DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE AND WESTERN CULTURE

Edited by

Mary Ann Beavis Michael J. Gilmour

SHEFFIELD PHOENIX PRESS

2012

BBeavis_Gilmour1.inddeavis_Gilmour1.indd iiiiii 110/9/20120/9/2012 5:17:435:17:43 AMAM Copyright © 2012 Sheffi eld Phoenix Press Published by Sheffi eld Phoenix Press Department of Biblical Studies, University of Sheffi eld 45 Victoria Street, Sheffi eld S3 7QB

www.sheffi eldphoenix.com

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without the publishers’ permission in writing.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Typeset by the HK Scriptorium Printed by Lightning Source

ISBN 978-1-907534-79-9 (hardback)

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AB Amber Beasock AW-J Arthur Walker-Jones Barton College AB-E Amanda Bahr-Evola AWP Andrew W. Pitts Southern Illinois University McMaster Divinity College ABP Andrew B. Perrin BA Bill Anderson McMaster University Concordia University AC Amy Cummins College of Alberta University of Texas BCB Ben C. Blackwell Pan American Durham University ACF Alison C. Fleming BCW Brandon C. Wason Winston-Salem State University Emory University ACKW Andy Chi Kit Wong BDGD Brenton D. G. Dickieson PGA College and Theological University of Prince Edward Island ACW Andrew C. Whitmore BFR Bryan F. Rivers The Catholic University Université de Saint-Boniface of America BJL Bradley J. Longard AD Alex Damm Independent BMS Beth M. Stovell AdamR Adam Reinherz St. Thomas University University of Cambridge BR Bill Richards AG-M Alexandra Gruca-Macaulay College of Emmanuel & St Chad BRD Brian R. Doak AHC Alan H. Cadwallader George Fox University Australian Catholic University BRO Benjamin R. Overcash AHK August H. Konkel Macquarie University Providence University College and BVH Bracy V. Hill II Theological Seminary () Baylor University AJW Andrew J. Waskey BW Byron Wheaton Dalton State College, Morton Memorial Presbyterian CAE Christian A. Eberhart Church Lutheran Theological Seminary AK-H Agnes Kramer-Hamstra CAM Calogero A. Miceli McMaster University Concordia University, Montreal AM Andrew Martens CBZ Christopher B. Zeichmann ACTS Seminary, Trinity Western University CC Christina Clever AR Andy Reimer Ruhr-University Bochum St. Mary’s University College CCB Chad C. Brewer AS Adam Stewart Westminster Seminary California CD Cécile Deslandes ASYL Anna Suk Yee Lee Independent McMaster Divinity College

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CDR Christopher D. Rodkey DLS David L. Smith Lebanon Valley College Westmount Baptist Church CEM Charles Edward Meeks DM Daniel Maoz University of Toronto Vice President, Canadian CF Christopher Francis Society for Jewish Studies Barton College DMac David MacLachlan CG Chaviva Galatz Atlantic School of New DN Dana Nichols CHB Clayton H. Bench Gainesville State College University of Alberta DomR Domenic Ruso CLH Chelica L. Hiltunen Wycliffe College McMaster University DP Daniel Pyke CRJH Christopher R. J. Holmes Acadia University University of Otago DR Delio Ruiz, SCJ CSS Carl S. Sweatman Catholic Biblical Association of University of Gloucestershire the Philippines CZ Christopher Zoccali DRB Derek R. Brown University of Wales University of Edinburgh Lampeter DS Drew Strait DAB David A. Bergen University of Chicago University of Calgary Divinity School DAS David A. Skelton DunR Duncan Reid Abilene Christian University Wycliffe College DavS Davide Sciarabba DWB Drew W. Billings Andrews University McGill University DB Denis Bekkering EAG Elizabeth A. Goodine University of Waterloo Loyola University New Orleans DC Daniel Chaloner ÉB Éric Bellavance Independent McGill University DCT David C. Tollerton ED Elizabeth Danna Bangor University Independent DD Darry Dinnell EG Elaine Guillemin McGill University Independent DDC Dries De Crom EH Edward Ho Katholieke Universiteit Leuven DEB David E. Briones McMaster Divinity College Durham University EID Elaine I. Daigle DG Deane Galbraith Acadia University University of Otago EJW Erin J. Wright DHJ David H. Johnson Aarhus University Providence University College and EM Eric Montgomery Theological Seminary (Canada) McMaster University DIS David I. Shaw ET Eliot Tofa Abilene Christian University University of Swaziland DJHB David J. H. Beldman EV Elke Verbeke University of Bristol Katholieke Universiteit Leuven DJP Darrell J. Pursiful EW Ellen White Mercer University Assumption College Smyth & Helwys Publishing FVG Franz Volker DL Dorothy Lee Greifenhagen Luther College, Trinity College Theological University of Regina School, MCD University of GDB Graeme D. Bird Divinity Gordon College

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GJF Glen J. Fairen JHK Jeremy H. Kidwell University of Alberta University of Edinburgh GJSK Grace Ji-Sun Kim JIM Jesse Ian Myers Moravian Theological Seminary Milltown Institute GK Grenville Kent JKG John K. Goodrich Wesley Institute Durham University GM Garry Merritt JKS John K. Stafford Gainesville State College St. John’s College, University of GO Gordon Oeste Manitoba Heritage Theological Seminary JL Jason Lecureux GOA Gabriel O. Alalade University of Gloucestershire University of Toronto JLZ Jonathan L. Zecher HDZ H. Daniel Zacharias Durham University JMB J. Matthew Barnes HK Hiram Kümper Fuller Seminary Bielefeld University JMK Jonathan M. Kiel HL Helen Leneman Southern Baptist Theological Independent Seminary HM Heather Macumber JNR Joshua N. Rhone St. Michael’s College George Fox Evangelical Seminary, HP Harold Penner Mt. Union Wesleyan Church Independent JoL John Lee IDW Ian Douglas Wilson Midwestern Baptist Theological University of Alberta Seminary IHH Ian H. Henderson JP James Petitfi ls McGill University University of California Los IK Isaac Kalimi Angeles University of Chicago JPD-W Janice P. De-Whyte JAL Jonathan A. Linebaugh McMaster Divinity College Durham University JR Joseph Royal J-AS Joyce-Ann Spinney University of Western Acadia University JRH James R. Hamrick JBT J. Brian Tucker Trinity Western University Moody Theological Seminary JRHa James R. Harrison JBW J. Blair Wilgus Sydney College of Divinity University of Edinburgh JRM John R. Markley JC Justin Corfi eld University of Edinburgh Geelong Grammar School JRW Joyce Rilett Wood JCh Jennifer Chaloner St. Michael’s College, Independent University of Toronto JCP John C. Poirier JS Joshua Scott Kingswell Theological Seminary Princeton Theological Seminary JDB John D. Barry JSW Jane S. Webster Editor-in-Chief of Bible Study Barton College Magazine; Publisher for Logos JWB James W. Barker Bible Software Luther College JDR John David Rausch, Jr. JZ Jennifer Zilm West Texas A&M University McMaster University JerP Jeremy Penner KAM Kimberly A. Miller McMaster University University of the Cumberlands JFW Joshua F. Walker KaS Karl Shuve Reformed Theological Seminary University of Edinburgh

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KB Kit Barker MD Marc Debanné Sydney Missionary and Bible École de Théologie College Évangélique de Montréal / KCM Kelly C. MacPhail Université de Sudbury Université de Montréal MDM Mark D. Mathews KDH Kevin Douglas Hill Durham University Durham University MFL Matthew Forrest Lowe KDP Kyle D. Potter McMaster Divinity College Georgetown College MH Margaret Hebron KFM Kelvin F. Mutter Trinity Western University McMaster Divinity College MHH Marina H. Hofman KJL-P Kara J. Lyons-Pardue University of Toronto Princeton Theological Seminary MiraM Mira Morgenstern KJV Katherine J. Veach The City College of New York Claremont Graduate University MiWH Michael Warren Helfi eld KK Karen Klassen York University Acadia University MJG Michael J. Gilmour KrS Krzysztof Sonek Providence University College Ecole Biblique (Jerusalem) (Canada) KS Kevin Scull MJL Michael J. Lakey University of California Los Ripon College Cuddesdon Angeles (Oxford, UK) KT Kari Tolppanen MKWS Michael K. W. Suh Master’s College and Seminary Duke Divinity School LB Lee Beach MLC Mary L. Coloe McMaster Divinity College Australian Catholic University LM Luca Marulli MLG Maxine L. Grossman Adventist University of France University of Maryland LV Lily Vuong MLW Matthew L. Walsh Valdosta State University McMaster University MA Matthew Arbo MM Maria Mayo University of Edinburgh Vanderbilt University MAC Matthew A. Collins MN Michael Naylor University of Chester Columbia International MALB Mary Ann L. Beavis St. Thomas More College, University University of Saskatchewan MP Matthew Pfi ffner MalouSI Ma. Marilou S. Ibita Trinity Western University Katholieke Universiteit Leuven MRA Matthew R. Anderson MaM Mallory Magelli Concordia University (Montreal) Barton College MSW Mark S. Wheller MAP Mark Anthony Phelps University of Alberta Independent MW Meredith Warren MaricelSI Ma. Maricel S. Ibita McGill University Katholieke Universiteit Leuven MWB Michael W. Boyce MattH Matt Hauger Duke Divinity School MWH Mark W. Hamilton MB Mark Batluck Abilene Christian University University of Edinburgh MWM Matthew W. Mitchell MBS Mark B. Stephens Canisius College Wesley Institute MWP Michael W. Pahl MBW Melton B. Winstead Cedarville University Southern Evangelical Seminary

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NTB Nicholas Thomas Bott RKM Renee Kwan Monkman Stanford University; University of Toronto Palo Alto University RL Russell Lawson NCL Nancy C. Lee Bacone College Elmhurst College RLM R. Lee McLeod, CJ NDL Nathaniel D. Lollar Asbury Theological Seminary Brandeis University RRJ Roy R. Jeal NH Norman Habel Booth University College Flinders University, SAA Sean A. Adams South Australia University of Edinburgh NKB Nathan K. Bennett SB Sandra Beardsall Claremont Graduate University St. Andrew’s College NKG Nijay K. Gupta SDD Scott Daniel Dunbar Durham University St. Peter’s College/University of NRP Neil R. Parker Saskatchewan United Church of Canada SEP Stanley E. Porter PDSP Preston D. S. Parsons McMaster Divinity College The Parish of St. Mary SL Simon Lasair Magdalene, Anglican Diocese of St. Thomas More College Rupert’s Land SNW Steven N. Waller PEN Paul E. Norrod University of Tennessee Asbury Theological Seminary SP Seth Pollinger PGM Patrick George McCullough Southeastern Baptist Theological University of California, Los Seminary Angeles SPR Sara Parks Ricker PJS Peter J. Schuurman McGill University University of Waterloo SS Shayna Sheinfeld PKH P. Kelly Hernández McGill University Princeton Theological Seminary STS Sarah Toombs Smith PMF Philip Michael Forness University of Texas Princeton Theological Seminary Medical Branch PRW Paul R. Wilson SV Sylvain Vachon Independent Scholar Acadia University PT Peter Trudinger SW Simon Woodman Flinders University South Wales Baptist College RAHC Rosemary A. H. Canavan ShW Shawn White MDC University of Divinity University of Edinburgh RB Roberto Badenas SWF Shawn W. Flynn Adventist University of France St. Mark’s College RC Robyn Cadwallader TÅ Tobias Ålöw Flinders University Gothenburg University RF-C Raúl Fernández-Calienes TAB Timothy Andrew Beech St. Thomas University School of Horizon College and Seminary Law TJV Timothy J. Vermande RFH Randall Holm Art Institute of Indianapolis, and Providence University College Secretary of the United Methodist (Canada) Association of Ministers with RicL Richard Last Disabilities University of Toronto TM Tyler Mayfi eld RJK Ralph J. Korner Union Theological Seminary McMaster University TP Tim Perry RJM Robert J. Merecz University of Edinburgh Canada

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TR Tiberius Rata WJL William John Lyons Grace College and Theological University of Bristol Seminary WJP Wendy J. Porter TSM T. Scott Manor McMaster Divinity College University of Edinburgh YR Yosil Rosenzweig VSB Vicky S. Balabanski Senior Rabbi, Flinders University Congregation Beth Israel WAS W. Andrew Smith (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada) University of Edinburgh ZAC Zeba A. Crook WB Wayne Baxter Heritage College & Seminary WDS W. Derek Suderman Conrad Grebel University College, University of Waterloo

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Beavis_Gilmour1.indd xviii 10/10/2012 6:07:27 AM Children of God

human rights—civil, political, cultural, social, and explores the themes of cultural misunderstandings economic—are enumerated. and the problems of evil and suffering. ‘The Chil- See also JESUS, CHILDHOOD OF; ISRAEL, CHILDREN dren of God’ was also the name of a new religious OF; SON OF GOD [MALOUSI] movement that emerged in the late 1960s, although it was later renamed ‘The Family’. The movement, Children of God. The relationship between God which derived from American fundamentalist Chris- and his chosen people is often described in the Bible tianity adapted to the youth counter-culture of the in terms of a parent-child relationship. This meta- 1960s, has aroused major criticism and antagonism phor is in fact not unique to the Bible; the concep- as a result of its aberrant sexual practices. tion of divine parenthood was common throughout The phrase ‘children of God’, both in the Bible the ancient Near East, as is evidenced in the great and in contemporary culture, evokes images of inno- number of personal names with the form ‘god/god- cence, dependence, protection, affection, and above dess X is my father/mother.’ all relatedness. It is an expression which no doubt In the HB, the phrase ‘children of God’ (bene Elo- for many refl ects a future hope for peace, security, him) is most often an exclusive expression designat- and contentment. ing Israel as a people. In Deut. 14.1-2, the Israelites See also ABBA; ADOPTION; CHILD; FAMILY; FIRST- are said to be God’s children because God ‘has cho- BORN; HEIR; ISRAEL, CHILDREN OF; SONS OF GOD sen [them] out of all the peoples on the earth to be [BRO] his people, his treasured possession’. God is said to have compassion on his children (Ps. 103.13), but he Children of Israel. The children of Israel are the also disciplines them when they rebel (Ezek. 20.21). physical descendants of the patriarch Jacob, whose NT authors expand this motif, extending the right to name was changed to Israel in Gen. 32.28 (see 2 Kgs become God’s children (tekna theou; huioi theou) to 17.34). In Gen. 35.10-11, Jacob’s name change is everyone (John 1.12; Rom. 8.14; 1 John 5.1). The mentioned again, but this time it is promised that ‘a Apostle Paul emphasizes this point: ‘For in Christ nation and a company of nations shall come from Jesus you are all children of God through faith … you’. The phrase children of Israel only occurs six There is no longer Jew nor Greek, there is no longer times in the NRSV (1 Kgs 6.13; Isa. 17.3, 9; Tob 13.3; slave nor free, there is no longer male nor female’ Sir. 51.12; Rom. 9.27). However, this obscures the (Gal. 3.26-28). The author of 1 John contrasts chil- fact that the same Hebrew or Greek phrase under- dren of God with children of the devil: the former lies the translation into other English expressions do not sin, while the latter ‘do not do what is right’ (e.g., Israelites [Exod. 1.12; Heb. 11.22], sons of and ‘do not love their brothers and sisters’ (3.8-10). Israel [Exod. 1.1], and people of Israel [Jer. 39.32; In the Beatitudes, Jesus proclaims that peacemakers Rev. 2.14]). Thus ‘Children of Israel’ is a key self- will be blessed as children of God (Matt. 5.9). referential term used by the descendants of Jacob in In contemporary culture, the idea of ‘children of the HB. The phrase involves insider language and God’ appears frequently as a theme in human rights describes those who have been chosen by God. It and social justice movements. In his famous ‘I Have indicates a focus on covenantal identity for those a Dream’ speech, Martin Luther King, Jr envisages who are part of the people of God through Jacob/ ‘that day when all of God’s children, black men Israel. Other terms for this group include ‘the and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Hebrews’, an expression sometimes used in Exod. Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the 1.22 (but see Phil. 3.5), and ‘the Jews’, a term that words of the old Negro spiritual: ‘Free at last! Free develops later and connects the people to the land of at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!’ Judea (Ezra 6.14; Neh. 1.2; 1 Cor. 1.22). The hit charity single, ‘We Are the World’ (1985), Contemporary appropriation of the phrase chil- composed by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie, dren of Israel is widespread. Many within Christian- also employs this motif: ‘We are all a part of / God’s ity consider the church to have replaced ethnic Israel great big family / And the truth, you know love is as God’s chosen people (Gal. 6.16). The reference all we need’. to the ‘People of Israel’ in Rev. 7.4 appears to indi- Not all twentieth-century applications of this idea cate that the church has become the spiritual Israel have been for humanitarian causes. A popular science (see also Rom. 9.6-7; 11.17-21). However, Rom. fi ction novel entitled Children of God (1998) by New 11.29 asserts that ‘the gifts and calling of God are York Times Best Selling Author Mary Doria Russell irrevocable’. Paul argues in Rom. 9–11 that God’s

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