Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), Vol.20 (2), Art 108, pp. 752 - 758, 2020 online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES

Original Article

Sports training of jumpers from a springboard based on body composition control and physical fitness

ELENA RYBAKOVA 1, TATIANA SHUTOVA 2, TATIANA VYSOTSKAYA 3 1Department of Physical Education, Tchaikovsky State Institute of Physical Culture 23 Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, RUSSIA

Published online: March 31, 2020 (Accepted for publication: February 27, 2020) DOI:10.7752/jpes.2020.02108

Abstract: Purposeof the study isto develop and experimentally justify the design of the training process of ski jumpers, whichis based on the control of body composition and control of physical fitness.Materials & methods: the study involved qualified athletes (n=47, 20 young women and 27 young men aged 18±1.56 years). The experiment took place during 2019 on the basis of the Federal training center for "snowflake" named after A. A. Danilova (Tchaikovsky city, Russia). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed on the basis of a hardware analyzer of body composition "InBody 720". Functional diagnostics was carried out with the use of medical diagnostic software and hardware complex "Esteck system complex". Pedagogical testing was carried out based on 8 tests. To assess the static balance the following tests were used: the balance of the frontal and sagittal position of the body on the board for the duration. Flexibility was assessed by exercises: tilt forward, determination of the angle of flexion of the ankle. Assessment of motor coordination abilities was carried out to assess coordination abilities in rectilinear motion ("barriers") and in curvilinear motion ("eight"). In order to monitor the speed and strength endurance, jumping over the bench and exercise "plank"were used. Determining the speed and power indicators: long andtriplelong jumpwere evaluated. The results were recorded in a specially designed individual athlete card.Results: experimental means of control of body composition within the season allowed to reach the reference values of the component composition of the body and increase the level of special physical training and improveathletic performance. Athletes showed a remarkable increase in the results of motor coordination and speed-power abilities, static balance, speed and strength endurance. Among young men significant differences were revealed in control exercises such as: balance sagittal body position on the board, exercise "eight", long jump, exercise "plank". Amongyoung women, significant changes were obtained in control exercises: balance of the frontal position of the body on the board, jumping over the bench, exercise "plank" with emphasis on the forearm. Conclusion: the training of qualified ski jumpers should be carried out taking into account the body composition and physical fitness of the athlete. The main means of optimizing the training process of ski jumpers should be an individual athlete's card. On the basis of data of the individual card of the athlete the strategy of training process is developed. KeyWords: training process, bioelectrical impedance analysis, individual athlete`s card, .

Introduction Nowadays the Federal standard of sports training in the ski jumping from a springboardis adopted in Russia. The standard establishes a set of requirements for the training process of athletes (order of the Ministry of sports of the Russian Federation "On approval of the Federal standard of sports training in the sport of ski jumping" dated 18.06.2013 No. 394). A mandatory section is dedicated to the registration and analysis of the main quantitative characteristics of sports training. What is more, additional specific parameters are recorded. However, the criteria for assessing sports training at the stages of basic training in most of the developed programs in Russia are not presented (Zebzeev et al., 2015; Lebedev, 2018A; Zakharov, 2017; Popova et al., 2018). Studies of the composition of the athlete's body mass have become increasingly important in recent years. The results of numerous studies indicate that the body composition has a significant relationship with the indicators of physical performance of the athlete and adaptation to environmental conditions, as well as with sports activities (Martirosov et al., 2006; NandalalSingn et al., 2011;Branco et al., 2015). Objective assessment of the component composition of the body is a tool for determining the initial physical conditions of athletes. These conditions may be used for managing the training process (Nikolaev et al., 2009; Nikbakht et al., 2012; Jindo et al., 2016).

752------Corresponding Author: ELENA RYBAKOVA, E-mail: [email protected] ELENA RYBAKOVA, TATIANA SHUTOVA, TATIANA VYSOTSKAYA ------Bioelectrical impedance analysis allows us to assess the effectiveness and adjust the tactics of the training process of the athlete and to predict changes in physical performance as a result of peak loads during the competition period or a forced decrease in physical activity after injuries and diseases (Martirosov et al., 2006; Shevko, 2007). The studies (Muller et al., 2014) emphasizes the importance of examination of anthropometric data and indicators of body composition. The maximum length and balance of the flight position depend on the anthropometric data of the jumper and the properties of the equipment used (Vodicar et al., 2011; Svoboda, 2011). Experts note that the ski jumping technique is greatly influenced by a number of indicators: body mass of the athlete, shin length, the absolute length of the legs and , the length of the arms and legs, width of pelvis and shoulders of the athlete. Body mass index, body weight, total body weight with equipment are important. Coaches take into account the length of the skis, the morphological factor of lift (morphological index of lift, circumference and length of the hips of the jumper, the Rohrer index). The control of body composition is necessary to optimize the flight. The athlete needs to reach a compromise between maximizing and minimizing the impact of major air factors. We need to find a more favorable aerodynamic position. A sportsman should create a greater slope of the torso to the skis which will minimize the distance between the chin and the tips of the skis. It allows to approach the reference aerodynamic position (Lebedev, 2018b; Muller et al., 2014). The jumper must reach a stable flight position as quickly as possible. The key to a distant jump is to push away from the breakaway table with the least resistance during the formation phase of the flight (Murakami et al., 2010). The modern" flight position " and the "skier – ski" system allowed to get 28.8% increase in the aerodynamic capabilities of athletes compared to the classic jump style in terms of the use of air lift and (Lee et al., 2012). However, methods of training the "flight position" in Russia are far behind. There is a lag in the properties of the equipment used andlow competition among jumpers at Russian competitions is revealed (Lebedev, 2018a). Therefore, the study of body composition and special physical fitness will allow to manage the training process and to control seasonal changes in physical fitness at the initial stages of long-term training. Additionally, we can identify individual values of the body fat component and periods of weight gain, the relationship of body composition and physical fitness (Shutova et al., 2019; Shutova, 2017; Lebedev, 2016). Purpose of the study isto develop and experimentally justify the design of the training process of ski jumpers, which is based on the control of body composition and control of physical fitness.

Material & methods Participants. The study involved qualified ski jumpers (n=47, 20 young women and 27 young men aged 18±1.56 years). Organization of research. The experiment took place during 2019 on the basis of the Federal training center for winter sports "snowflake" named after A. A. Danilova (Tchaikovsky city, Russia). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed on the basis of a hardware analyzer of body composition "InBody 720". Functional diagnostics was carried out with the help of medical diagnostic software and hardware complex "Esteck system complex". Pedagogical testing was carried out based on 8 tests. To assess the static equilibrium some tests were used. One of them is the balance of the frontal and sagittal position of the body on the board for the duration. The athlete should stay on the T-shaped platform against the wall. The subjectstands on the balance beam holding the wall and then releases his hands from the wall. Flexibility was assessed by the following exercises: tilt forward, determination of the angle of flexion of the ankle. Exercise for flexibility in the ankle joint is performed on a low-resistant platform.It consists of a board with the dimensions 600 mm by 400 mm and a height of 20 mm, as well as a wooden bar 50 mm by 50 mm fixed in the middle and transversely on the lower side of the platform. Gravity level is used for estimation. The jumper stands on the platform and takes a simulating pose in the acceleration phase, the angle of inclination of the shin is measured in degrees. Assessment of motor coordination abilities was carried out to assess coordination abilities in rectilinear motion ("barriers") and in curvilinear motion ("eight"). Exercise "barriers" is performed using two athletic barriers that are installed at a distance of 120 (cm) from each other at the height of 50 (cm). Athlete performs jumps over the barriers. Exercise "eight": athletic racks are installed at a distance of 4 meters from each other. A rope is stretched between the uprights and the height of the rope is set the same to the one of the large trochanter of the subject's femur. To the right or left of one of the racks on the floor the start & finish line is marked. Athlete upon command as fast as possible runs around the athletic racks on the trajectory resembling the figure eight. Jumping over the bench is used to monitor the speed and strength endurance and also exercise "plank" with emphasis on the forearm is performed. In order to determine the speed and power indicators we estimate longjump, triple long jump.

------753 JPES ® www.efsupit.ro ELENA RYBAKOVA, TATIANA SHUTOVA, TATIANA VYSOTSKAYA ------The results (overall international standings, body composition, results of special control exercises, athlete's rating in the team, blood pressure, heart rate) were recorded into a specially designed individual athlete's card (tables 1,2). Table 1 - Example of an individual card for a qualified athlete, age 18 Indicators The The end of Notes/recommendations beginning the of the experiment experiment Russian Championship (points) 40 55 3rd place in the 2017-2018 season; 7th and 10th in the 2018-2019 season RussianChampionship (points) 31 - 7th place in the 2017-2018 season Continental Cup Stages (points) 323 102.5 2,4,10,14,17 places in the 2017-2018 season; 8th and 10th in the 2018-2019 season Junior Championship (points) - 29 2st in the 2018-2019 season Overall international standings (points) 323 102.5 9th place on the amount of points scored from the Russian national team (season 2017-2018); 21st place in the total number of points scored from the Russian national team in the 2018-2019 season Blood pressure (mm.Hg.) 120/72 121/79 parameters are normal Heart rate at rest (b/min) 64 63 parameters are normal Body weight (kg) = 55.4kg 55.1 54.9 stick to diet, weight control Body length (cm) 163 163 Body length rates have not changed Percentage of adipose tissue (%) 11.4 10.3 observed a decline in adipose tissue Balance (sec) Sagittal 2.37 3.81 the level of "balance" development is average, including = 3.9 sec simulated and tough coordination exercises Front 4.54 5.56 = 4.2sec Tilt forward (cm), 23.7 33.4 excellent level of flexibility =22(cm) Ankle flexibility 38 35 there is a positive dynamics, the result is below the ( ⁰ ) =41 ⁰ average for the group Coordination (sec) "Barriers" 6.06 5.49 level of coordination - good =5.8 "Eight" 18.2 16.8 =18.6 Jumping over the 1-stattempt =37 37 40 high score bench, 34 38 high score 3 approaches of 20 2-ndattempt =30 seconds (ammount) 3-rd attempt =29 32 37 high score Long jump ( cm) 202 (cm) 219 (cm) high level at the end of the experiment Triple jump = 638 (cm) 621 685 average result at the beginning of the experiment

Exercise "plank" with emphasis on the forearm 129 141 average level of static muscle strength – = 135 (cm) Rank within the team 7 6 positive dynamics

Strategy for further development 1. Dietcontrol 2. Working with a team` psychologist. 3. Control V- position of the flight.

Table 2 - Example of an individual card of a qualified athlete 19-year-old Indicators The The end of Notes/recommendations beginning the of the experiment experiment Russian Championship (points) 75 55 3rd in the 2017-2018 season; 1st spot in the 2018-2019 season Russian Championship (points) 43 25 6th place in the 2017-2018 season; 13th in the 2018-2019 season Continental Cup Stages - 60 20th place 2018-2019 season World Junior Championships (points) 30 23 27th place in the 2017-2019 season Overall international standings (points) 4 13 18th place in the season 2017-2018; 21st place in the total number of points scored from the Russian national team in the 2018-2019 season Blood pressure (mm.Hg.) 115/ 110/ normal 80 70 Heart rate at rest (b/min) 65 65 normal Body weight (kg) - 77.9 kg 64.0 62.5 body weighthas reduced Body length 173 174 length increased by 1 (cm) 754 ------JPES ® www.efsupit.ro ELENA RYBAKOVA, TATIANA SHUTOVA, TATIANA VYSOTSKAYA ------Percentage of adipose tissue (%) 5.2 3.0 minimum fat tissue values Balance (sec) Sagittal 3.3 4.7 the level of "balance" development is low, = 5.3 (sec) including simulated and tough coordination Frontal 3.7 4.2 exercises =5.3 (sec) Tilt forward (cm), =20 21.5 22.5 high level of flexibility Ankle flexibility ( ⁰) =39 ⁰ 38 35 positive dynamics, suggest adding exercises on stretching Coordination (sec) "Barriers" 6.3 5.2 level of coordination is average =5.4 (sec) "Eight" 18.25 17.7 =17 Jumping over the bench, 1-st attempt 35 42 high level, there has been an increase in the speed 3 approaches of 20 =38 endurance rate seconds (amount) 2-nd attempt 35 40 =34 3-rd attempt 36 40 =34 Longjump 226 242 belowaverage statistical result =248 (cm)

Triple long jump (cm) = 770 см 688 743 low result at the beginning of the experiment, below the group values

Exercise "plank" with emphasis on the forearm 132 143 below normal at the beginning of the experiment = 138(sec) Rank within a team 4 1 improvement of the rating Strategy for further development 1. It is necessary to increase speed-strength indicators, to achieve a high level of coordination abilities, to develop individual tasks on static muscle strength. 2. Keep the 1st place in the team ranking.

Statistical analysis. Statistical processing of the data was carried out on generally accepted methods of variation statistics with the calculation of average arithmetic, average standard deviation and verificationof the results of the study on the reliability of differences at a five percent level of significance(Ivanov,1990).The student's t-criteria was used to evaluate the significance of the differences. Mathematical processing was carried out using the MSExcel 2016 tool.

Results Data on the body composition of qualified ski jumpers was obtainedduring the experiment (table 3). The study showed that the young women at the beginning of the experiment had body weight of 56.3 kg on average. They were recommended to reduce their body weight by 1-1. 5 kg. In order to solve this problem nutrition programs were developed taking into account the intensity of the basic metabolism of 1355.9 kcal. As a result, at the end of the experiment, the ladies` body weight decreased to 55.4 kg. The fat component decreased from 18.4% to 13.4%. Among young men the percentage of adipose tissue had minimal values during the experiment. Muscle mass in a year has changed from 32.4 kg to 34.7 kg, body weight decreased by 2.3 kg. Therefore, the body mass index decreased and approached the reference values of jumpers.

Table 3 - Represents the results of the study about component composition of theathletes` body Indicators Young women (n=20) Young men (n=27) the beginning of the end of the the beginning of the the end of the the experiment experiment experiment experiment 1. Body length (cm) 164.2±6.4 165.2±5.3 173.8±8.4 174.9±9.9 2. Body weight (kg) 56.3±4.5 55.4±5.1 77.8±2.7 75.5±4.5 3. Fat mass (kg) 10.2±3.8 10±2.1 5.6±3.4 6.4±4.2 4. Muscle mass (kg) 26.6±4.1 24.7±4.5 32.4±6.1 34.7±5.8 5. Body Mass Index (kg/м²) 21.7±3.1 19.8±2.2 22.8±2 20.3±3.1 6.Percentage of adipose tissue % 18.4±2.6 13.4±3.2 9.6±5.6 9.4±5.2 7. Intensity of the main exchange 1337.2±184.2 1355.9±187.6 1668.3±214.5 1496.5±203.8 (kcal)

The design of the training process taking into account the composition of the body and physical fitness significantly improved the sports results (table 4). The experiment revealed that the young men reliably improved their results in four control exercises, especially in static muscle strength from 138 to 174 seconds. The sagittal balance has improved to 5.3 seconds versus 4.1 sec at the beginning of the experiment. The long jump ------755 JPES ® www.efsupit.ro ELENA RYBAKOVA, TATIANA SHUTOVA, TATIANA VYSOTSKAYA ------changed from 236.4 to 248.2 cm. The dynamics of coordination abilities in the curved movement was from 20 to 17.4 seconds. Speed endurance in jumping over the bench among young men has positive dynamics in a year but no reliable change wasrecorded. During the experiment, the young women improved their performance only in three control exercises. Reliable changes are obtained in static muscle strength increased from 135 to 162 seconds. Significant differences were revealed in the speed endurance in the final approach of jumping over the bench from 25.2 to 30.4 jumps. The frontal balance amounted 6.4 seconds versus 4.2 seconds at the beginning of the experiment.

Table 4 - Special Fitness Indicators Indicators Young women (n=20) Young men(n=27) the beginning of the end of the the beginning of the end of the the experiment experiment the experiment experiment 1. Balance (sec) Sagittaal 3.9±0.9 4.2±0.8 4.1±0.9 5.3±0.3* Front 4.2±1.1 6.4±1.5* 3.8±0.7 4.7±0.5 2. Tilt forward (cm) 20.4±3.2 22±2.6 19.2±3.1 20.3±1.7 3. Ankle flexibility 42.4±6.1 41.8±5.5 39.6±5 40.4±4.4 4. Coordination "Barriers" 6.3±0.4 5.8±0.8 5.9±0.1 5.4±0.3 (sec) "Eight" 20.3±2.3 18.6±1.9 20±0.9 17.4±1.2* 5. Jumping over the 1st 39±3.2 37.8±4.8 34.3±2.9 38±4.2 bench, 3 approaches approach of 20 seconds 2nd approach 32.5±4.7 30.7±5.0 33.8±3.0 34.3±5.3 (number) 3rd approach 25.2±2.2 30.4±3.8* 31±3.7 34.1±3.2 6. Long jump (cm) 205.7±6.8 206.7±7.9 236.4±8.1 248.2±6.1* 7. Triple long jump (cm) 627.9±14.9 638.9±20.7 764±27.1 770±33.4 8. Exercise "plank" with emphasis on 135±9.5 162±11.1* 138±10.9 174±19.2* the forearm (sec) Note: * - the validity of differences between young men and women at p<0,05

Discussion Currently, the high level of modern sport requires an in-depth individual approach based on a comprehensive study of the morpho-functional capabilities of the athlete.Their development is the most important achieving high sport results. Determination the of an athlete's body composition is important in sports and is used bycoaches and sports doctors to optimize the training regime during preparation for competitions (Martirosov et al., 2006;NandalalSingn et al., 2011;MagnaniBranco et al., 2015). Knowledge of bodycomposition changes that characterize the focus intensity of oxidative and restorative processes can help to justify the selection of appropriate exercise available to athletes of different age-sexual groups. The main body components are fat, muscle and bone mass. They form a base that ensures the development of physical qualities. Achievement ofgreat success insports is not possible without matching the component composition of the body to the specifics of sports activities (Nikolaev et al., 2009;Nikbakht et al., 2012;Jindo et al., 2016). In some sports muscle mass can be considered as a factor that adversely affects the performance of an athlete. For example, excessive muscle development in the upper limb belt makes it difficult for jumpers or runners to achieve high scores (Ortega et al., 2015;Gibbs et al., 2014;Schumann et al., 2002). The study of the composition of the athletes' bodies allows to characterize and evaluate the mode of their activities moresystematically as well as the dynamics of recovery processes, especially in those sports where weight categories are used (Martirosov et al., 2006;Shevko,2007). In order to assess the permanent state of ski jumpers Researcher Jošt B. in his works (2010) registers and analyzes the morphological, motor and psychological parameters, as well as technical readiness of the athlete. The more often and synchronously with the stages of training activity the survey is carried out, the more detailed the features of seasonal and intra-seasonal changes in body composition and state of fitness are determined. Generalization of data of systematic bioelectrical impedance analysis could become a basis for the description of typical schemes of evolution of body parameters in a long-term cycle of athlete’s training.

Conclusions Determination of the component composition of body mass is important for the preparation of athletes for training and competitive activities. Therefore, the training of qualified ski jumpers should be carried out taking into account the composition of the body and physical fitness. The main mean of optimizing the training process of ski jumpers should be an individual athlete's card which reflects the overall international standings, body composition, the results of special control exercises, the rating of the athlete in the team, blood pressure, heart rate. Individual sports card allowsto compare the average

756 ------JPES ® www.efsupit.ro ELENA RYBAKOVA, TATIANA SHUTOVA, TATIANA VYSOTSKAYA ------values of the group and personal indicators in the body mass index, fat and muscle components of the body, the intensity of metabolism. The strategy of training process is developedon the basis of data of the individual card of the athlete. They are rational planning and adequate dosing of parameters of physical activity at various stages of training process, application of regenerative means of various orientation. Modernbioimpedance analysis allows you to adjust the nutrition program within the season and prevent dangerous reduction of fat among young men. Body mass index and the fat component of the body of all athletes must be reduced and kept closer to the reference values of jumpers. It is vital to increase the level of special physical training to improve sports results. The obtained data can be used in the process of selection andindividualization of the training process. Conflict of interest The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.

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