Index

Names of cultivars are indicated by (cv.). n denotes ireference to a footnote.

Abscisic acid (ABA) Agrotis ipsilon 477, 489 in 126, 127 Agrotis segetum 477, 489 and suberization 112 Ailsa (cv.), tuber quality 520 and tuber formation 112, 118, 120--2 Air flow in storage 620--1 Abscission of flower 136 Albumin 51<0 Acarina 490 Alcidodes westermanni 477 Acaulia Aldicarb 426 classification 17, 38 Allagash Russet (cv.), organic acid content evolution 55, 56, 57 707 geographical distribution in South Alloxydim 381 America 45 Alloxydim-sodium 391 Acetaldehyde, influence on respiration 648 Allozyme analysis 54 Acetic acid, influence on respiration 648 Alopecurus myosuroides (Black-grass) 378, Ackersegen (cv.) 392 tuber structure 112 Alpha (cv.) 204 water use 217 amino acid content 699 Aclonifen 393 tuber structure 112 Actipron 392 Alternaria solani Added value 807-8 control of 423, 428 Africa geographical distribution 407 climate and yields 738-9 survival 420 consumption 801, 806 symptoms 407 imports and exports 800, 805 tuber infection at lifting 417 production 796-7 Altitudes for potato growing 4, 41-5 Ageing Amino acids 509 causes of premature senescence 407-8 2-aminobutane 427 stages in 261-3 Amitrole 384 see also Physiological age Amphibious bistort (Polygonum Agricultural Development and Advisory amphibium) 377 Service (ADAS) 458 Amrasca biguttala biguttala 483 Agriotes 477, 486 Anatomy of potato plant 65 Agrobacterium rhizogenes as agent for Andean potato weevils (Premnotrypes) 476, introducing genes 144 477, 478, 487 Agrobacterium tumefaciens 126, 114 Andes Agromyzidae 490 consumption 805 Agronomy 816 origin of potato cultivation 794 and breeding 353-5 Angiosorus solani 404 general principles 845-53 geographical distribution 407 knowledge of 875-7 symptoms 407 Agrostis gigantia (Black bent) 376 Annual meadowgrass (Poa annua) 378, 387, Agrostis stolonifera (Creeping bent) 376 389, 391, 392 Agrotis 477, 489 Anomala 487 Index 883

Anomala dimidiata 477 Bacterial diseases, in the tropical lowlands Anther culture 141-2 768-70 Anthocyanins 515, 520 Bacterial ring rot, import restrictions 404 Apex, see Shoots, apex; Stolons, apex Bacterial wilt Aphanes arvensis (Parsley piert) 391 and climate 403 Aphididae 480--3 in the tropical lowlands 768 Aphids 272, 480-3 Bangladesh and diffused-light storage 736 example of production 776-7 leaf hairs as resistance mechanism 85--6 production 797--8, 805 trapping of 482-3 Bed planting 577--8 Aphis craccivora 481 Belonolaimus 442 Aphis fabae 477, 481 Belonolai¥tHlS longicaudatus 440 Aphis frangulae 481 Belt planters 576 Aphis gossypii 477,481 Benomyl426 Aphis nasturtii (Buckthorn aphid) 477, 481, Bentazone 391-2 482 (cv.) Archaeological evidence of domestication amino acid content 699 2-3 carbohydrates 685-9, 690-1, 695, 696 Area under production 796-7 mineral nutrition 179-80, 193-4 Aristo (cv.), and fertilizers 206 organic acid content 706 Arma (cv.), heat tolerance 758 regeneration 69 Arran Banner (cv.) respiration 640 leafy shoot 71 root depth 838 tuber development 104 seed tubers 257 tuber quality 520 tuber quality 545, 667 Arran Comet (cv.) tuber structure 112 leafy shoot 76 use in France and Netherlands 806 leaves 824--6 wound healing 653 plant density 315 Black bent (Agrostis gigantia) 376 seed tubers 252, 258, 267, 281, 282 Black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) 378, tuber shape and size 548 388, 391 Arran Consul (cv.) Black dot 405, 414, 416, 423, 431 growth 660 geographical distribution 407 respiration 638 symptoms 407 seed tubers 250 Blackening Arran Pilot (cv.) after cooking 533--6 leafy shoot 70, 71 internal, effect of fertilizer use 207 seed tubers 250, 256 Black-grass (A,topecurus myosuroides) 378, tuber development 100-4, 124 392 tuber structure 98 Blackheart 517 Ascorbic acid 511-12 Blackleg 414, 420, 421 content 512, 705 conaol of 426 Asia geographical distribution 406 consumption 801, 806 and plant spacing 410 imports and exports 800 seed tuber decay 404, 405 production 797 symptoms 406 Asparagine 510 Black nightshade ( nigrum) 375, Assia (cv.), and carotenoids 515 378,388 Atlantic (cv.), organic acid content 707 Black scurf, 416, 419, 420, 424, 426 Atriplex patula (Orache) 378 and cut seed 409 Aulacorthum circumfiexum 481, 482 geographical distribution 408 Aulacorthum solani 477, 481, 482 incidence after various treatments 274 Austroasca viridigrisea 477 seed tuber decay 405 Available Water Capacity (A WC) 221 and stems 310 Avenafatua (Wild oats) 378, 381, 392 symptoms 408 Blackspot 525, 527, 528-30,581 Bacteria Blemishes on tubers 415-16 geographical distribution 406 Blight 46,394,412,533, see also Early blight; symptoms 407-9 Late blight Bacterial brown rot 404 Blue spot 646-7 884 Index

Bolivia, potato production 804 geographical distribution in North and Bonum (cv.), organic acid content 706 Central America 44 Boron, content 165-7 Bothinus maimon 477 Calcium Botrytis cinerea content 165-7 geographical distribution 407 and hollow heart 518 and leaves and stems 414 and internal rust spot 519 symptoms 407 Cambridge University Potato Growers Box storage and handling 593-4 Research Association (CUPGRA) 877 Brachycaudus helichrysi 481 Camptothecin 672 Brazil, potato production 804 Canada, seed trade 800 Breeding Cann.ing 547-8 behaviour 48-51 Canopy, see Leaves history 335-7 Captafol 428 methods 337-52 Cara (cv.) objectives 353-62 and growth 819 other techniques 362-4 and intercepted radiation 820 population breeding 350 and leaves 821, 827, 831, 833, 843 production of commercial varieties 361-2 and nitrogen 168-74, 181-2, 202, 860, 863 programmes 342-9 and physiological age 825-6 statutory trials 349-50 plant density 316, 328-9 in the tropics 740-1 and planting date 848 True Potato Seed (TPS) 351 and potato cyst 450-1 Bridgenorth (cv.), nitrogen and yield 179 and roots 838, 843 British Agrochemical Association (BAA) seed tubers 248, 263, 267 380 and tuber initiation 845 British Atlas of Potato Varieties 70 and water supply 218, 220 Broad mites (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) and yields 853-4 477,490 Carbendazim 427 Brodrick (cv.), tuber quality 543, 545, 546 Carbohydrate metabolism 124 Brown centre 517,518-19 Carbohydrates Browning changes during storage 684 enzymic (discolouration) 530-2 content 802-3 non-enzymic, during processing 540-7 Carbon dioxide 641-2 Brown Oil of Vitriol (BOV) 396 and intercepted radiation 817 Brown rot 404,414,415 and wound healing 657 and climate 403 Carbon disulphide 675 and cut seed 409 Carotenoids 515 geographical distribution 406 Cells symptoms 406 division and expansion in the tuber 105 Brown spot, see Rust spot division stimulated by wounding 111 Bruising 517, 524-6 Central America causes 580 consumption 801 factors 581 geographical distribution of wild potatoes internal 528-30 44-6 statutory and other standards 578-9 imports and exports 800 types of bruise 581 production 797 Buckthorn aphid (Aphis nasturtii) 477, 481, Ceramics depicting potatoes 2-3 482 Cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae) Buds 456 adventitious 69, 74 Ccrtilfied seed 271-8, 405 development as leafy shoot 93-4 Charcoal rot 424, 425 development as stolon 93-4 geographical distribution 407 lateral 70 symptoms 407 meristems, changes at sprouting 130-3 tuber infection at lifting 417 Bulbocastana Charlock (Sinapsis arvensis) 378 chemotaxonomy 54 Cheiroplatys latipes 477 classification 15, 19 .Chemical composition, changes during crossability 51 storage 677-79 evolution 56 Chemicals, effect on respiration 647-50 Index 885

Chemical treatments, effect on wound Coccinellids, leaf-feeding 476, 486, 493 healing 656 Coiled sprout 424 Chemotaxonomy 53-4 Coleoptera 485-7 Chenopodium album (Fat hen) 375, 378, Colletotrichum, and irrigation 416 391, 392 Colletotrichum cocco des 414, 419 Chickweed, common () 377, geographical distribution 407 378 symptoms 407 Chile, marketing 805 Colorado potato beetle, see Leptinotarsa China decemlineata marketing 805 Columbia root-knot , see origin and spread of potato 795 production 797-8 Commersoniana production figures 507 classification 15, 22-3 Chlorine, content 165 crossability 51 (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium evolution 56 chloride (CCC), and tuber formation geographical distribution in South 113, 119-120 America 45 Chlorophyll 515-16 Common chickweed (Stellaria media) 377, changes during storage 707-8 378 Chloropicrin 426 Common couch grass (Elymyus repens) 376. Chloropropham 666--70 384, 391, 392 Chlorosis, causes 406, 408 Common fumitory (Fumaria officianalis) Chocolate spot, see Rust spot 378, 387, 388, 389, 390 Chromosome numbers 51 Common reed (Phragmites communis) 376 of individual species 15-17, 18-41 Common scab Chrysanthemum segetum (Corn marigold) and consumer quality 514 378,387,389,391 control of 427 Chrysomelidae 485-6 and cut seed 409 Cicadellidae 483-4 geographical distribution 408 CIP (International Potato Center) 41, 341, and irrigation timing 869 496,507 risk determination 431 Circaeifolia survival of pathogens 404 classification 15,23 symptoms 408 crossability 51 Composition, changes during storage evolution 56 carbohydrates 684 geographical distribution in South chemical composition 677-79 America 45 chlorophyll 707-8 Cirsium arl'ense (Creeping thistle) 375, 376 dry matter 679-84 Citric acid 706, 707 hormones 708-9 Classification of potato species 13-41 lipids 708-9 Clal'ibacter, tuber infection during growth N-fraction 696--703 415 phenolif compounds 706 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus pigments 706--7 414, 420, 421, 428 terpenoids 708 and cut seed 409 vitamins 704-6 geographical distribution 406 Compression bruising 525 symptoms 406 Conicibaccata Cleavers (Galium aparine) 374, 378 chemotaxonomy 53 Climate classification 16, 26-8 and diseases 403 evolution 57 and yield 738 geographical distribution in North and Clivia (cv.), nitrate content 703 Central America 44 Clonal reproduction 337-9 geographical distribution in South America Clopyralid 393 45 Clostridium 418 Conidiobolus obscurus 493-4 Clumping 310--11 Conodorus 477. 486 Cobbler (cv.) Consumption organic acid content 707 changing patterns 806--7 tuber structure 105 in the tropics 731 Coccinellidae 486 Control of Pesticides Regulations 382 886 Index

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Cyanazine 390-1 382 Cyanidin 515 Convolvulus arvensis (Field bindweed) 377 Cycloxydim 392 Cooked potato, quality 533-9 Cystine 509 Cooking methods and their effects 802-3 Cytokinins Copitarsia turbata 477 and lateral shoot development 95--6 Copper, content 165-7 in leaves and stems 126 Copper salts 426 in stolon tips 126-7 Corky ringspots 440 and suberization 112 Corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum) and tuber growth 122-3 378, 387, 389, 391 Cytology 52-3 Costs of nematode control 460-2 Dalapon 384-5, 386 of preventing disease 404-5 Daleo (cv.), and water use 217 of production, in the tropics 728-9, 730-1 Damage of production, United Kingdom 808-12 during harvesting 578-82 of seed 292 mechanical 432, 524-30, 580 Couch grass, common (Elymyus repens) 376, resistance to, see Damage resistance 384, 391, 392 statutory and other standards 578-9 Cracking 516-17, 524 Damage index 579 Craig's Defiance (cv.), growth 660 Damage resistance Craig's Royal (cv.), mineral nutrition 166, breeding for 354, 360-1 187 measurement of 581-2 Creeping bent (Agrostis stolonifera) 376 Date of planting, effect on tuber yield 269 Creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense) 375, 376 Day length Criconemoides 442 and leaf form 81 Crinkling of foliage 406 and shoot apical meristem 71 Critical photoperiod (CPP) 116-18 and tuber formation 113-18 Crop rotation, see Rotation of crops Dazomet 426 Crossability 48-51 and plant growth 452 Crossing, problems in producing seed 340-1 DD 426 Crude protein content 802-3 Defoliation Crushing 524, 580 dry matter content 523 Crushing bruise 581 fungal causes 407 Ctenicera 477, 486 statutory dates 273 Cuba, potato production 797-8 time of 281 Cultivar characteristics 166 vi,ral causes 411 and breeding 341,354 Dehydration (manufacturing process) 547 and colouration 706-7 Delphinidin 515 and dormancy 659--60 Demissa and drought 240-1 chemotaxonomy 53, 54 drought tolerance ranking 240 classification 17, 40-1 and respiration 651 evolution 55, 57 and tuber size 513 geographical distribution in North and and wound healing 653 Central America 44 and yield 853--6 Desiccation 582, 583 see also individually-named varieties Culture, experiments in 118-20 amino acid content 699 Cuneoalata heat tolerance 758 classification 16, 26 leafy shoot 76 evolution 55, 56, 57 leaves 823-4, 825--6, 836, 847 geographical distribution in South and nitrogen 858, 862, 865 America 45 plant density 309, 315, 319 Cup planters 575--6, 578 planting date 857 Curculionidae 487 regeneration 144 Cuts 524 root depth 838 Cut seed 247, 293-4 root growth 225 and disease 409 seed twbers 266,267,269,283 in the tropics 771 sprouting 661 Cutworms 489 tissue culture 139, 142, 143 Index 887

tuber quality 520, 531 geographical distribution 439 and water supply 241 resistance to 457 wound healing 653 and tubers 440 Desprouting 262, 266 Ditylenchus dipsaci (Stem nematode) 440 Development of potato plant 65 geographical distribution 439 Diabrotica 477 resistance to 457-8 Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated Docks (Rumex) 377 System (DRIS) 188-9 Dr McIn10sh (cv.), evaporation 630 Diana (cv.) Domestication 1-4 and leaves 828,831,833 Dormancy 128-33, 657-64 and stems 828 seed tubers 250-2 and yields 853 Drop tests 581 Diclofop-methyl 392 Drought Dietary fibre content 508, 508-9, 802-3 and cultivars 240-1 Dihaploids 351-2 sensitivity 217,228-36 Dimethipin 395 tolerance ranking of cultivars 240 Dimethylnaphthalenes (DMN), and sprout in the tropical lowlands 762-3 inhibition 665-6, 667 and yield loss 238-9 Dinoseb 380, 395 Dry matter Diploids changes during storage 679-84 crossing 48 content 508, 521-4, 85.3 cultivated species 36, 42 efficiency of production 836-7 Diptera 490 and fertilizer use 206-7 Diquat 386, 388, 393, 395-6 and intercepted radiation 169-76, 180 Directive on the Marketing of Seed Potatoes and nitrogen content 864 275 and transpiration 216-17 Discolouration Dry rot after cooking 533-6 control of 427 vascular 517, 520 geographical distribution 407 Disease control 421-2 seed tuber decay 404, 405 chemical 426-8 in store 418, 419 cost of 404-5 symptoms 407 cultural 422-6 Dye, geographical distribution and future prospects 431-2 symptoms 406 growing conditions 423-5 legislation 428-9 Earlaine (cv.), flower 136 resistant cultivars 429-31 Early blight seed certification 428-9 and climate 403 storage management 422-3 control of 423,427,428 Diseases and foliage 412 brief history 403 geographical distribution 407 and climate 403 sympt

Elateridae 486 and nitrogen 852, 859-61, 863 Elite (basic seed grade) 275-7 physiological age 825-6 Elymyus repens (Common couch grass) 376, plant density 307, 316, 321, 328-9 384, 391, 392 planting date 852 Embryo balance numbers (EBN) 51 roots 838--9, 843, 845 of individual species 14--41 seed tubers 258, 260, 270 Embryogenesis 137-8 tuber growth 819 Embryoids 141-2 tuber quality 514 Empoasca abrupta 484 yields 853-4 Empoasca arida 484 Estolonifcra, classification 14-18 Empoasca devastans 477, 483 Ethanol, influence on respiration 648 Empoasca fabae 477 Ethepon 519 Empoasca filamenta 484 Ethylene, influence on respiration 647-8 Empoasca solani 484 Etuberosa, classification 14-18 Endoparasites Europe migratory 442-3 consumption 801 sedentary 443-7 imports and exports 800 Energy introduction into 5-9 content 802-3 production 507, 796-7 value 508 spread throughout 9-10 England, introduction into 5-6, 9 European Association fO.T Potato Research Environmental concerns 551-2 (EAPR) 658 Environmental effects on tuber formation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubialis) 489 113-18 European Economic Community, Epicauta 477 regulations Epicauta hirticornis 477 req uirements for certification 278 Epicure (cv.), leafy shoot 72-3, 76 seed-producing land 453 Epilachna 477, 486 European Plant Protection Organization 457 Epitrix 477, 486 Evaporation from stored potatoes 629-32 EPTC 385 Evolution 56-7 Eremotermes 477 divergence in wild species 55-6 Erwinia relationships of cultivated species 57 control of 425 Explant and cut seed 409 meristem culture 76-7 and general decay 415 somatic tissues 138 and irrigation 416 Exports, regional trade 800, 805 and Ostrinia nubialis (European corn Eyes 97-8 borer) 489 number and size, as measure of plant and rain 420 density 293-5 resistance to 431 position, effect on yield 293-4 and volunteer potatoes 398 Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica Fallopia convolvulus (Black bindweed) 378, geographical distribution 406 388, 391 seed tuber decay 409 False root-knot nematode, see Nacobbus and stems 414 aberrans symptoms 406 Farmyard manure 194-7 in the tropics 770 Fat content 508, 509, 802-3 Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora Fat hen (Chenopodium album) 375, 378, and blackleg 414 391, 392 geographical distribution 406 Feltia experta 477 seed tuber decay 405 Fentin acetate 428 symptoms 406 Fentin hydroxide 396, 428 in the tropics 770 Fertilization 136 Erwinia chrysanthemi Fertilizers and blackleg 414 application 573-4 geographical distribution 407 application rate and irrigation 202 symptoms 407 economic considerations 192-4 in the tropics 770 factors influencing use 164 Estima (cv.) placement 197-8 leaves 828-33, 835, 843, 845 and plant density 203-5 Index 889

and potato quality 205-7 symptoms 407-9 and rainfall 200-3 Fusarium requirements 177-94 control of 423, 424 timing of application 199-200 geographical distribution 407 trends in England and Wales (1958-86) infection at lifting 416, 417 167-8 resistance to thiabendazole 427 and tuber size 206 spread 420 and yield 178-82 in store 418 see also Nitrogen fertilizers; Potassium survival 419 fertilizers symptoms 407 Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) 377 and wilting 414 Field Capacity (FC) 221 Fusarium caerulum 533 Field pansy (Viola arvensis) 388 Fusarium solani Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) 378, 391 control of 425 Flame desiccation 583 geographical distribution 407 Flavines 515 at lifting 417 Flavonal glycosides 53 symptoms 407 Flavones 515 Fusarium solani subsp. coeruleum Flavour 539 geographical distribution 407 Flea beetles (Epitrix) 477, 486 infection at lifting 417 Flesh colour 514-5 seed tuber decay 405 Floral initiation 257-8 symptoms 407 Flower, development and structure 133-7 Fusarium sulpkureum 673 Flowering time, effect on breeding 49 Fusarium wilt, geographical distribution and Fluazifop-butyl 393 symptoms 407 Fluorochloridine 393 Fluroxypyr 398 Galium aparine (Cleavers) 374, 378 Foliage Galls analysis of nutrient content 188 causes 408 destruction 412-13 on roots 444 disease 412-13 Gamma irradiation 647, 673-4 disease control, chemical 427-8 Gangrene premature death 413-14 and climate 403 symptoms and causes of diseases 406--8 control of 422, 425, 426, 427 see also Leaf area growth; Leaf area index; disease in store 418-9 Leaves geographical distribution 407 Folic acid 705, 706 and growth 409 Fomesafen 393 and lifting 416 Food and Environmental Protection Act 382 and plant spacing 410 Fracture cracking 517, 524 and potato eyes 295 France seed tuber decay 404, 405 marketing 812 and stqms 310 production 798, 799 symptoms 407 seed trade 800 and volunteer potatoes 398 Frost Gas exchange 638-42 breeding for tolerance 732-4, 740-1 Gelechiidae 487-9 evaluation of tolerance 733-4 Genes frost-hardiness and leaf structure 83, 84 HI, aond nematode resistance 456-7, 458, resistance 46 462,465 tolerance, in tropics 729 H2, and nematode resistance 457,458,465 Fumaria officianalis (Common fumitory) Genetic engineering 144-5 378,387,388,389,390 Genetic variability 46--8 Fumaric acid 706, 707 Genome differentiation in wild potatoes 55 Fumitory, common (Fumaria officianalis) Geographical distribution, see Distribution, 378,387,388,389,390 geographical Fungal diseases 272 Geographical spread of potato 1-11, 794 Fungi Germany geographical distribution 407-8 consumption 801 interaction with nematodes 414, 452 production 796-8, 799 as nematode control 456 seed trade 800 890 Index

Germination 66 Green peach aphid, see Myzus persicae Germination inhibitors, prohibited in seed Green top harvesting 583 for sale 275 Grey mould Gibberellic acid (GA) 675--6 geographical distribution 407 in culture experiments 118-9 leaves and stems 414 effect on tuber formation 120, 125 symptoms 407 Gibberellins Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 378, 387, and dormancy 663 389 extracted from leaves 126 Growing season, length, effect on stem in leaves 126 density 318 in meristem culture 76 Growth and stolon formation 95--6, 127 agronomic principles 816-44 and tuber formation 120, 125, 127 damage by disease 405-10 in tubers 133 and nitrogen 168-76 and wounding 133 and planting date 856-7 Globodera (Potato cyst nematodes) 441-2, and root-feeding nematodes 447-51 448-51, 453-4 in tropical highlands 736-40 (White potato cyst arid water use 214-19 nematode) 444-7 Gro\\·,th cracking 516-7 geographical distribution 438-9 Growth rate, effect of stolon size 92 interaction with fungi 414, 452 Gryllotalpa africana 477 resistance to 46, 359, 456-7, 458, 459, Guardian (cv.) 461 tuber quality 516, 517 and volunteer potatoes 398 and water supply 240 (Golden nematode Guatemala, production 804 of potato) 444-7 Gypsum 426 geographical distribution 438-9 interaction with fungi 414, 452 HI Genes, and nematode resistance 456-7, resistance to 46,359,456-7,458,461 458, 462, 465 and volunteer potatoes 398 H2 Genes, and nematode resistance 457, Globulin 510 458,465 Glucosides 53 Habitat, individual species 14-41 Glufosinate 393 Hairs on leaves 84--6 GluJamine 510 Halticoptera patellana 494 Glutelin 510 Handling, effect on respira.tion 645-7 Glycoalkaloids 532-3 Hard rot 418 effect on irradiation 548-50 Harrows, reciprocating 571 Glycosides 53 Harvesters 586-8 Glyphosate 377, 385, 393, 397, 398 cleaning systems 588 Golden nematode of potato, see Globodera design and mechanical damage 526 rostochiensis types 589-90, 591 Golden Wonder (cv.) Harvesting leafy shoot 74 grading 594 seed tubers 250 handling 593-4 tuber quality 531 inspection 598--604 Gouges 524, 580 mechanical damage 578-82 Grading 594 potato quality 578 electronic, and mechanical damage 526 practices 871-2 seed crops 285 preparation 582-5 Grafting to support tuber development 115 seed crops 281, 284--6 Graminicides, use against grass weeds 377 sizer types 596-8 Graphognathus leucoloma 477 sizing 595--6 Grass weeds 376 stages 585-92 Great Britain, see United Kingdom transport 592-3 Greening 515--6 and weeds 375 and depth of planting 575 Haulm effect of irradiation 548 destruction 394--6 Green Mountain (cv.) pulling 583-5 mineral nutrition 166 pulverizers 582-3 organic acid content 707 Healing, effect of irradiation 548 Index 891

Heat Humidification 636 output and sprout growth in storage 626, Humidity 676 and formation of wound periderm 111 production in store 621-5 and sprout growth 662 and respiration 642-3 and wound healing 655 Heat treatment, and virus elimination 77-8 Husbandry methods purpureum changes in 873-4 geographical distribution 407 and nematode reduction 456 spread 419 seed production 281-4 symptoms 407 Hybrids., wild 49 tuber infection during growth 415 Hydrogen cyanide, influence on respiration Helicotylenchus 442 647-8 Heliothis armigera 477 Hypolithus 477, 486 H elminthosporium and irrigation 416 Imazalil 427 resistance to thiabendazole 427 Import restrictions 428 Helminthosporium solani United Kingdom 404 and cut seed 409 Imports, regional trade 800 geographical distribution 407 Improved Haswell (cv.), nitrogen and yield infection of eyes and early harvesting 274 179 and spread 420 Incubation period 262 symptoms 407 India Henosepilachna ocel/ata 486 experiments in 744 Henosepilachna sparsa vigintisexpunctata 477 origin and spread of potato 795 Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata 486 production 797-8, 805 Herbicides Ingifolia 57 methods of treatment 382-3 classification 16, 29 recommendations for use 382-94 geographical distribution in South specific 384-92 America 45 use against broad-leaved weeds 377 Insecticides 478-80 weed control 380-2 botanical 493 Heterodera avenae (Cereal cyst nematodes) carbamate 427 456 organophosphate 427 Heterodera glycines 464 and potato leaf roll virus 482 Heterodera schachtii 465 Insects Heteronychus arator 477 attacking leaves 477 Highland zones attacking stems 477 production 804 attacking tubers 477 production in the tropics 731-41 biology of 480-90 History control of 490-7 of breeding 335-7 geographical distribution 477 of diseases 403 Inspection of the potato 1-11 of crops 598-{i04 Holland, see Netherlands of seed crops 277-8 Hollow heart 517-8,522,652 Institute for Storage and Processing of Holmemoor (cv.), nitrogen and yield 179 Agricultural Produce (IBVL) 545 Home Guard (cv.) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 495-7 growth 660, 823-4, 825-7 Intercepted radiation, see Radiation mineral nutrition 201 interception plant density 298-9,303,319 Intercropping, effect on disease in the tropics respiration 644, 649 769 seed tubers 250, 252-3, 258, 267, 280, Internal rust spot (IRS) 517, 519, 520 282 International Potato Center (CIP) 41, 341, Homoptera 480-4 496,507 Hormones Iprodione 427 changes during storage 708-9 Irish Cobbler (cv.) endogenous 125-{i flower 136 treatment of tubers 120-4 tissue culture 139 see also Gibberellins tuber structure 105 Host plant resistance (HPR) 490-2 Iron, concentration in 165-7 892 Index

Irradiation 548-51 and fungicides 405, 431 radioactive 673-4 geographical distribution 407 and respiration 647 ,\Ud heating 425 and wound healing 656 resistance to 430, 431 Irrigation 236--7 and seed tubers 404 and common scab 869 symptoms 407 in the tropical lowlands 761-3 and volunteer plants 404 and tuber yield 201 Leaf area growth and development and yields 866--70 and mineral nutrients 176--7 Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate and nocturnal rehydration 236 (CIPe) 666--70 and root size 182 Isopropyl N-phenylcarbamate (IPe) 666--70 variations 820-2 Isoproturon 393 Leaf area index Isozyme analysis 54 and intercepted radiation 220, 819-22, Ivy-leaved speedwell (Veronica hederifolia) 378 824-6, 833-4, 847 and nitrogen fertilizers 765, 860, 865 J assidae 483-4 and planting date 821-2, 824-6, 847 J assids, see Leafhoppers and root depth 842-3 Jelly end 517 seed 260-1 JUldika (cv.), nitrate content 703 and temperature 264 Juglandifolia 51 and water 842-3 classification 18 Leaf drop streak 411 Katahdin (cv.) Leaf growth amino acid content 698 and development 822-36 flower 136 and plant spacing 309 glycoalkaloid content 701 and yield 260 tuber development 101, 104 Leafhoppers (Jassids) 476, 478, 483-4, 492 vitamin content 705 Leafminer flies, see Liriomyza Kennebec (cv.) Leaf roll virus respiration 644, 649 control of 425,427 tuber development 102, 104 geographical distribution 406 tuber structure 105, 112, 113 resistance to 431 vitamin content 705 and spread 421 Kerr's Pink (cv.), leafy shoot 71 and stunting 411, 412 King Edward (cv.) symptoms 406 carbohydrates 693 and tuber discolouration 521 diseases 405, 425 and yield losses 404 flower 134 Leafy shoot 70 leafy shoot 70, 71-2 Leaves mineral nutrition 177, 201 description 14 plant density 294, 301, 315, 316, 319, 326, development and structure 81-86 328-9 growth, see Leaf growth respiration 638, 640, 645 leaf canopy 833--{) root growth 225 longevity 830-33 seed tubers 250, 254 longevity, effect of nitrogen uptake 322 sprout growth 660-1 morphology 829-30 stolon 87 nematodes 440 tissue culture 142 number of 824-8 tuber quality 511, 529 rate of appearance 828-9 and water supply 225, 240 size 829-30 Kirsty (cv.), tuber quality 520 water potential 228-31, 233-4, 236 Knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare) 377, 378, and water stress 236 387, 388, 389 see also Foliage; Leaf area growth; Leaf area index Land preparation 571-2 Legislation Langworthy (cv.), leafy shoot 74 against disease 428-9 Late blight control of nematode damage 453-4 and breeding 430 seed certification 275 and excessive nitrogen 423 Lenape (cv.), glycoalkaloid content 532 and foliage 412-3, 427 Lepidoptera 487-9 Index 893

Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado Potato geographical distribution in South Beetle) 476, 477, 478, 479-80 America 45 control of 493, 494 Magnesium resistance to 490-1, 492 content 165-7 resistance to insecticides 482, 485 toxicity and hollow heart 518 Libertas (cv.), and water use 217 Magnesium sulphate 426 Light Magnum (cv.), organic acid content 706 and glycoalkaloids 533 Mainstems, number of, related to number of and greening 515-6 sprouts 255 and sprout growth in storage 662 Majestic (cv.) Lignicaulia carbohydrates 685 classification 15, 23 gas exchange 638, 650 crossability 51 leafy shoot 71 evolution 56 plant density 295, 311, 315 geographical distribution in South root growth 225 America 45 seed ttlbers 250, 254 Limonius 477, 486 storage temperature 616 Linguistic evidence of origin 4-5 water loss 632 Linuron 387-8 and water supply 214, 240 Lipaphis erysimi 481 wound heal,ill1lg 653 Lipids, changes during storage 708-9 Maleic hydrazide 399, 670-1 Liriomyza (Leafminer flies) 477, 478, 482, 490 and respiration 644, 649 resistance to insecticides 482 Malic acid 706, 707 in the tropics 767 Malvidin 515 Liriomyza huidobrensis 490, 492, 494 Mancozeb 428 in the tropics 767 Maneb 428 Liriomyza patagonica 477 Manganese, content 165-7 Liriomyza trifolii 477,490,494 Manures, organic 194-7 Listroderes obliquus 477 (cv.), seed tubers 270 Little potato disorder 262, 409, 424 Maris Bard (cv.) Longidorus 442, 460, 462-3, 466 and growth 823 Longidorus elongatus 442, 448 seed tubers 263, 268 Longidorus leptocephalus 442, 455 tuber quality 520 Longipedicellata Maris Huntsman (cv.), root growth 225 and browning 531 Maris Page (cv.), and nitrogen 204 chemotaxonomy 54 Maris Peer (cv.) classification 17, 38-40 plant density 315, 319 evolution 55, 56, 57 and pot3lt

Matricaria matricarioides (Mayweeds) 377 shoot apical 71, 74, 75 Matricaria recutita (Mayweeds) 377 Methionine 509 Maturity Methyl bromide 426 respiration as index of 650 Metoxuron 395, 396 and wound healing 653 Metribuzin 381, 388, 390-1, 392 Mayweeds 377, 378 Metsulfuron methyl 393 MCPA 380 Mexico, production 797-8, 804 Mechanical damage, see Damage Micropropagation, in vitro 362 Mechanization of crop production 570-607 Microtubers 363,578 M egaulothrips usitatus 490 Middle East Megistacroloba exports 805 classification 15, 25--6 production 796 crossability 51 Mineral content, effect of cooking 803 evolution 55, 56, 57 Mineral elements, see Nutrients, mineral geographical distribution in South Mineral oil 427 America 45 Minitubers 578 Melanin 525, 581 Mites 490 Melanotus 477,486 in the tropics 767 Meloidogyne (Root knot nematodes) 443-4 Moisture content 802-3 control of 455 Molybdenum, content 165-7 geographical distribution 440 Monohaploids 351-2 and growth 450-1 Monolinuron 389 and soil temperature 441 Monona (cv.), organic acid content 707 Meloidogyne arenaria Mop top virus 406, 416 and galls 444 M()('elliformia geographical distribution 441 chemotaxonomy 54 resistance to 458 classification 15, 19 and soil temperature 441 crossability 51 Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Columbia root-knot evol,l!Iltion 56 nematode) geographical distribution in North and control of 455 Central America 44 and galls 444 Morphology geographical distribution 439, 441 and breeding 354 and soil temperature 441 seed tuber 248--50 spread 466 tuber 97-8 Meloidogyne hapla (Northern root-knot Mosaic 411 nematode) geographical distribution 406 control of 455 symptoms 406 geographical distribution 439, 441 Mottling, causes 406 interaction with fungi 414 Mulches, plastic 394 resistance to 458 Multa (cv.), tolerance to potato cyst and roots 444 nematodes 459 and soil temperature 441 Myllocerus subfasciatus 477 and wilting 452 Myzus ascalonicus 481, 482 and yields 448 Myzus persicae (Green peach aphid) 476, Meloidogyne incognita 477,480,481 control of 456 control of 491-2 geographical distribution 441 resistance to insecticides 482 resistance to 46, 458 and roots 451 Nacobbus 441,455 and soil temperature 441 Nacobbus aberrans (False root-knot Meloidogyne javanica nematode) 443 geographical distribution 441 geographical distribution 439, 440 resistance to 458 interaction with other organisms 452 and soil temperature 441 spread 466 Melolontha 477, 487 Nacobbus batatiformis 443 Mentor (cv.), mineral nutrition 166 Nacobbus serendipiticus 443 Mercury 426, 427 Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianlls 443 Meristem Nadine and growth 853 culture 75-8 Names for the potato 5, 9 Index 895

Necrosis Norchip (cv.) causes 406-7 organic acid content 707 low temperature 517 vitamin content 705 Nematicides 454-5 North America Nematodes acreage and production 507 attacking roots 441-7 consl!lmption 801 attacking stems and leaves 440 geographical distribution in 44--6 attacking tubers 440-1 imports and exports 800 biology 438-47 introduction into 10 damage control and avoidance 453--62 production 797 effects on growth and yield 447-51 Northern root-knot nematode, see interactions with other organisms 451-3 Meloidogyne hapla research, future developments 462--6 Nutrients, mineral Neomyzus circumflexum 481 accumulation and use 163-8 Neotylenchus vigissi (Pseudo stem essential elements 163-7 nematode) 440 leaching 190 Netherlands levels of 165 fertilizers and plant density 203-5 and rainfall 200-3 fertilizer rates recommended 185 relationship with growth and yield 168-77 haulm pulling 583-4 taken up and removed in the tubers marketing 812 165-7 nematode control 460 in the tropical lowlands 763-7 production 797-8, 799 Nutritional value 508-9, 801-3 seed trade 800, 806, 811 statutory defoliation dates 273 Oceania and virus infection 271, 273 consumption 801 winter rainfall and soil nitrates 203 imports and exports 800 Netted Gem (cv.) production 796-7 glycoalkaloid content 701, 702 Odontotermes obesus 477 tuber quality 533 Olmosiana Newchurch (cv.), nitrogen and yield 179 classification 15, 23-4 New Potatoes Prescription 578 evolution 56 Niacin 512, 705, 706 geographical distribution in South Nipaecoccus vastator 477 America 45 Nitrate pollution 837 Olympia (cv.), wound healing 654 Nitrate test strip 190-1 Oospora pustulans 452 Nitrogen Orache (Atriplex patula) 378 and blackening after cooking 535 Organic acids and blackspot 529 changes during storage 706 content 165-7, 508, 509 content 707 and dry matter 179-81, 522 Organo-tin compounds 428 fertilizers see Nitrogen fertilizers Or.igin of potato 1-5, 794 and growth and yield 168-76 Ostrinia nubialis (European corn borer) and leaf area development 176-7 489 and tuberization 118 Overheating in a stack of potatoes 624-5 yield prediction model 186 Oxalic acid 706, 707 Nitrogen fertilizers Oxygen 639-41 excess of 849-50 effect on wound healing 656-7 and leaf area 860, 865 and number of tubers 175 Pacheco (urns) 3 optimum economic rate of application 192 Paecilomyces lilacinus 456 pressure to restrict amount 193 Pakistan, production 797-8 recommendations for different soil types Palisade parenchyma, and frost hardiness 865 733 timing of application 190 Papaver rhoeas (Poppy) 378 in the tropical lowlands 763--6 Paracrinkle 77, 78 and yields 857--66 Paracrinkle virus 406, 412, 425 see also Fertilizers; Nitrogen Paralongidorus 442 Noctuidae 489 Paralongidorus maximus 442 Nonanol672 Paraquat 380, 386, 388, 390, 393 896 Index

Paratrichodorus (Stubby root nematodes) production 798 geographical distribution 439, 440 Pest control and growth 442 behavioural control 493-5 and stunting 441 biological control 493-5 virus transmission 440-1 botanical insecticides 493 Paratrioza cockerelli (Potato psyllid) 477, 484 cultural control 492 Parsley piert (Aphanes arvensis) 391 host plant resistance (HPR) 490-1 penetrans 456, 464 repellent plants 493 Patatin 510 Pests Pathogens, survival and spread 419-21 control of, see Pest control see also Bacteria; Insects; Nematodes; insects, see Insects Pests; Viruses nematodes, see Nematodes Pelargonidin 515 resistance to, breeding for 354, 356-60 Pendimethalin 390-1 Petonidin 515 Pendulum tests 582 Petota, classification 14-41 Pentaploids, cultivated species 37 Peunidin 515 Pentland Crown (cv.) pH, soil, effect on uptake of plant nutrients growth 823 205 leaves 828-9, 830-3, 835 Phenacoccus grenadensis 477 and nitrogen 852, 863 Phenolic compounds, changes during storage plant density 294-5, 301, 313, 319, 325-7 706 and potato cyst nematodes 450-1 Phenylamides 428 root growth 225 Philippines seed tubers 278 climate and yield 742 tissue culture 141 example of potato production 776-7 and water supply 240, 241 production 804 wound healing 653 Phloem yields 852, 855 leaf 82 Pentland Dell (cv.) stem 79-80 dry matter 853 stolon 91-2 growth 824 tuber 105 leaves 830-1, 833 Phoma, and irrigation 416 and mechanical damage 576 Phoma exigua plant density 301, 307, 326 effect on potato eyes 295 and potato cyst nematodes 449-51 effect on stems 310 roots 838 Phoma exigua subsp. exigua seed tubers 266 geographical distribution 407 tuber quality 514, 522, 531, 540, 548 seed tuber decay 405 Pentland Hawk (cv.), wound healing 653 symptoms 407 Pentland Ivory (cv.) Phoma foveata plant density 301, 326 control of 423, 424 seed tubers 255 disease in store 418-19 Pentland Javelin (cv.) geographical distribution 407 seed tubers 263, 264, 267, 268 seed tuber decay 405 and storage 826 spread 420 tuber quality 531 symptoms 407 Pentland Squire (cv.) tuber infection at lifting 416, 417 and nitrogen uptake 862-3 Phosphorus plant density 295, 316, 327-8 content 165-7 tuber quality 514, 520 and leaf area development 176-7 Penycuron 427 Photosynthesis 214-15 Perennial sowthistle ( arvensis) 377 Phragmites communis (Common reed) 376 Periclinal chimeras 73-5 Phthorimaea operculella (Tuber moth; Periderm of the tuber 110-11 Tuberwl.J'rm) 476, 477, 478, 487-9 wound periderm 111-13, 652 and diffused-light storage 736 Perimedullary zone (Markkrone) 91,99, 105 and irrigation 762 Permanent Wilting Point (PWP) 221 trapping of 488 Peru in the tropics 736, 762, 767 climate and yield 738, 742 tuber infection during growth 415 early cultivation 4 Phyllognathus dionysius 477 Index 897

Phyllophaga 477, 487 Planting date, effect on growth and yield Physiological age 260--70, 676-7 856-7, 858 effect on growth 856 Plastic mulches 394 effect on yield 858 Ploidy 50, 52 Phytophthora erythroseptica Ploughing 571-2 control of 423 PLRV 46, 358-9, 478, 480, 482 d,isease in store 419 Plusia orichalcea 477 geographical distribution 407 PMB (Potato Marketing Board) 812 post-lifting disease 417 Poa annua (Annual meadowgrass) 378, 387, symptoms 407 389. 391, 392 tuber infection during growth 415 Poland and wilting 414 consumption 800 production figures 507 geographical distribution 407 Pollen sterility 136 and haulm destruction 394 Pollination 51 insect-transmitted 428, 430 controlled 339-40 and rainfall 200 Polyadenia resistance to 46 classification 15, 21-2 seed tuber decay 405 crossability 51 survival 419 evolution 56 symptoms 407 geographical distribution in North and and terpenoids 708 Central America 44 tuber infection during growth 415 Polygonum amphibium (Amphibious tuber infection at lifting 417 bistort) 377 Pigmentation of tuber 74 Polygonum aviculare (Knot grass) 377, 378, Pigments, changes during storage 706-7 387, 388, 389 Pink rot Polygonum persicaria (Redshank) 378, 391 and drainage 423 Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Broad mite) geographical distribution 407 477,490 and orgalilic manures 424 Polyploidy 50, 52 seed tuber 404 Polyscytalum symptoms 407 and irrigation 416 tuber infection during growth 415 resistance to thiabendazole 427 Pinnatisecta Polyscytalum pustulans chemotaxonomy 54 and cut seed 409 classification 15, 19-21 and early lifting 424 crossability 51 geographical distribution 407 evolution 56 infection of eyes and early harvesting 274 Pit rot 418 and leaves and buds 416 Piurana and potato eyes 295 chemotaxonomy 53 spreading disease in store 419 classification 16, 28 and stems 310 evolution 57 and storage temperature 425 geographical distribution in North and survival of 420 Central America 44 symptoms 407 geographical distribution in South Pontiac (cv.), vitamin content 705 America 45 Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) 378 Plant analysis of nutrient content 187-92 Population breeding 350, 741 Plant density 292 Potash 184 effects 312-30 Potassium and fertilizer use 203-5 and blackening after cooking 535 spatial arrangement 306-12 and blackspot 528-9 units 293-306 content 165-7 Planters effect on enzymic browning 531 cup feed, irregularity of spacing 309 effect on leaf area development 176-7 design 575-7 effect on mechanical damage 206 type, effect on tuber yield 270 Potassium fertilizers and dry matter COlJ;lltent Planting 573, 574-8 523 seed crop, timing 281 Potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) in the tropics 770--6 477,481,482 898 Index

Potato blight, see Blight; Late blight; Early Production blight areas and volumes 507 Potato cyst nematodes (Globodera) 441-2, changes in annual tonnage 730 448-51,453--4 recent trends 796-801 Potato, classification 15-17, 18--41 zones 804--5 Potato Marketing Board (PMB) 812 Progeny tests for diseases 360 Potato psyllid (Paratrioza cockerelli) 477, Prolamin 510 484 Prometryn 389, 399 Potato rot nematodes (Ditylenchus) 440 Propagation 334--5, 362 Potato sickness 452 Propham 666-70 Potato tuber moth, see Phthorimaea Propylene, influence on respiration 648 operculella Proteins 107-8 Potato tuberworm, see Phthorimaea content 508, 509-10 operculella electrophoretic studies 53--4 Potato viruses 482 Protoplasts 142-3 A 78 Prunus, and aphids 481 S 77, 78 Pseudomonas solanacearum 452 X 77, 78, 358 and cut seed 409 Y 46,78,358,412,478 geographical distribution 406 potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) 46, 358--9, resistance to 46 478, 480, 482 survival 419 see also Viruses symptoms 406 Pottery depicting potatoes 2-3 in the tropical highlands 732, 740--1 Powdery scab in the tropical lowlands 768, 769, 778 control of 423, 424, 426 tuber infection during growth 415 disease in store 419 and wilting 414 geographical distribution 408 Pseudo stem nematode (Neotylenchus risk determination 431 vigissi) 440 seed tuber decay 405 Psyllidae 484 in soil 404 Psylloides plana 477 symptoms 408 Pulsar prototype harvester 587, 589 tuber infection during growth 415 Pungo (cv.), mineral nutrition 166 Pratylenchus (Root lesion nematodes) Purple Congo (cv.), tuber quality 515 control of 455 Pyralidae 489 diagnosis 462 Pyrallis farinalis 477 geographical distribution 440 Pyrethroids 427 and roots 441, 442 Pyridoxin 512, 705 Pratylenchus brachyurus 442-3, 455 Pythium ultimum Pratylenchus coffeae 433 geographical distribution 408 Pratylenchus penetrans post-lifting disease 417 control of 456 symptoms 408 geographical distribution 439 tuber infection at lifting 417 interaction with fungi 414 Quality interaction with other organisms 452 breeding considerations 354, 355-{i resistance to 457 cooked potato 533-9 and roots 442 and fertilizer use 205-{i and yield losses 448 during harvest 578 Pratylenchus pratensis 443 and irradiation 548 Pratylenchus solanacearum 452 losses in storage 608 Pratylenchus thornei 452 potatoes for processing 54:0-8 Premnotrypes (Andean potato weevils) 476, statutory standards 578 477, 478, 487 and water supply 236-41 Prescription for New Potatoes and Ware and weeds 375 Potatoes 578 Quarantine 404, 428 Pressure bruising 581 Quintozene (PCNB) 426 Prevention of Spread of Pests (Seed Quizalofop 393 Potatoes) (Great Britain) Order 1974275 Radiation interception Prochloray 427 and carbon dioxide 817 Producers, number of 873 and crop dry weight 819 Index 899

and dry matter yield 169-76, 180, 522, to frost 46 82(}-1 to pests 45-6 efficiency of conversion 836--7 and wound periderm 111 and growth 816--7 Respiration 636--51 and leaf area index 220, 822, 824--6, 833-4, chemicals, influence of 647-50 847 and cultivar type 651 in the tropics 737 gas exchange 638-42 and tuber yield 168 gelilc:ral 636--8 see also Gamma irradiation and handling 645-7 Radioactive irradiation 673-4 heat production 642-3 Radiocarbon dating of potatoes 3 and irradiation 548, 647 Rainfall reconditioning 644--5 effect on plant nutrients 20(}-3 and sprout growth 626, 651, 676 effect on wild hybrids 49 and storage period 643-4 Raphanus raphanistrum (Wild radish) 378 and storage temperature 612, 622, 642, Recirculation of air in storage 635 643 Reconditioning and respiration 644--5 and sugar accumulation 544 Record (cv.) and tuber maturity 650 amino acid content 699 and tuber size 651 carbohydrates 692 and wounding 647 discolouration 520 Rest period 128-9, 658 in Great Britain 813 Rhigopsidius tucumanus 487 growth cracking 516--17 internal bruising 529 and haulm pulling 585 and leaf growth 830 and nematicides 426 plant density 301, 319, 325-7 seed tubers 427 processing quality 515, 543, 545-6, 548 Rhizoctonia solani root growth 225 control of 423, 424 seed tubers 240, 241, 255, 274, 280 and crop frequency 423 tissue culture 141 and cut seed 409 and water supply 240, 241, 835, 838-42, and early lifting 424 851, 869, 870 geographical distribution 408 wound healing 653 and humidity 419 yield 853 infection of eyes and early harvesting Red Craig's Royal (cv.) 274 development 119 and potato sickness 452 and growth 827 and skin blackening 416 and mechanical damage 576 spread 420 seed tubers 268, 281 and stems 310 wound healing 653 survival 419 (cv.), organic acid content 707 symptoms 408 Red Salad (cv.), tuber quality 515 Rhopalosiphoninius larysiphon 481 Redshank (Polygonum persicaria) 378, 391 Rhopalosiphum padi 481 Redskin (cv.), wound healing 653 Riboflavin 512, 705, 706 Reducing sugars 540, 541, 546, 547 Rindite 675 and irradiation 548 Ring rot Reed, common (Phragmites communis) and cut seed 409 376 geographical distribution 406 Refrigeration in storage 619,635 import restrictions 404 Regeneration from roots 69-70 symptoms 406 Renacimiento (cv.), mineral nutrition 166 tuber infection during growth 415 Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus Roller table research 599-602 reniform is) 444 Rolling of foliage 406, 408 Reproduction Romano (cv.), and growth 853 clonal 337-9 Root depth methods 48 comparisons 225-7 Resistance and soil water stress 235-6 breeding for 354 Rooted cuttings, as planting material in the to damage, measurement of 581-2 tropics 771-3 to disease 45-6 Root-knot nematodes, see Meloidogyne 900 Index

Root length water use 218 comparisons 225 Scab, common, see Common scab density 182, 227 Scarabaeidae 486--7 effect on water flow 233 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 414, 419 and size of crop canopy 182 geographical distribution 408 Root lesion nematodes, see Pratylenchus symptoms 408 Roots Scottish Centre of Agricultural Engineering adventitious 68-9 (SCAE) 577, 579, 599 depth, see Root depth Scottish Classification Scheme, entry of development 67 cultivars 276 distribution and soil water stress 234--6 Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), growth and functioning 837-44 and breeding 342, 345, 346 length, see Root length Scrobipalpopsis solanivora 477, 487-8, 489 nematodes 441-7 Scrobipalpula absoluta 477, 487-8, 489 regeneration from 69-70 Scuffing 524 shoots, response to water deficits 229 Seed 'size, see Root size certification 271, 272, 275, 277, 278, 405, structure 67-9 428-9 Root size costs, as proportion of total costs 292 comparisons 225 multiplication 271-8 and leaf area 182 production, future developments 814-15 and water supply 223 production and utilization 278-86 Roseval (cv.), tuber quality 520 rate, see Seed rate Rotary cultivators 571-2 see also Seed tubers; True potato seed Rotation of crops 373-4, 396 Seedbed preparation 570--3 effect on disease development in the Seedlings tropics 769 development 66 as nematode control method 455-{), 460, 461 as weeds 399 Rotylenchulus reniformis (Reniform Seed potatoes, see Seed tubers nematode) 444 Seed rate Rotylenchus 442 as measure of plant density 296 Row width 306--8 relationship with plant density and tuber effect on damage during harvesting 321 yield 300, 302-3, 305--6 RUCIP rules (Rules of Usages of Intra Seed size 247, 273-4 European Trade in Potatoes) 578-9 and silver scurf 321 Rules of Usages of Intra European Trade in and yield 296--7, 305 Potatoes (RUCIP rules) 578-9 Seed tubers Rumex (Docks) 377 ca,tegories 275 (cv.) cutting of, see Cut seed amino acid content 698, 699 damage by disease 405-10 mineral nutrition 166 depth, surveyed variations 310--11 organic acid content 707 disease control, chemical 426--7 respiration 649 dormancy 250--2 root growth 225, 226 floral initiation 257-8 703 growth and development 247-71 sprouting 670 health 272 tuber quality 511, 535, 545, 549 leaf growth and yield 260 tuber structure 105, 108, 110, 143 morphology 248-50 vitamin content 705 number of, as measure of plant density 296 water soluble vitamins 680 physiological age 260--71 water supply 239 planting time 281 Rust spot, internal 517, 519, 520 size, see Seed size Rwanda, production 797-8, 804 sprout growth and development 252-8 Rye-grasses 392 stenn development 258--60 storage in diffused light 734--6 Sabina (cv.), organic acid content 706 surface area of, as measure of plant Saskia (cv.), effect on oxygen concentration 656 density 296 Saturn a (cv.) in the tropical lowlands 771 carbohydrates 685--6, 687, 688, 695, 696 utility in seed production 271 seed tubers 280 see also Seed Index 901

Senecio vulgaris (Groundsel) 378, 387, 389 symptoms 407 Senescence, premature, causes of 407-8 Sodium, concentration in plants 167 Sethoxydim 381, 392 Soft rots Shape of tuber 513-4 and cut seed 409 and canning 548 geographical distribution 406 and mechanical damage 526--7 and grading 419 Shatter bruise 581 seed tuber decay 405 Shepody (cv.), and mechanical damage 576 and storage temperature 541, 549 Shistocerca gregaria 477 symptoms 406 Shoots and wilting 414 aerial 70 Soil apex structure 71-5 analysis of nutrient content 182-5 apical meristem 71, 74, 75-8 application of chemicals to control disease lateral, effect on yield 70 426 leafy shoot 70 and fertilizer requirements 182 root shoots, response to water deficit 229 moisture, see Soil moisture Sieglinde (cv.), leaf 84 nitrogen index 185 Sieving 587-8 pH, effect on uptake·of plant nutrients 205 Silver scurf porosity 227 and caraway oil 673 potash, and bruising 581 and cut seed 409 sieving 587-8 and early lifting 424 temperature and hollow heart 518 geographical distribution 407 type, and bruising 581 and heating 425 water deficit 222-3 and humidity 423 water potential 230--6 and seed size 321 water uptake from 230--6 and seed tubers 420, 426, 427 and yield 184 and skin blemishes 405, 514 Soil moisture in store 419,420 and brown centre 518 symptoms 407 and dry matter content 523 Sinapis arvenis (Charlock) 378 and growth cracking 516 Sirtema (cv.), glycoalkaloid content 532 Solanum (genus) 13 Size of tuber 513 Solanum abacayense 29 and bruising 581 Solanum acaule and canning 548 and blight resistance 740-1 and dry matter content 524 classification 17, 38, 60 and mechanical damage 526--7 disease resistance 46, 431 statutory standards 578 evolution 55 Sizers 596--9 frost resistance 46, 740 Sizing 595--6 self-pollination 51 electronic, and mechanical damage 526 subsp. acaule 38 Skin subsp. aemulans 38 colour 514-5 subsp. punae 38 strength measurement 582 Solanum acroglossum 28 texture 514 Solanum acroscopicum 29 Skin spot Solanum agrimonifolium 16, 27 and climate 403 Solanum x ajanhuiri and cut seed 409 classification 17, 36, 59 and early lifting 424 and frost tolerance 740 geographical distribution 407 geographical distribution in South and heating 425 America 42 and humidity 423 Solanum alandiae 16, 30 and leaves and buds 416 Solanum albicans 17, 38 and potato eyes 295 Solanum albornozii 28 and seed tubers, 405, 420, 426, 427 Solanum ambosinum 30 and stems 310 Solanum andigenum, sprouting 675 and storage temperature 418, 425 Solanum andreanum 30 symptoms 407 Solanum antipoviczii, tuberization in high Smut 404 temperatures 751 geographical distribution 407 Solanum apurimacense 37 902 Index

Solanum arnezii 15, 24 Solanum x chaucha Solanum astleyi 15, 25 and breeding 50 Solanum avilesii 30 classification 17, 36, 59 Solanum berthaultii geograpJilical distribution in South and breeding 741 America 43 classification 16, 30 Solanum chavinense 25 dormancy 660 Solanull,i chiquidenum 31 insect resistance 46, 491-2 Solanum chomatophilum Solanum boliviense classification 16, 27 classification 15, 25 frost tolerance 740 frost tolerance 740 Solanum circaeifolium 15, 23 Solanum brachistotrichum 15, 19-20 subsp. circaeifolium 23 Solanum brachycarpum 17,40 subsp. quimense 23 Solanum brevicaule Solanum clarum classification 16, 30 chemotaxonomy 53 disease resistance 464 classification 15, 19 frost tolerance 740 Solanum coelestipetalum 31 Solanum brevidens Solanum colombianum 16, 27 and breeding 51,431 Solanum commersonii classification 18 and breeding 50 virus resistance 46, 431 chemotaxonomy 54 Solanum bukasovii classification 15, 22 classification 16, 30 heat and cold tolerance 754 frost tolerance 740 tuberization in high temperatures 751 Solanum bulbocastanum subsp. commersonii 22 blight resistance 740 subsp. malmeanum 22-3 chemotaxonomy 54 Solanum x curtilobum classification 15, 19 and breeding 50 subsp. bulbocastanum 19 classification 17, 37, 60 subsp. dolichophyllum 19 cytology 52 subsp. partitum 19 frost tolerance 740 Solanum cajamarquense 30 geographical distribution in South Solanum calvescens America 43 and breeding 50 Solanum demissum classification 22 blight resistance 46, 357-8, 430 Solanum canasense and breeding 51 classification 16, 30 classification 17, 40 frost tolerance 740 cytology 53, 56 Solanum candolleanum 30 frost tolerance 740 Solanum capsicibaccatum 15, 23 So/an,um diemii 37 Solanum cardiophyllum So/anum x doddsii 31 and breeding 50 Solanum x edinense 41n, 50, 52 chemotaxonomy 53, 54 Solanum etuberosum classification 15, 20 and breeding 51 subsp. cardiophyllum 20 classification 18 subsp. ehrenbergii 20 resistance to leaf roll virus 46 subsp. lanceolatum 20 Solanum fendleri Solanum chacoense chemotaxonomy 53 bacterial resistance 46 classification 17, 39 and breeding 55 evolution 56 classification 15, 24 subsp. arizonicum 39 cold tolerance 733 subsp. fendleri 39 heat tolerance 758 Solanum fernandizianum 18 insect resistance 46, 491 Solanum flahaultii 27 tuberization in high temperatures Solanum gandarillasii 31 751 Solanum goniocalyx 36 wilt resistance 769 Solanum gourlayi subsp. chacoense 24 classification 16, 31, 52 subsp. muelleri 24 potato cyst resistance 457 Solanum chancayense 30--1 subsp. gourlayi 31 Index 903

subsp. pachytrichum 31 classification 16, 32 subsp. saltense 31 wilt resistance 769 subsp. vidaurrei 31 subsp. gigantophyllum 32-3 Solanum guerreroense 17, 40-1 subsp. microdontum 32 Solanum hastiforme 25 Solanum mochiquense 33 Solanum hintonii 20 Solanum molinae 37 Solanum hjertingii Solanum morelliforme browning 531 and breeding 51 classification 17, 39 classification 15, 19 Solanum hondelmanni 16, 31 Solanum moscopanum Solanum hoopessi 31 classification 16, 27 Solanum hougasii 17, 41 cytology 52 Solanum huancabambense 24 Solanum multidissectum Solanum humectophilum 32 classification 16, 33 Solanum hygrothermicum, tuberization in frost tolerance 740 high temperatures 751 nematode resistance 457, 458 Solanum hypacrarthrum 28 Solanum multiinterruptum 16, 33 Solanum imite 32 Solanum navaritense 20-1 Solanum incamayoense 32 Solanum neocardenasii Solanum X indunii 50 classification 16, 33 Solanum infundibuliforme 16, 26 resistance 46 Solanum ingifolium 16, 29 Solanum neorossii 33 Solanum iopetalum 17, 41 Solanum neovalenzuelae 27 Solanum jalcae 28 Solanum nigrum (Black nightshade) 375, Solanum jamesii 378,388 and breeding 50 Solanum ochranthum 18 chemotaxonomy 53 Solanum okadae 16, 33 classification 15, 20 Solanum olmosense 15, 24 Solanum juglandifolium 18 Solanum oplocense Solanum X juzepczukii classification 16, 33 and breeding 50 cytology 52 classification 17, 37, 59 Solanum oxycarpum 16,27 frost tolerance 740 Solanum pampasense 33-4 geographical distribution in South Solanum papita 17, 39 America 43 Solanum paucijugum 27 Solanum kesselbrenneri, tuberization in high Solanum paucissectufin 28 temperatures 751 Solanum phureja Solanum kurtzianum 16, 32 bacterial resistance 46 Solanum laxissimum 27 blight resistance 741 Solanum leptophyes breeding I'Ise 351 ancestor of cultivated potato? 3 classification 17, 36, 57-9 classification 16, 32, 60 disease resistance 431 disease resistance 464 geographical distribution in South Solanum leptostigma 37 America 42 Solanum lesteri 15, 21-2 heat tolerance 751 Solanum lignicaule 15, 23 Solanum pinnatisectum Solanum longiconicum 27 chemotaxonomy 53, 54 Solanum lycopersicoides 18 classification 15, 21 Solanum maglia Solanum piurae 16, 28 and breeding 50 Solanum polyadenium 15, 22 classification 16, 29 Solanum polytrichon Solanum marinasense 32 chemotaxonomy 53 Solanum matehualae 39 classification 17, 39 Solanum medians 16, 32 Solanum raphanifolium Solanum megistacrolobum classification 25-

Solanum sanctae-rosae nematode resistance 456, 457, 458 classification 15, 26 source 6-7 frost tolerance 740 Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum potato cyst resistance 457 classification 17, 37, 60 Solanum sandemanii 34 geographical distribution in South Solanum santolallae America 43 chemotaxonomy 53 nematode resistance 457 classification 16, 27 source 6-7 Solanum schenckii 17, 41 Solanum tuquerrense Solanum X semidemissum and breeding 51 and breeding 50 classification 16, 28 chemotaxonomy 52 Solanum ugentii 34-5 classification 17, 41 Solan'um urubambae 28 Solanum x setulosistylum 34 Solanum x vallis-mexici Solanum sitiens 18 and breeding 50 Solanum sogarandinum 26 chemotaxonomy 53 Solanum solisii 28 classification 17, 40 Solanum sparsipilum Solanum venturii bacterial resistance 46 and breeding 50 classification 16, 34, 60 classification 35 heat tolerance 758 frost tolerance 740 nematode resistance 458 Solanum vernei wilt resistance 769 and breeding 49 subsp. calcense 34 classification 16, 35 subsp. sparsipilum 34 frost tolerance 740 Solanum spegazzinii nematode resistance 457 classification 16, 34 subsp. ballsii 35 potato cyst resistance 457 subsp. vernei 35 Solanum stenophyllidium 21 Solanum verrucosum Solanum stenotomum blight resistance 740 classification 17, 36 and breeding 56 evolution 57, 60 chemotaxonomy 53 geographical distribution in South classification 16, 35 America 42 evolution 57 Solanum stoloniferum Solanum x viirsooi 50 chemotaxonomy 53 Solanum violaceimarmoratum 16, 28 classification 17, 39-40 Solanum virgultorum 35 evolution 55, 56 Solanum weberbaueri 35 insect resistance 46 Solanum ytmgasense 15, 25 virus resistance 46, 431 Solanum X zudaniense 25 subsp. moreliae 40 Somaclonal variation 143, 363 subsp. stoloniferum 40 Somatic hybrids 363-4 Solanum subpanduratum 27-8 Somatic tissues 138 Solanum X sucrense 16, 34 Sonchus arvensis (Perennial sowthistle) 377 Solanum tarijense 15, 24-5 South America Solanum tarnii 15, 21 consumption 801 Solanum toralapanum distribution in 41-3, 45 classification 15, 26 imports and exports 800 frost tolerance 740 source of the potato 1-2 Solanum trifidum Southeast Asian Program for Potato Research chemotaxonomy 53 and Development (SAPRAD) 778 classification 15, 21 Sowthistle, perennial (Sonchus arvensis) 377 Solanum x trigalense 25 Spacing 577 Solanum tuberosum Spacing of seed classification 37, 59 effect on yield 297-8 sweetening 545 irregularities 309-11 Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena row width 306-8 classification 17, 37, 59-60 Species concepts 46-8 geographical distribution in South Specific gravity 521-2, 537 America 43 and bruising 581 Index 905

Spindle tuber 412, 425 and growth 322 Spindle tuber viroid 406 as measure of plant density 312 Splits 580 and number of tubers 312-17 Spodoptera exigua 477 and nutrient uptake 322 Spongospora subterranea and quality and saleability 320-1 geographical distribution 408 relationship with seed rate and tuber yield interaction with other organisms 419, 452 300,302-4 survival and spread 419, 420 and yields 317-20 symptoms 408 Stem-end blackening 533-6 tuber infection during growth 415, 416 Stem nematode, see Ditylenchus dipsaci virus-transmitting 441 Stem rot, causes 407-8 Spraing disease 419, 440 Stems Sprout growth aerial, anatomy 78-81 and development 252-8 clumping 310-11 in diffused-light storage 734---6 decay, causes 407 and irradiation 548 density, see Stem density and respiration 651 development 258-60 in storage 626, 664-5, 676-7 and length of growing season 318 seealso Sprouting; Sprouting period and length of sprouting period 298 Sprouting as measure of plant density 301-6 changes in bud meristem 130-3 nematodes 440 changes in tuber 129-30 optimum densities 319 control in storage 664-5 types 298 and evaporation 629 water potential 232-3, 236 included in storage, effect on air flow 620-1 Stenotycha 477 inhibition, see Sprout inhibition Sterility 48-51 internal 670 Sthenaridea pusiUa 477 period, see Sprouting period Stina (cv.), organic acid content 706 see also Sprout growth Stolons Sprouting period anatomy 88-92 effect on stems 298 apex 87-8 effect on tuber yield 270 development 93-6 Sprout inhibition formation 86--7 and respiration 649-50 Stoma, responses to water deficits 228-30 in storage 665-74 Storage Sprouts allU blackening after cooking 535-6 growth, see Sprout growth canning potatoes 611 inhibition, see Sprout inhibition conditions, see Storage conditions number of, as measure of plant density and evaporation 629-32 295 industrial potatoes 611 stimulation in storage 674---6 losses 608-9 see also Sprouting period, see Storage period Sri Lanka, experiments in 744 practices 871-2 Stalk break, 414 seed crops 285 geographical distribution 408 seed potatoes 609-10 symptoms 408 seed potatoes in diffused light 734 Standards, potato quality 578-9 temperature, see Temperature Staple foods 795 ware potatoes for consumption 610 Starch 611 ware potatoes for processing 610-11 content 108-10, 508, 522 Storage conditions Statistics, production in the tropics 729-31 effect on sprout growth 660-3 Stellaria media (Common chickweed) 377, effect on wound healing 655-7 378 Storage period Stem canker, 424, 426 and bruising 581 geographical distribution 408 and respiration 643-4 and plant spacing 410 Strepomyces scabies symptoms 408 affected by fertilizers? 206 Stem density and cut seed 409 and damage during harvesting 321 geographical distribution 408 economic considerations 323-30 symptoms 408 906 Index

Stresses in the tropical lowlands and dry matter content 522 bacterial diseases 768-70 and evaporation 612 early blight 768 and flowering 134 high temperature 745-58 and formation of wound periderm 111 mineral nutrition and toxicities 763-7 and glycoalkaloids 533 water 758--63 and greening 515-16 Structure industrial potatoes in store 611 potato plant 65 and leaf form 81 root 67-9 and mechanical damage 525 Stubby root nematodes, see Paratrichodorus; and nematode activity 458 Trichodorus and number of sprouts 253 Stunting, causes 406, 411-14 and physiological age 265 Suberization 111-12, 652, 654, 655 in a potato stack 614-16, 617-21 Sucrose in tuber formation 124 and respiration 612, 622, 642 Sugar content 508 seed potatoes in stores 267, 609-10 and irradiation 548 and shoot apical meristem 71 and respiration 544 of a single tuber 613-14 and water deficits 239 and sprout growth 250, 255, 257, 263-5, Sulphur 426 660-1,664,735 content 165-7 and sprout length 256 Sulphuric acid 396 and starch content 108 Super Elite (basic seed grade) 275-7 in the tropical lowlands 745-58 Superior (cv.) and tuber formation 113-15 development 139 ware potatoes for consumption 610 organic acid content 707 ware potatoes for processing 610-11 vitamin content 707 and wound healing 655 Surprise (cv.), and water use 217 Terbuthylazine 390 Survival of pathogens 419-20 Terbutryn 387-8, 389-90 Sutton Bridge Experimental Station 599 Terpenoids, changes during storage 708 Sweetening 540--4 Tetranychidae 490 senescent 545-7 Tetraploids, cultivated species 37, 43 Sweetening in storage Texture 536-9 canning potatoes 611 Thiabendazole 427 industrial potatoes 611 Thiamin 512, 705, 706 seed potatoes 609 Thistles 376 ware potatoes for consumption 610 Thlaspi arvense (Field pennycress) 378, 391 ware potatoes for processing 611 Thripidae 490 Symmetrischema plaesieosema 477, 487, 489 Thrips, 478,490 Symptoms of diseases 406-8 in the tropics 767 Synchytrium endobioticum Thrips palmi 477, 490 geographical distribution 408 Thysanoptera 490 and moisture 409, 415 Tilth requirement 570-1 spread 420 Tissue culture 138-43 survival 419 Tobacco flea beetle (Epitrix hirtipennis) 486 symptoms 408 Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) 406, 420, 440-1, 459,466 Tasso (cv.), tuber quality 536 Tolclofos-methyl 427 46--8, 53-4 Toxicities in the tropical lowlands 763 TeA 380,385 Transpiration 214-16, 228 Tecnazene 671 efficiency 215-18 Telone 426 Transport, field to store 592-3 Temperate zones, potato production 804 Trapping of insects 482-3, 488 Temperature Trichodnridae 441 ambient 616-17 Trichodorus (Stubby root nematodes) and Andean potatoes grown in Europe 7 control of 455, 460, 466 and brown centre 518 geographical distribution 439, 440 and bruising 528, 581 and growth 442 canning potatoes 611 interaction with other organisms 416, 419, and cell layers in the periderm 110 440-1 and dimensions of stored mass 617-21 and roots 441 Index 907

and sugar beet 466 Two-stage harvesting 590-2 Trietazine 388, 390 Tylenchorhynchus 441, 442 Trinidad, experiments in 74~ Ukama (cv.), organic acid content 706 Tripleurospermum inodorum (Mayweeds) Ulster Chieftain (cv.) 377 and growth 844-5 Triploids, cultivated species 36-7, 43 leafy shoot 70, 71 Tropics Ulster Prince (cv.) future production 780 diseases 421 highland production 731--41 plant density 320 lowland production 742-79 Ulster Sceptre (cv.), tuber quality 520 production statistics 729-31 United Kingdom True potato seed (TPS) 9, 286-7, 351, 352 added value 807-8 as planting material in the tropics 774---6 consumption 507, 806-7 Tuber-bearing plants, distinguishing features import restrictions 404 14 marketing 812-14 Tuber flea beetle (Epitrix tuberis) 486 potato production 797-8, 799 Tuberin 510 production economics 808-12 Tuberinin 510 seed production 810-12 Tuberization in culture 118-20 seed production, choice of area 271 Tuber moth, see Phthorimaea operculella seed trade 800 Tuberosa United States Department of Agriculture classification 16-17, 29-37 462 crossability 51 United States of America, potato production cultivated 17, 36-7 797-8 evolution 55, 57 Up-to-Date (cv.) geographical distribution in North and plant density 315 Central America 44 tuber structure 112 geographical distribution in South Urea formaldehyde 426 America 45 USA, see United States of America wild 16, 29-35 USSR Tuber-rot nematode, see Ditylenchus consumption 801 destructor imports and exports 800 Tubers production 796-7 changes at sprouting 129-30 Utilization 799-801 characteristics, see Cultivar characteristics diseases at retail outlets 417-18 Vanessa (cv.) diseases in store 418-19 and growth 823, 825-6 diseases during transport 417 root growth 225 experiments in culture 118-19 Varieties, see Cultivar characteristics formation, factors controlling 113-28 Ventilation formation and development 96-7, 98-113 and evaporation 629-31 infection during growth 414-16 in storage 619, 625-6 infection at lifting 417 Veronica hederifolia (Ivy-leafed speedwell) initiation 844-5 378 morphology 97-8, 354 Verticillium nematodes 440-1 control of 426 number of, effect of plant density 312-17 interaction with fungi 441 pigmentation 74 and irrigation 424 quality, see Quality risk determination 431 seed, see Seed tubers and wilting 413, 414 size, see Tuber size Verticillium albo-atrum structure 105-13 control of 423 symptoms of disease 406-8 geographical distribution 408 yield, relationship with seed rate and plant interaction with other organisms 452 density 300, 302-6 symptoms 408 Tuber size and wilting 414 effect of fertilizer use 206 Verticillium dahliae and respiration 651 control of 423 see also Seed size geographical distribution 408 Tuberworm, see Phthorimaea operculella interaction with other organisms 442, 452 908 Index

Trichodorus cont. and growth 214--19 and senescence 464 loss in storage 627-36 survival 419 potential 228-36 symptoms 408 and root growth 223-28 and wilting 414 and tuber quality 236--41 Verticillium lecanii 494 and tuber quantity 238 Verticillium nubilum 409 uptake from soil 230-6 Verticillium wilt 404,409,413,414,452,455 and yield 219-23 geographical distribution 408 Water deficits symptoms 408 cause of tuber defects 239-40 Viola arvensis (Field pansy) 388 effects on sugar contents 239 Violaxanthin 515 in storage 627-36 Violet root rot stresses in the tropical lowlands 758-63 geographical distribution 407 see also Drought symptoms 407 Water potential 228-36 tuber infection during growth 415 Water use efficiency (WUE), in the tropical Virus elimination lowlands 760-2 by culture 78 Water vapour pressure deficit (WVPD) effect of heat treatment 77-8 627-36 effect of size of explant in meristem Watery wound rot culture 76, 77 geographical distribution 408 Viruses symptoms 408 diseases 272 tuber infection at lifting 417 elimination, see Virus elimination Wavelength of light, and sprout growth 735 geographical distribution 406 Weeds in ~he shoot apex 77 annual 377-8 symptoms 407-9 and changes in cultural pattern 373-4 transmitted by aphids 421, 480 control of 379-94 see also Potato viruses effects of 374-6 Virus Tested Stem Cuttings (VTSC) 271, perennial 376--7 275-7 potato as cleaning crop 374 Visual assessment in breeding 362 potatoes as weeds 396--9 Vitamin B6 705, 706 Weight losses in storage 608 Vitamin C 510-11 Western flea beetle (Epitrix subcrinita) 486 Vitamins West Germany, see Germany changes during storage 704-6 White grubs 486--7 content 510-13 White potato cyst nematode, see Globodera losses in cooking and processing 511-12,803 pal/ida losses in storage 511, 704-6 White Rose (cv.) Voluntce.T cereals 378 dormancy 131 Volunteer oilseed rape 378, 388, 393 and growth 838 Volunteer plants 404, 423, 432 mineral nutrition 166 Volunteer potatoes 377,397-9 tuber development 120 effect on virus levels 396 tuber structure 108 VTSC (Virus Tested Stem Cuttings) 271, Whitewash 427 275-'7 Wild oats (Avena fatua) 378, 381, 392 Wild potatoes, geographical distribution and Ware Prescription 578, 595 habitats 44-6 Ware production, future developments 814 Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) 378 Wart Wilja (cv.) certified seed 405 and intercepted radiation 820 control of 423 mineral nutrition 168-76, 181-2,202 and cut seed 409 seed tubers 270, 280 geographical distribution 408 tuber quality 514 and humidity 419, 429, 430 water use 218 resistance to 429 Wilting survival of pathogens 404 ca uses 406--7, 413-14 symptoms 408 see also Bacterial wilt; VerticiHium wilt Water Windrowing 572-3 deficits, see Water deficits and damage 591 Index 909

and mechanical damage 526 and depth of planting 575 Wireworms 476, 486, 492 and diseased plants 410 Witches' broom 406, 411-12 and farmyard manure 196 Wound healing geographical differences 854 changes in tissue 651-3 and herbicides 380 and chemical treatments 656 influence of lateral shoots 70 and cultivars 653 and irrigation 866--70 and humidity 655 and lime use 766 and irradiation 548 losses caused by disease 404 and maturity 653 measurement of 478 and oxygen and carbon dioxide 656--7 and mechanical weed control 379 periderm formation 111-13, 652 and nitrogen 168-76, 764-5 and physiological state of tuber 653-5 and nitrogen reduction 194, 849-50 requirements for 609 and planting date 856--7, 858 and storage conditions 655-7 and potato cyst nematodes 458 and temperature 655 and root-feeding nematode& 447 and tuber characteristics 653-5 and seed rate 304--6 Wounds and stem density 317-18 effect on respiration 647 and water supply 219-23 healing, see Wound healing and weeds 374-5 types 653 Yungasensa classification 15, 24-5 Xiphinema 442 evolution 55, 56 geographical distribution in South Yellow dwarf virus 406, 411, 416, 421 America 45 Yields breeding for 354 Zinc, content 165-7 and choice of cultivar 853--6 Zineb 428