick 31, 32
25 33 30 Purnachandra Nayak 87 Chaitanya Mallick 31, 32 Mahajan Sahi 24 34 31 Nabaghana Nayak 88 Banamali Mallick 32 32 Swadhin Nayak 89 Buddha Nath Mallick 33 Chakradhar Nayak 90 Jatadhari Mallick 31, 32 34 Laxmidhar Nayak 91 Bauribandhu Mallick 31, 32 19 35 Shiva Dash 28 92 Pahali Mallick 31, 32 36 Arjun Pradhan 30 93 Dhadu Mallick 31, 32 20 37 Duhsasan Nayak 28,31 94 Shankarsana Moharana 29 38 Duryadhan Nayak 28,31 95 Baidhar Pattnayak 21 39 Debarathi Nayak 29 96 Rabi Parida 22 40 Kalindi Nayak 29 97 Nuri Pradhan 41 Agani Nayak 29 98 Prakash Pradhan 23 42 Ganesh Nayak 31 99 Brahmananda Parida 43 Rabindra Nayak 31 100 Raj Kishore Pradhan 44 Surendra Nayak 30 101 Laxmidhar Panda 2 45 Benudhara Nayak 30 102 Manodhar Jena 46 Manoj Nayak 103 Jeetu Jena 18 3 47 Artatrana Nayak 104 Maheswar Sahoo 48 Upendra Nayak 105 Bishnu Sahoo 17 4 49 Surendra Nayak 31 106 Laxman Sahoo 50 Sanatan Nayak 107 Rama Sahoo 5 51 Bichitrananda Nayak 108 Ajaya Rout 16 6 52 Sachidananda Nayak 109 Kashi Pradhan 53 Narendra Nayak 30 110 Abrar Alam Khan 54 Laxmidhar Nayak 30 111 Momin Khan
Dakshin Sahi 7 15 55 Bijay Ku. Nayak 112 Kalandi Sethi 8 1 56 Balram Nayak 30 113 Liyakat Ali Khan 57 Gopal Nayak 14 9 10 11 13 16 12 INDEX Well-being No.of HH in No. of HH SHG Group No. of HH SHG Targeted Code Name of the SHG Grade ST SC OBC MN GEN 28 MaaMangala III Well-off 32 12 29 Maa Gajalaxmi III WOWO AV POOR POP Average 35 14 21 30 MaaTarini III Poor 28 21 7 31 MaaUpuloi III Member in SHG &