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Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States

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Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States Source 1 “Fundamentalism expressed itself in several ways. In the South and West, preachers led religious revivals based on the authority of the Scriptures. One of the most powerful revivalists was Billy Sunday, a baseball player the South. In Los Angeles, Aimee Semple McPherson, a theatrical woman who dressed in flowing white satin robes, used Hollywood showmanship to preach the word to homesick Midwestern migrants and devoted followers of her radio broadcasts. In the 1920s, fundamentalism gained followers who began to call for laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution.” Define: revivals, revivalists, fundamentalism Text from: The Americans, McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Co. 2005, p. 644. Image from: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/npcc.16474/ Born Again Page 1 Copyright 2016, NCHE Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States Born Again Page 2 Copyright 2016, NCHE Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States Source 2 Aimee Semple McPherson, 1918 For other images, see, for example: https://www.loc.gov/search?new=true&q=aimee%20semple%20mcpherson and http://www.npr.org/programs/lnfsound/stories/991126.photos.html Born Again Page 3 Copyright 2016, NCHE Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States Source 3 The Life of Aimee Semple McPherson 1890 Born in Salford, Ontario, Canada to a young Salvation Army mother and an older Methodist farmer and craftsman 1902 Wins gold medal in public speaking contest sponsored by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union 1905 Enters high school and one year later publishes a letter in a Canadian newspaper challenging the inclusion of evolution in textbooks; often invited to speak and entertain at events in various churches 1907 Meets Pentecostal evangelist Robert Semple, immigrant from Ireland 1908 Is converted and baptized into Semple’s Pentecostal religious movement; marries Robert Semple 1910 Travels to Europe with Semple; gives her first sermon at nineteen years of age, to 15,000 in Victoria and Albert Hall, London; travels to Hong Kong as Protestant missionary. Robert Semple dies from malaria and dysentery two months after arrival; daughter Roberta Star Semple born two months later; returns to New York where her mother is working again for the Salvation Army. Her father remains on the farm in Canada. 1912 Marries Harold McPherson, an accountant; moves to Providence, Rhode Island 1913 Rolf McPherson born in Providence, R. I.; Aimee suffers from a severe post partum depression and is near death after a hysterectomy; hears God’s call to preach the gospel 1915 Moves with the children to Canada; holds first independent revival meeting in Mount Forest, Ontario; Harold (Mack) McPherson joins her in her ministry 1916 – 1917 Preaches for a time in Corona, NY; first preaching tour of Florida; becomes obsessed with the horrors of the war and the poverty she sees in the South; visits black homes and fields; preaches to all black and integrated camp meetings 1917 Begins publishing magazine, The Bridal Call; preaches on Long Island and Boston Born Again Page 4 Copyright 2016, NCHE Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States Source 3 (continued) 1917-1918 Second Florida tour: Miami & Key West; in Orlando fills a 1500-seat tent for two weeks; regularly preaches from the text: “Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever.” (Hebrews 13); Mack & Aimee separate; Aimee’s mother, Minnie Kennedy joins Aimee and the children, becomes her daughters business manager 1918 Nationwide camp meeting, Philadelphia; Roberta gets influenza in the Great Influenza Epidemic; Aimee promises her a settled home; moves to Los Angeles with mother and children; believed to be first women-only cross-country automobile trip; first woman to lead a revival movement 1919 Begins the first of her nine, cross-country, revival trips; Baltimore revival fills the Lyric Theater for fifteen days; short of money, develops her signature dress: white maid’s dress with a secondhand military navy blue cape; begins to be noticed and interviewed by the press 1920 Revivals in Washington, D. C. and Dayton, Ohio 1921 San Diego revival, includes one of her largest healing services filling Balboa Park with 30,000; groundbreaking for Angelus Temple; ordained by First Baptist Church of San Jose, CA; in St. Louis preaches to 16,000 attendees three times a day; divorced from Mack McPherson; publishes This is That, an autobiographical work plus sermons 1922 Greatest revival campaign in Denver holds meetings of 20,000 or more; heals a Gypsy chief and his dying mother who donate the stained glass Calvary window and the stage curtain for Angelus Temple; briefly kidnapped by and preaches to the Ku Klux Klan 1923 Dedication of Angelus Temple, seats 5,000 with a large stage and serves as a learning center for evangelism, sewing circles, job-placement for men released from prison, nurseries, haven for unwed mothers, a prayer tower, counseling center; illustrated sermons draw thousands every Sunday night; preaches to 325,000 in Fresno, CA; Los Angeles welcomes McPherson and promotes Angelus Temple as a great tourist attraction 1924 Starts radio station KFSG [Kall Four Square Gospel], first FCC license granted to a woman; 30,000 to 50,000 people attend Angelus Temple services each week; although all are welcome at Angelus Temple, she opens a “colored” Foursquare temple nearby Born Again Page 5 Copyright 2016, NCHE Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States Source 3 (continued) 1925 Opened L. I. F. E. [Lighthouse for International Foursquare * Evangelism] Bible College with 1,000 students; dedicated to empowering female church members as leaders; supports William Jennings Bryan in the Scopes Trial in Tennessee; enrages local clergy by marrying twenty couples on the beach clad in swim suits and lifeguard uniforms; flies to San Francisco (risky before Amelia Earhart and Charles Lindbergh), the first plane breaks apart on takeoff 1926 Reported missing after a swim at Ocean Park; appears thirty-two days later; reportedly kidnapped and held in Mexico; accused of faking the kidnapping and having a secret affair with her radio station manager; charged and tried in court for “corruption of morals and obstruction of justice”; newspapers follow the trial with sensational headlines 1927 Court dismisses charges after highly publicized trial; goes on a three-month speaking tour; changes her hair style to the fashionable “bobbed” hair; begins to dress fashionably; begins to use make-up; speaks in speakeasies, boxing arenas, city halls, vaudeville theaters; opens Angelus Temple Commissary to feed the poor; father dies; publishes a book, In the Service of the King 1928 Filmed for Fox Movietone and Hearst Metrotone newsreels; broke with her mother and hired a business manager; series of financial disasters follows; preaching twenty times a week; goes on tour to England 1930 Tour of the Holy Land; nervous breakdown that summer; son, Rolf, begins to work in the ministry; travels to Hong Kong with Roberta as her secretary, who marries the ship’s purser in Singapore 1931 Returns to Los Angeles greeted by a crowd of 20,000; marries singer David Hutton; experiences periods of poor health; opens first soup kitchen for the hungry of Los Angeles, open to all; preaches in Mexican neighborhoods; employs fourteen-year-old Anthony Quinn as translator 1932 Contracts tropical fever contributing to periods of poor health; Angelus Temple sets up a multi-use resource center with a soup kitchen, employment office, free medical and dental clinic staffed by a dozen doctors and dentists, and a “practical nursing school” where temple volunteers learned to care for the sick; serves twenty-one hundred meals a day Born Again Page 6 Copyright 2016, NCHE Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States 1933 Produces her first religious opera, The Crimson Road; she wrote and produced other religious operas in years following Source 3 (continued) 1933 – 1934 Last national tour; travels 15,000 miles, preaches in 46 cities in 21 states—336 sermons to more than two million people; preaches in the Boston Garden, filling the arena 1934 Divorces David Hutton 1935 Begins a world tour; preaches in Asia and Africa; visits Mahatma Gandhi in Bombay 1936 Book, Give Me My Own God, published; produces her religious opera, Regem Adorate; denounces Hitler and Mussolini; supports a Jewish homeland in Palestine 1937 Angelus Temple poorly managed and deep in debt; breaks with daughter; her attorney sued for slander by Roberta Star Semple 1941 Tours Tennessee, Missouri, Ohio; supports the war effort with war bond drive, blood drives, rubber drives 1942 Sells War Bonds; uses her Radio station KFSG to teach about rationing, air raids, blackouts; made honorary colonel by the Army 1943 Supports the continued internment of Japanese-Americans; sells $15,000 in war bonds and stamps in one rally, autographing stamp books 1944 Leads another war bond rally at the request of the U. S. Treasury Department; Dies at age 53 in Oakland, CA of accidental overdose of sleeping pills; buried in Los Angeles after 60,000 mourners filed past; Time, Life, Newsweek and Variety all do feature stories on McPherson’s life and death; Rolf takes over the family business * Foursquare Gospel’s Four Cornerstones: Regeneration, Baptism in the Spirit, Divine Healing and the Second Coming. The Foursquare Church is the largest Christian denomination founded by a woman. Born Again Page 7 Copyright 2016, NCHE Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States Born Again Page 8 Copyright 2016, NCHE Born Again: Religious Renewal in the United States Source 4 What Do Historians Say About Aimee Semple McPherson? “…as the summer of 1926 arrived, [public attention shifted] to the disappearance from a bathing beach of Aimee Semple McPherson, evangelist of a Four-Square Gospel made in California—a disappearance that was to prove the first of a series of opera-bouffe[comic opera] episodes which for years attracted wide- eyes tourists in droves to Mrs.
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