DOCSLIB.ORG

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan ENTOMOPATHOGENS AS POTENTIAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS AGAINST RED PALM WEEVIL, RHYNCHOPHORUS FERRUGINEUS (OLIVIER) By MUHAMMAD YASIN M.Sc. (Hons.) Entomology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY (Ph.D.) In ENTOMOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN 2016 DECLARATION I hereby declare that that the contents of the thesis “Entomopathogens as Potential Biocontrol Agents Against Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)” are product of my own research and no part has been copied from published sources (except references, standard mathematical or genetic models/equations/formulas/protocols etc.). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma. The University may take action if the information provided found inaccurate at any stage (In case of any default, the scholar will be proceeded against as per HEC plagiarism policy). Muhammad Yasin The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. We, the Supervisory Committee , certify that the contents and form of thesis submitted by Muhammad Yasin, Registration No. 2005- ag-1886 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation, by the External Examiner (s) for the award of degree. Supervisory Committee Chairman ____________________________________ Dr. Waqas Wakil Member ____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Muhammad Jalal Arifl Member ____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Talib Sahil This thesis is dedicated with Love and Respect to My Parents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to bow my head before “ALMIGHTY ALLAH” the Omnipotent, the Omnipresent, the Merciful, the Beneficial who presented me in a Muslim community and also bestowed and blessed me with such a lucid intelligence as I could endeavor my services toward this manuscript. Countless salutations are upon the HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD (May Peace Be Upon Him), the fountains of knowledge, who has guided his “Ummah” to seek knowledge for cradle to grave. The work presented in this manuscript was accomplished under the sympathetic attitude, animate directions, observant pursuit, scholarly criticism, cheering perspective and enlightened supervision of Dr. Waqas Wakil, Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. His thoughtful guidance helped me in all the time of research, writing of dissertation/publications etc. and his rigorous critique improved my overall understanding of the subject. I am grateful to his ever inspiring guidance, keen interest, scholarly comments and constructive suggestions throughout my PhD studies. I wish to acknowledge my deep sense of profound gratitude to the worthy member of my research supervisory panel Dr. Muhammad Jalal Arif and Dr. Shahbaz Talib Sahi, for their constructive criticism, illuminating and inspiring guidance and continuous encouragement throughout course of my study. I really have no words to express my sincere thankful feelings and emotions for all my Teachers, seniors and friends especially Dr. M. Usman Ghazanfar, Dr. M. Khalid Bashir, Dr. M. Ejaz Ashraf, Dr. Mirza Abdul Qayyum, Dr. Kashif Ali, Dr. M. Tahir and Dr. M. Irfan Akram for their cooperation, well wishes and moral support from time to time during the course of study. I am also thankful to my junior fellows specially Muhammmad Farooq, Muhammad Asif, Muhammad Ismail, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Shoaib Qazi, Muhammad Ahmad Rana, Shumaila Rasoool, Sehrish Gulzar, Zeshna Khaliq, Muhammad Tufail, Mehwish Ayaz, Kanza Syed and Ayesha Faraz for their support towards my PhD studies. Words are lacking to express my humble obligation to my affectionate grandparents, Father, Mother, Brothers, Sisters, uncles, aunts, cousins and specially my lovely wife and my children Rehmin Fatima and Muhammad Abdullah for patience in absence of their Dad, and all family members for their love, good wishes, inspirations and unceasing prayers for me, without which the present destination would have been mere a dream. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Higher Education Commission, Islamabad (Pakistan) for the scholarship under PhD Indigenous Fellowship Program is greatly acknowledged. I would like to say special thanks to Dr. Richard Stouthamer and Paul Rugman-Jones UCR, USA for accepting me towards IRSIP as an international student. Last but least I will pay my special thanks to Ms. Aima Bashir who always prayed for my success, may God bless her. Muhammad Yasin CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 01 Chapter 2. Literature Reviewed 2.1 Invasive Red Palm Weevil (RPW)……………………………… 07 2.2 Taxonomic position ……………………………………………... 07 2.3 Classification…………………………………………………….. 07 2.4 Spatial distribution………………………………………………. 07 2.5 Control measures………………………………………………… 08 2.5.1 Microbial control………………………………………………… 08 2.5.2 History of microbial control……………………………………... 08 2.5.3 Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPFs)………………………………... 10 2.5.3.1 History…………………………………………………………… 10 2.5.3.2 Geographical distribution and occurrence……………………….. 11 2.5.3.3 Classification…………………………………………………….. 11 2.5.3.4 Host range……………………………………………………….. 11 2.5.3.5 Mode of infection………………………………………………... 12 2.5.3.6 Enzymes and toxins of EPFs…………………………………….. 12 2.5.3.7 Chitinases………………………………………………………... 12 2.5.3.8 Proteases and peptidases………………………………………… 13 2.5.3.9 Lipases…………………………………………………………… 13 2.5.3.10 Toxins……………………………………………………………. 13 2.5.3.11 Destruxins………………………………………………………... 13 2.5.3.12 Oosporein………………………………………………………... 14 2.5.3.13 Beauvericin and beauveriolide…………………………………... 14 2.5.3.14 Bassianolide……………………………………………………... 14 2.5.3.15 Beauveriolide……………………………………………………. 14 2.5.3.16 Host range……………………………………………………….. 14 2.5.3.17 Effect of abiotic factors………………………………………….. 15 2.5.3.17.1 Temperature……………………………………………………... 15 2.5.3.17.2 Relative humidity………………………………………………... 15 2.5.3.18 Effect of EPFs on non-target organisms………………………… 15 2.5.3.19 Integration of EPFs with other control measures……………….. 16 2.5.3.20 EPF against RPW………………………………………………... 17 2.5.3.21 Natural incidence of EPFs on RPW……………………………... 17 2.5.3.22 Susceptibility of RPW to EPFs infections under lab condition…. 18 2.5.3.23 Field and Semi-field assessment of fungi for RPW management.. 19 2.5.4 Endophytic fungi………………………………………………… 20 2.5.5 Future prospects of entomopathogenic fungi.................................. 20 2.5.6 Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs)........................................... 21 2.5.6.1 Natural incidence………………………………………………… 21 2.5.6.2 Susceptibility of RPW to EPNs infections under lab conditions... 22 2.5.6.3 Field and semi-field assessment of EPNs for RPW management.. 22 2.5.6.4 Interactions between EPNs and pesticides...................................... 23 2.5.7 Entomopathogenic Bacteria............................................................. 24 i 2.5.7.1 History............................................................................................... 24 2.5.7.2 Classification…………………………………………………….. 24 2.5.7.3 Life cycle………………………………………………………… 25 2.5.7.4 Ecology…………………………………………………………... 25 2.5.7.5 Mechanism of action…………………………………………….. 26 2.5.7.6 Commercial formulations………………………………………... 26 2.5.7.7 Methods of applications of Bt products…………………………. 27 2.5.7.8 Superiority of Bt products over synthetic insecticides…………... 27 2.5.7.9 Concerns to use of Bt……………………………………………. 27 2.5.7.10 Interaction of Bt products and other toxins……………………… 28 2.5.7.11 Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on non-target invertebrates…….. 28 2.5.7.12 Mode of infection………………………………………………... 29 2.5.7.13 Important entomopathogenic bacteria…………………………… 29 2.5.7.13.1 Bacillus thuringiensis……………………………………………. 29 2.5.7.13.1 Paenibacillus popilliae…………………………………………... 30 2.5.7.13.2 Brevibacillus laterosporus………………………………………. 30 2.5.7.13.3 Bacillus subtilis………………………………………………….. 30 2.5.7.13.4 Bacillus sphaericus……………………………………………… 30 2.5.7.13.5 Wolbachia………………………………………………………... 31 2.5.7.14 Host range of B. thuringiensis…………………………………… 31 2.5.7.15 Natural incidence………………………………………………… 32 2.5.7.16 Susceptibility of RPW to EPB under lab conditions….………… 32 2.5.7.17 Field and Semi-field assessment of EPB for RPW management.. 32 2.5.8 Microbial control agents as a component of RPW IPM…………. 33 2.5.9 Ecological engineering and agricultural practices to conserve microbial control agents…………………………………………. 33 2.5.10 Biotechnological approaches to enhance virulence of microbial control agents……………………………………………………. 34 2.6 References……………………………………………………….. 35 Chapter 3 Genetic variation among populations of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces of Pakistan Abstract………………………………………………………….. 61 3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………... 62 3.2 Materials and methods…………………………………………... 63 3.2.1 Specimen collections…………………………………………….. 63 3.2.2 DNA extraction and amplification………………………………. 63 3.2.3 Cleaning and sequencing………………………………………… 64 3.2.4 Genetic analysis………………………………………………….. 64 3.3 Results…………………………………………………………… 64 3.4 Discussion……………………………………………………….. 65 3.5 References……………………………………………………….. 68 ii Chapter 4 Resistance to commonly used insecticides and phosphine (PH3) against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Abstract………………………………………………………….. 74 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fung Yuen SSSI & Butterfly Reserve Moth Survey 2009
    Fung Yuen SSSI & Butterfly Reserve Moth Survey 2009 Fauna Conservation Department Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden 29 June 2010 Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Publication Series: No 6 Fung Yuen SSSI & Butterfly Reserve moth survey 2009 Fung Yuen SSSI & Butterfly Reserve Moth Survey 2009 Executive Summary The objective of this survey was to generate a moth species list for the Butterfly Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest [SSSI] at Fung Yuen, Tai Po, Hong Kong. The survey came about following a request from Tai Po Environmental Association. Recording, using ultraviolet light sources and live traps in four sub-sites, took place on the evenings of 24 April and 16 October 2009. In total, 825 moths representing 352 species were recorded. Of the species recorded, 3 meet IUCN Red List criteria for threatened species in one of the three main categories “Critically Endangered” (one species), “Endangered” (one species) and “Vulnerable” (one species” and a further 13 species meet “Near Threatened” criteria. Twelve of the species recorded are currently only known from Hong Kong, all are within one of the four IUCN threatened or near threatened categories listed. Seven species are recorded from Hong Kong for the first time. The moth assemblages recorded are typical of human disturbed forest, feng shui woods and orchards, with a relatively low Geometridae component, and includes a small number of species normally associated with agriculture and open habitats that were found in the SSSI site. Comparisons showed that each sub-site had a substantially different assemblage of species, thus the site as a whole should retain the mosaic of micro-habitats in order to maintain the high moth species richness observed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revision of the Dibrachys Cavus Species Complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)
    Zootaxa 2937: 1–30 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A revision of the Dibrachys cavus species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) RALPH S. PETERS1,3 & HANNES BAUR2 1Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Bernastrasse 15, 3005 Bern, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] 3Corresponding author Abstract The taxonomy and host ranges of the cavus species complex within Dibrachys Förster (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) are revised. Examination of about 810 specimens, including multivariate morphometric analysis of 21 quantitative characters clearly separated three species, Dibrachys microgastri (Bouché, 1834), Dibrachys lignicola Graham, 1969, and Dibrachys verovesparum Peters & Baur sp. n., but allowed no further subdivision of taxa according to origin, host association or previous taxonomic concepts. A neotype is designated for D. microgastri and under this name are placed in synonymy the names Dibrachys cavus (Walker, 1835) syn. n. (including eight current junior synonyms), Dibrachys clisiocampae (Fitch, 1856) syn. n. (including five current junior synonyms), Dibrachys boarmiae (Walker, 1863) syn. n., and Dibrachys ele- gans (Szelényi, 1981) syn. n. Dibrachys goettingenus Doganlar, 1987 syn. n. is synonymized under D. lignicola. The mor- phological analyses revealed several new qualitative and quantitative characters for separating taxa in this species complex and an identification key and diagnoses are provided for females and males. Dibrachys microgastri is a polypha- gous generalist pupal ectoparasitoid of several different orders of holometabolous insects, whereas D. lignicola is a polyphagous ectoparasitoid of hosts in Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, and D.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Products for Managing Landscape and Garden Pests in Florida1 Matthew A
    ENY-350 Natural Products for Managing Landscape and Garden Pests in Florida1 Matthew A. Borden, Eileen A. Buss, Sydney G. Park Brown, and Adam G. Dale2 Pest control professionals and homeowners throughout Florida and the southeastern US are seeking effective options that are safer for people and the environment than some conventional synthetic pesticides. There is also rising interest in organic gardening, which relies on natural pesticides. See the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) website (https://www.omri.org/omri-lists/ download) for products that are acceptable in organic plant production. Natural or biological pesticides, also called biopesticides, can be used by themselves or in combination with conventional pesticide programs as valuable rotation options, thus delaying or preventing onset of resistance caused by repeated use of the same chemical controls. Figure 1. A brown lacewing larva, Micromus posticus, feeding on aphid This publication describes natural products for use in pests of a rose bush. This soft-bodied predator would likely be killed residential landscapes and gardens. They are generally by natural insecticides intended for the aphids. Credits: Lyle Buss, UF/IFAS less toxic to nontarget organisms and the environment and, when used correctly, can be effective tools for plant There is a general lack of knowledge about natural or protection. These products are most effective when used in biological pesticides, including commercial availability and an integrated pest management (IPM) program along with effective use. All pesticides, whether natural or synthetic, sanitation, proper cultural practices, mechanical control carry inherent risks and require safe and responsible use by tactics, use of resistant plant varieties, and biological the applicator.
    [Show full text]
  • Incorporating Genomics Into the Toolkit of Nematology
    Journal of Nematology 44(2):191–205. 2012. Ó The Society of Nematologists 2012. Incorporating Genomics into the Toolkit of Nematology 1 2 1,* ADLER R. DILLMAN, ALI MORTAZAVI, PAUL W. STERNBERG Abstract: The study of nematode genomes over the last three decades has relied heavily on the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, which remains the best-assembled and annotated metazoan genome. This is now changing as a rapidly expanding number of nematodes of medical and economic importance have been sequenced in recent years. The advent of sequencing technologies to achieve the equivalent of the $1000 human genome promises that every nematode genome of interest will eventually be sequenced at a reasonable cost. As the sequencing of species spanning the nematode phylum becomes a routine part of characterizing nematodes, the comparative approach and the increasing use of ecological context will help us to further understand the evolution and functional specializations of any given species by comparing its genome to that of other closely and more distantly related nematodes. We review the current state of nematode genomics and discuss some of the highlights that these genomes have revealed and the trend and benefits of ecological genomics, emphasizing the potential for new genomes and the exciting opportunities this provides for nematological studies. Key words: ecological genomics, evolution, genomics, nematodes, phylogenetics, proteomics, sequencing. Nematoda is one of the most expansive phyla docu- piece of knowledge we can currently obtain for any mented with free-living and parasitic species found in particular life form (Consortium, 1998). nearly every ecological niche(Yeates, 2004). Traditionally, As in many other fields of biology, the nematode C.
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi Into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops
    insects Review Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops Kim Khuy Khun 1,2,* , Bree A. L. Wilson 2, Mark M. Stevens 3,4, Ruth K. Huwer 5 and Gavin J. Ash 2 1 Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 2696, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2 Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia; [email protected] (B.A.L.W.); [email protected] (G.J.A.) 3 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, New South Wales 2703, Australia; [email protected] 4 Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia 5 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +61-46-9731208 Received: 7 September 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 25 September 2020 Simple Summary: Horticultural crops are vulnerable to attack by many different weevil species. Fungal entomopathogens provide an attractive alternative to synthetic insecticides for weevil control because they pose a lesser risk to human health and the environment. This review summarises the available data on the performance of these entomopathogens when used against weevils in horticultural crops. We integrate these data with information on weevil biology, grouping species based on how their developmental stages utilise habitats in or on their hostplants, or in the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Tubulinosema Loxostegi Sp. N. (Microsporidia: Tubulinosematidae) from the Beet Webworm Loxostege Sticticalis L
    Acta Protozool. (2013) 52: 299–308 http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/ap ACTA doi:10.4467/16890027AP.13.027.1319 PROTOZOOLOGICA Tubulinosema loxostegi sp. n. (Microsporidia: Tubulinosematidae) from the Beet Webworm Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Western Siberia Julia M. MALYSH1, Yuri S. TOKAREV1, Natalia V. SITNICOVA2, Vyacheslav V. MARTEMYA- NOV3, Andrei N. FROLOV1 and Irma V. ISSI1 1 All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia; 2 Institute of Zoology, Chisinau, Moldova; 3 Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Novosibirsk, Russia Abstract. Adults of beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis were collected in Western Siberia in 2009 and 2010. A microsporidium was found infecting 12 of 50 moths in 2010. The parasite develops in direct contact with host cell cytoplasm, sporogony is presumably disporoblastic. The spores are ovoid, diplokaryotic, 4.2 × 2.4 µm in size (fresh), without a sporophorous vesicle. Electron microscopy showed: (a) tubules on the surface of sporoblasts and immature spores; (b) slightly anisofilar polar tube with 10–14 coils, last 2–3 coils of lesser electron density; (c) bipartite polaroplast with anterior and posterior parts composed of thin and thick lamellae, respectively; (d) an indentation in the region of the anchoring disc; (e) an additional layer of electron-dense amorphous matter on the exospore surface. The spore ultrastructure is char- acteristic of the genus Tubulinosema. Sequencing of small subunit and large subunit ribosomal RNA genes showed 98–99.6% similarity of this parasite to the Tubulinosema species available on Genbank. A new species Tubulinosema loxostegi sp. n. is established. Key words: Beet webworm, microsporidia, taxonomy, molecular phylogenetics, Tubulinosema.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural* Pest Control in the Home Garden Why Go the Natural Route?
    Natural* Pest Control in the Home Garden Why go the natural route? • Safety • Sustainability • Insect resistance • Cost considerations • $ • Time • Health Natural Controls • At least some natural forces act on all organisms, causing populations to rise and fall • Be aware of the influence of natural forces and whether or not you can harness them to balance the scales in your favor • Climate • Natural enemies • Geography/Environment • Sustenance • Shelter Disease Triangle So I want to go more natural. What are my strategies? First Thing’s First: Document everything. Plant/Variety Selection • Right plant, right place (think of the disease triangle) • Stressed plants emit pheromones that attract insect pests • Some plants resist pest attacks better than others • Heirlooms vs hybrids Timing • Time plantings so that majority of crop will avoid peak pest infestations Cultural/Mechanical Control • Spacing • Plant strength • Airflow/circulation • Pathogen dispersal • Plant Strength Cultural/Mechanical Control • Weeds, grass around garden may harbor harmful pests • Gardens started on formerly turfed area may contain harmful larvae and formidable weeds Cultural/Mechanical Control • Crop Rotation/Cover Crop • Soil health • Weed control Cultural/Mechanical Control • Row Covers Cultural/Mechanical Control Sanitation • Removal of sick, dying, dead plant material • Mulch • Know when to call it quits Trapping • Very practical, just require a threshold • Traps for wide range of pests available commercially Scouting • Not just what you see – context is
    [Show full text]
  • In Caenorhabditis Elegans
    Identification of DVA Interneuron Regulatory Sequences in Caenorhabditis elegans Carmie Puckett Robinson1,2, Erich M. Schwarz1, Paul W. Sternberg1* 1 Division of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Neurology and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America Abstract Background: The identity of each neuron is determined by the expression of a distinct group of genes comprising its terminal gene battery. The regulatory sequences that control the expression of such terminal gene batteries in individual neurons is largely unknown. The existence of a complete genome sequence for C. elegans and draft genomes of other nematodes let us use comparative genomics to identify regulatory sequences directing expression in the DVA interneuron. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using phylogenetic comparisons of multiple Caenorhabditis species, we identified conserved non-coding sequences in 3 of 10 genes (fax-1, nmr-1, and twk-16) that direct expression of reporter transgenes in DVA and other neurons. The conserved region and flanking sequences in an 85-bp intronic region of the twk-16 gene directs highly restricted expression in DVA. Mutagenesis of this 85 bp region shows that it has at least four regions. The central 53 bp region contains a 29 bp region that represses expression and a 24 bp region that drives broad neuronal expression. Two short flanking regions restrict expression of the twk-16 gene to DVA. A shared GA-rich motif was identified in three of these genes but had opposite effects on expression when mutated in the nmr-1 and twk-16 DVA regulatory elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Grubs / Scarab Beetles Know Thy Enemy: White Grubs / Scarab Beetles • Scarab Beetles (Scarabaeidae) Are Part of the Coleoptera Order (General Beetles)
    A Novel, Effective Approach to Grub Control That is Safe for Pollinators, People, Animals and the Environment with EPA Exemptions in CT Joe Magazzi, MS President Outline WHAT? WHY? HOW? Know Thy Enemy: White Grubs / Scarab Beetles Know Thy Enemy: White Grubs / Scarab Beetles • Scarab Beetles (Scarabaeidae) are part of the Coleoptera order (General Beetles). • There are about 30,000 scarab species comprising about 10 percent of all known beetles. The term “white grub” is the immature or larval form of the scarab beetle. • Most consume live plants, fruits and vegetable and are considered agricultural pests with a large negative economic impact. In Connecticut, the most prevalent and damaging species are: Japanese beetles, European chafers, Asiatic garden beetles, Oriental beetles, Northern masked chafer Know Thy Enemy: White Grubs / Scarab Beetles Economic Impact • “White grubs are the most damaging group of turf grass insect pests in our region”…Connecticut IPM Annual Report from UCONN in 2013. • According to a USDA/APHIS report in 2000, about $156 million is spent in the US annually renovating or replacing damaged turf or ornamental plants. • That same report from 2000 estimated that $460 million is spent each year to control the grubs and adults. • Today, the economic impact is likely higher than it was 16 years ago. • These numbers are only for the Japanese beetle – total white grub & adult beetle damage is likely in the billions. Know Thy Enemy: Beetle Life Cycles From Cornell University Integrated Pest Management Program (www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/grubs/life.asp) beetleGONE! & grubGONE! (Bacillus thuringiensis) & The Cry Proteins: An Introduction & Mode of Action Against Grubs & Beetles “The Enemy of My Enemy is My Friend” Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) • Bacteria first isolated in 1901 by Ishiwatari from diseased silkworms and again by Berliner from diseased flour moth larvae in 1911.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Carbon Dioxide in Nematode Behaviour and Physiology Cambridge.Org/Par
    Parasitology The role of carbon dioxide in nematode behaviour and physiology cambridge.org/par Navonil Banerjee and Elissa A. Hallem Review Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Cite this article: Banerjee N, Hallem EA Abstract (2020). The role of carbon dioxide in nematode behaviour and physiology. Parasitology 147, Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important sensory cue for many animals, including both parasitic 841–854. https://doi.org/10.1017/ and free-living nematodes. Many nematodes show context-dependent, experience-dependent S0031182019001422 and/or life-stage-dependent behavioural responses to CO2, suggesting that CO2 plays crucial roles throughout the nematode life cycle in multiple ethological contexts. Nematodes also Received: 11 July 2019 show a wide range of physiological responses to CO . Here, we review the diverse responses Revised: 4 September 2019 2 Accepted: 16 September 2019 of parasitic and free-living nematodes to CO2. We also discuss the molecular, cellular and First published online: 11 October 2019 neural circuit mechanisms that mediate CO2 detection in nematodes, and that drive con- text-dependent and experience-dependent responses of nematodes to CO2. Key words: Carbon dioxide; chemotaxis; C. elegans; hookworms; nematodes; parasitic nematodes; sensory behaviour; Strongyloides Introduction Author for correspondence: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important sensory cue for animals across diverse phyla, including Elissa A. Hallem, E-mail: [email protected] Nematoda (Lahiri and Forster, 2003; Shusterman and Avila, 2003; Bensafi et al., 2007; Smallegange et al., 2011; Carrillo and Hallem, 2015). While the CO2 concentration in ambient air is approximately 0.038% (Scott, 2011), many nematodes encounter much higher levels of CO2 in their microenvironment during the course of their life cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • Panzer), 1798 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 2004, 38, 2863–2882 Synonymy of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), 1790 and R. vulneratus (Panzer), 1798 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae) R. H. HALLETT{, B. J. CRESPI{ and J. H. BORDEN§ {Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; e-mail: [email protected] {Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6 §Centre for Pest Management, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6 (Accepted 10 October 2003) Morphological, molecular-genetic and breeding data were collected to investigate the species status of the Asian palm weevils, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) and R. vulneratus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These weevils are distinguished by characteristic colouring of the pronota and elytra, but naturally occurring colour intermorphs were observed. Contrary to the literature, quantitative measurements of the concavity of subgenal sutures and of pronotal shape indicated no differences between the two species. Larvae did not differ significantly in labral characteristics. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) banding patterns were identical for nine of 14 primers, indicating that these weevils are very closely related. Sequences of the cytochrome oxidase gene for 201 base pairs read were identical for R. ferrugineus and R. vulneratus, but the congener R. bilineatus differed from them by 10%, suggesting divergence of these lineages about 5 million years ago. Hybrid F1s were obtained from all heterospecific crosses, and one surviving hybrid F1 female produced viable eggs. Previous studies have revealed no pheromonal differences. On the basis of this evidence, R. ferrugineus and R. vulneratus should be considered colour morphs of the same species and be synonymized under the name Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), with the common name Asian palm weevil.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of Lectins Across the Phylum Nematoda: a Genome-Wide Search
    Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 91; doi:10.3390/ijms18010091 S1 of S12 Supplementary Materials: The Distribution of Lectins across the Phylum Nematoda: A Genome-Wide Search Lander Bauters, Diana Naalden and Godelieve Gheysen Figure S1. Alignment of partial calreticulin/calnexin sequences. Amino acids are represented by one letter codes in different colors. Residues needed for carbohydrate binding are indicated in red boxes. Sequences containing all six necessary residues are indicated with an asterisk. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 91; doi:10.3390/ijms18010091 S2 of S12 Figure S2. Alignment of partial legume lectin-like sequences. Amino acids are represented by one letter codes in different colors. EcorL is a legume lectin originating from Erythrina corallodenron, used in this alignment to compare carbohydrate binding sites. The residues necessary for carbohydrate interaction are shown in red boxes. Nematode lectin-like sequences containing at least four out of five key residues are indicated with an asterisk. Figure S3. Alignment of possible Ricin-B lectin-like domains. Amino acids are represented by one letter codes in different colors. The key amino acid residues (D-Q-W) involved in carbohydrate binding, which are repeated three times, are boxed in red. Sequences that have at least one complete D-Q-W triad are indicated with an asterisk. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 91; doi:10.3390/ijms18010091 S3 of S12 Figure S4. Alignment of possible LysM lectins. Amino acids are represented by one letter codes in different colors. Conserved cysteine residues are marked with an asterisk under the alignment. The key residue involved in carbohydrate binding in an eukaryote is boxed in red [1].
    [Show full text]