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Parametric Studies of an Active Solar Water Heating System with Various Types of PVT Collectors

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Parametric Studies of an Active Solar Water Heating System with Various Types of PVT Collectors Sadhan¯ a¯ Vol. 40, Part 7, October 2015, pp. 2177–2196. c Indian Academy of Sciences Parametric studies of an active solar water heating system with various types of PVT collectors ROONAK DAGHIGH1,∗, MOHD HAFIDZ RUSLAN2 and KAMARUZZAMAN SOPIAN2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan 66177-15175, Iran 2Solar Energy Research Institute, National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] MS received 2 June 2014; revised 9 March 2015; accepted 11 May 2015 Abstract. This study simulated active photovoltaic thermal solar collectors (PV/T) for hot water production using TRNSYS. The PV/T collectors consist of the amor- phous, monocrystalline and polycrystalline. The long-term performances for the glazed and unglazed PV/T collectors were also evaluated. In this simulation, the design parameters used were collector area of 4 m2, collector slope angle of 15 degree and mass flow rate to the collector area ratio of 8–20 kg/hm2. In addition the tank height between 0.9 m to 1.1 m for unglazed PV/T collectors and 0.9 m to1mfor glazed collectors, as well as the storage tank volume between 200 and 300 L has been used. The climate parameters used were solar radiation levels range of 4–4.9 kWh/m2, the mean ambient temperature in the range of 25–28◦C. The results of the simulation indicated that there was an increase in solar fraction and electrical power output of the active PV/T hot water system. Keywords. PV/T collectors; TRNSYS simulation; solar water heater; solar fraction; packing factor; glazed and unglazed collector. 1. Introduction Increased utilisation of renewable energy resources is strategically important in the long term as it will contribute to the sustainability of energy supply. It also will help to address the environ- mental concerns that emerge due to the emission of gases and particulates as a result of energy generated from fossil fuels (Hitam 1999). Solar radiation in Malaysia, which is entirely equa- torial, has an annual average daily solar irradiation of 4.5 kWh/m2 and an annual average daily sunshine duration of about 4–5 h. Therefore, the climatic conditions of Malaysia are favourable for the development of solar energy technology (Daghigh et al 2011; Othman et al 1993). ∗For correspondence 2177 2178 Roonak Daghigh et al Figure 1. Typical hot water consumption pattern. Direct solar energy technology can be divided into two namely (a) solar thermal systems and (b) solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Normally, the two systems are used separately to generate hot air or hot water and electricity respectively. A photovoltaic thermal collector or PV/T gener- ates both electricity and thermal energy simultaneously. The PV/T collectors are used since the overall photovoltaic thermal efficiency will increase and also will save valuable space. Solar thermal opportunities do exist for the industrial process heat industries that require the processing of hot water or pre-heating of water ahead of other forms of thermal input. There were 10,000 domestic solar water heaters installed in Malaysia in 2002 (most of them were of the ther- mosyphon type) with an annual growth rate of 10–15%. In addition, the heaters installed were both locally manufactured and imported, with the majority of imports from Australia. Notably, the solar PV applications in Malaysia are limited to mainly standalone PV systems, especially for rural electrification and net metering applications where the systems receive a significant subsidy (Renewable Energy in Asia 2005). Many researchers have acknowledged the performance of solar water heating systems using the PV/T collectors, which has resulted in the rapid growth of both theoretical and applied research studies on the thermosyphon and active water heater systems. Among the computer simulation programmes and tools (i.e. from simple domestic hot water systems to the design and simulation of building their equipment, as well as control strategies, occupant behaviour, alterna- tive energy systems, etc.), TRNSYS has been developed for the transient simulation of systems (Klein 1996). It is an ideal programme that has its original applications to perform the dynamic simulation of the behaviour of a solar hot water system for a typical meteorological year. Some of the relevant studies regarding the modelling of PV/T water heaters using TRNSYS to predict the performance of the systems are presented in table 1. In terms of hot water consump- tion pattern, most families in Malaysia use hot water in the evening and at night. A survey among 52 families located in Seri Petaling, Kuala Lumpur, in March 2004, indicated that most of the families used hot water just for shower (i.e. 56 cases) after 6 pm and just once a day. Others (six cases) used it twice a day, i.e. once in the evening and once in the early morning. The finding also revealed that the average number of family members in the urban areas in Malaysia was five persons. For each person, the usage of 25–30 L of hot water was considered adequate. It means that, 150 L of water per day per family should be enough for hot water consumption in Malaysia (Zahedi et al 2007). The typical hot water consumption pattern established by Mutch (1974) and Duffie & Beckman (1991) was employed for this work as it coincides with the Malaysian requirements as shown in figure 1. The electricity consumption per household depends very much on the family size, living habits, number and age of electrical appliances and their hour of use. A study in 1998 estimated that an Active photovoltaic thermal solar water heating system 2179 average family in a low cost house spent about RM65 (approximately US$17) per month, while the electricity in the medium cost house was approximately RM110 (US$30) per month. Fur- thermore, the average daily consumption of electricity per household of five people was assumed to be approximately 15 kWh. This was equivalent to the typical daily average of electricity con- sumption of RM95 per month for a medium cost house (Faridah 2003). The basic electricity tariff for residential sector in Malaysia was RM0.22 per kWh. This research work aimed to model, simulate and predict the long-term performance of a photovoltaic/thermal hot water system under the meteorological conditions of Malaysia. The type of photovoltaic panels used was amorphous silicon thin film, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Table 1. Some studies on PV/T water heating systems using TRNSYS. Author and year Type of system Type of cells Remarks Rockendorf et al (1999) – – Simulation modules were developed and implemented in TRNSYS 14.1 (1994) in order to simulate the thermoelectric collector and the photovoltaic-hybrid collector behaviour in the typical domestic hot water systems. The discussion of the results showed that the electric output of the PV-hybrid collector was significantly higher than that of the thermoelectric collector. Kalogirou (2001) Active system Monocrystalline- The results of the simulation showed silicon that the optimum water flow rate of the system was 25 l/h. The hybrid system increased the mean annual efficiency of the PV solar system from 2.8% to 7.7%. In addition, it covered 49% of the hot water need of a house, and thus, increased the mean annual efficiency of the system to 31.7%. The life cycle savings of the system were Cy£790.00, while the payback time was 4.6 years. Chow et al (2005) – Amorphous The a-Si PVT collector arrays covered silicon two-third of the west- and south- facing external facades. The system was able to support one-third of the thermal energy required for water heating of multi-storey apartment buildings in Hong Kong. Kalogirou & Thermosyphonic Polycrystalline The results showed that while the Tripanagnostopoulos (2006) and active and amorphous electricity generations were higher for system silicon pc-Si cells, the thermal contributions were slightly higher for a-Si cells. The a-Si modules also had better cost/ benefit ratios owing to their lower initial costs. 2180 Roonak Daghigh et al Table 1. (contd) Author and year Type of system Type of cells Remarks Fraisse et al (2007) Active system Monocrystalline For a system that included a glass- and covered collector and localised in polycrystalline Maˆcon area in France, it was shown that the annual photovoltaic cell efficiency was 6.8%, which presented a decrease of 28% in comparison with a conventional non-integrated PV module that gave the percentage of 9.4% of the annual efficiency. This was obviously due to the temperature increase related to the cover. On the other hand, it was shown that without a glass cover, the efficiency was 10%, which was 6% better than the standard model due to the cooling effect. 2. The system configuration The photovoltaic thermal water heater system configuration was simulated using TRNSYS (TRaNsient SYstem Simulation) as shown in figure 2. This system consists of a PV/T collector, storage tank, auxiliary heater, the load, pump and ON/OFF Controller Solar energy is collected using the PV/T collector’s absorber plate and the cold water is heated utilising the solar energy usage in the PV/T collector. A pump is employed to circulate water between the collector and the storage tank. Auxiliary heating is done in the storage tank if the hot water temperature is lower than the set point temperature. The auxiliary heat source is located at the upper third of the tank, keeping the lower third as cool as possible. This will cause the solar system to operate at a higher efficiency because the relatively low-temperature water is delivered to the collectors from the bottom of the tank.
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