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Petrographic, Geochemical, and Geophysical Well Log Assessment of the Precambrian Basement in Eastern Ohio a Thesis Presented To

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Petrographic, Geochemical, and Geophysical Well Log Assessment of the Precambrian Basement in Eastern Ohio a Thesis Presented To Petrographic, Geochemical, and Geophysical Well Log Assessment of the Precambrian Basement in Eastern Ohio A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Eric W. Gibbs August 2020 © 2020 Eric W. Gibbs. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Petrographic, Geochemical, and Geophysical Well Log Assessment of the Precambrian Basement in Eastern Ohio by ERIC W. GIBBS has been approved for the Department of Geological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Daniel I. Hembree Professor of Geological Sciences Florenz Plassmann Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT GIBBS, ERIC W., M.S., August 2020, Geological Sciences Petrographic, Geochemical, and Geophysical Well Log Assessment of the Precambrian Basement in Eastern Ohio Director of Thesis: Daniel I. Hembree This study evaluated the use of geophysical well logs to interpret igneous and metamorphic lithologies from the Precambrian basement in east-central Ohio. Geophysical well logs are a staple of the oil and gas industry, but are designed and calibrated for use in sedimentary rocks. Thin-section petrography and X-ray Fluorescence were used to analyze 13 and 16 basement sidewall core samples, respectively, from two wells in Noble and Coshocton counties. The samples were separated into two broad groups on a standard Quartz-Alkali-Plagioclase plot. The Noble county samples were predominantly syenogranites with minor monzogranite and quartz syenite. The Coshocton county samples were more mafic falling into the tonalite, quartz gabbro/anorthosite, and diorite/anorthosite fields. The responses of a suite of geophysical well logs from both wells were compared to the geochemical data in order to determine whether or not the tool response could identify the different crystalline rocks. Gamma- ray, bulk density, and photoelectric logs were used due to their distinctive responses in sedimentary rocks. Mann-Whitney nonparametric comparisons of well responses showed that the gamma-ray and bulk density responses could delineate lithologies whereas the photoelectric log values could not. 4 DEDICATION To my mother, for allowing my childhood self to chisel rocks from our sidewalk. 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express many thanks to Eastern Mountain Fuel for providing the sidewall core sample materials and geophysical well logs used in this thesis research. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................................................................................................3 Dedication ............................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................................5 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................8 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................9 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Previous Work ................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Geology of the Ohio Basement ............................................................................. 13 2.3 Geophysical Well Logs ......................................................................................... 15 Chapter 3: Methods ........................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Well Logs .............................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Petrology ............................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Geochemistry ........................................................................................................ 22 Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................................. 24 4.1 Petrographic Analysis ........................................................................................... 24 4.2 X-Ray Fluorescence .............................................................................................. 27 4.3 Well Log Response and Cuttings .......................................................................... 33 4.4 Statistical Analysis of Well Log Data ................................................................... 36 Chapter 5: Discussion ....................................................................................................... 42 7 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 52 References ......................................................................................................................... 53 Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................................ 57 Appendix 2 ........................................................................................................................ 59 Appendix 3 ........................................................................................................................ 62 Appendix 4 ...................................................................................................................... 106 8 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1: Table of Sidewall Core Samples .......................................................................21 Table 4.1: Point Counting Results .....................................................................................25 Table 4.2: Bulk Geochemical Results ................................................................................28 Table 4.3: Supplemental Geochemical Classifications ......................................................32 Table 4.4: Geophysical Well Log Tool Responses ............................................................34 Table 4.5: Results of Mann-Whitney Test of Density Log Response ...............................41 Table 4.6: Results of Mann-Whitney Test of Gamma Log Response ...............................41 Table 4.7: Results of Mann-Whitney Test of PE Log Response .......................................41 9 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1: Borehole Locations in Ohio ............................................................................11 Figure 2.1: Locations of Supplemental Well Data.............................................................14 Figure 4.1: Examples of Typical Thin Section Samples in this Study ..............................25 Figure 4.2: Samples Plotted onto QAP Diagram ...............................................................26 Figure 4.3: Iron Index Results ...........................................................................................29 Figure 4.4: Modified Alkali-Lime Index Results ..............................................................30 Figure 4.5: Aluminum Saturation Index Results ...............................................................31 Figure 4.6: Alkali Feldspar/K2O vs. Gamma Response ....................................................38 Figure 4.7: Fe2O3 vs. Photoelectric Response ...................................................................39 Figure 4.8: Ferromagnesian Minerals vs. Photoelectric Response ....................................40 Figure 5.1: Felsic Bulk Density vs. Gamma Response ......................................................46 Figure 5.2: Mafic Bulk Density vs. Gamma Response ......................................................47 Figure 5.3: Mafic Photoelectric Response vs. Bulk Density Response .............................48 Figure 5.4: Mafic Photoelectric Response vs. Gamma Response .....................................49 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The bedrock geology of Ohio consists of Paleozoic strata that range in age from the Ordovician to the Permian (Baranoski, 2002). Below this cover are Precambrian units that have been sampled in a non-systematic manner by oil and gas wells and imaged in several seismic programs. Seismic studies have shown that Ohio is underlain by two large Precambrian assemblages, the Granite-Rhyolite province to the west and the Grenville province in the central and eastern portion of the state. The former consists of unmetamorphosed granitic rocks, whereas the latter is composed of a complex assemblage of granitic and mafic rocks (Bass, 1960). Two recently drilled wells located in east-central Ohio (Fig. 1.1) penetrated 610 feet (186 m) of crystalline basement in Noble county (Noble Olive A-1) and 90 feet (28 m) in Coshocton county (Cosh Mill Creek A-1). Sidewall cores from the Precambrian and a suite of geophysical well logs were collected by the well operator of both wells. The data, which were made available for study by Eastern Mountain Fuel, allow a geochemical characterization of the basement to determine the rock types present that could then be used to compare to the well log data. The latter is of interest because the downhole tools were designed and calibrated to be used in sediments
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