Volume 7 No 2 (2018) | ISSN 2158-8708 (online) | DOI 10.5195/emaj.2018.134 | http://emaj.pitt.edu

Auditing Techniques to Avoid Cost

Vedat Akman Beykent University, Turkey | [email protected]

Berkan Acar Yalova University, Turkey | [email protected]

Cevdet Kızıl Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey | [email protected]

Volume 10 No 1 (2020) | ISSN 2158-8708 (online) | DOI 10.5195/emaj.2020.210 | http://emaj.pitt.edu |Abstract

Today, we observe the importance of accuracy of financial statements in every . Accounting scandals have

caused important losses both in the macro and micro levels. This issue proves the significance of accuracy. This accuracy is provided by the trust environment. Therefore, it is necessary to provide the required environment of confidence for financial markets to improve and function effectively against increasing accounting frauds gradually. That can only be possible by using different auditing techniques, running inventory counting such as and stock, establishing strong internal controls, managing efficiently and benefiting from technology integrated auditing. The aim of this study is to investigate the most effective auditing techniques to avoid cost accounting frauds. In this research, the most effective auditing techniques for detecting and preventing are investigated by using the case analysis method. Also, the well known scandals related with Olympus, Worldcom, , Sunbeam and Parmalat companies are examined as a part of the case analysis. Finally, recommendations and suggestions regarding fraud prevention methods are presented.

Keywords: Accounting, Cost Accounting, Auditing, Scandals, Fraud

New articles in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License.

This journal is published by the University Library System of the University of Pittsburgh as part of its D-Scribe Digital Publishing Program, and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press.

Volume 10 No 1 (2020) | ISSN 2158-8708 (online) | DOI 10.5195/emaj.2020.210 | http://emaj.pitt.edu

credibility of the information contained in the financial Auditing Techniques to Avoid statements prepared by the business executives. Therefore, auditing should especially intervene at this Cost Accounting Frauds point (Güredin, 1999). Fraud is a significant issue that cannot be Vedat Akman ignored in public enterprises and the private sector. Fraud operations inhibit the operating activities and operating Berkan Acar efficiency of the . Additionally, it weakens Cevdet Kızıl the competitive power of the enterprises and it minimizes the profits as well as services of the companies. Although, the fraud and irregularities have begun very long time ago, it is once again revealed that important I. Introduction measures against fraud and have to be taken. Crises in the United States (U.S.) and Europe, especially Accounting is a science and art that records, the scandal, as well as the financial crises classifies, summarizes, reports and interprets the spreading to the world should be mentioned concerning financial events and transactions expressed in monatary this issue (Kandemir and Kandemir, 2012). terms and notifies results to interested individuals and Fraud is not just peculate. It is at the same time institutions (Kızıl and Kızıl, 2007; Öztürk, 2016). an irregularity, unethical behavior and abuse of power. Accounting reveals an information system that provides Because of this situation, it is almost impossible to reveal common core for management’s success and effective all forms of fraud. The purpose of the audit techniques control in all enterprises. It is of great importance to against fraud and corruption is to take the necessary design, establish and implement the accounting system in precautions and to minimize the damages that will be today’s advanced industrial environments (Şakrak, caused (Emir, 2008). 1997). In this study, we focused on auditing Cost accounting is an account and registration techniques towards cost accounting frauds. Thus, we system that allows the determination and monitoring of tried to investigate the most effective auditing techniques types of costs that make up the cost of manufactured for detecting fraud. Additionally, we attempted to goods or services in terms of their place of origin and determine fraud methods that are commonly used in cost type of related product or service. Also, cost accounting accounting and we also aimed to identify appropriate is one of the sources, where the information necessary to methods for detecting fraud. prepare the budget is provided. The information obtained from cost accounting is not directly used in budgets. II. Literature Review However, forward-looking estimates can be made using this information. It is predicted how the expenditures will Omair and Alturki’s paper (2020) titled “A follow in the future and what the sales volume will be Systematic Literature Review of Fraud Detection Metrics based on the cost data of the past years (Akdoğan, 2014). in Business Processes” emphasized that, fraud is a Futhermore, cost accounting is an accounting leading source of corporate losses, amounting up to 5% system that analyzes the production cost information of yearly . The research findings showed that, a required in the main activities of enterprises. This great portion of research had examined detection metrics information is used in all parts of the management for possible fraud, but less attention had been paid to function from planning to control of production Process-Based Fraud (PBF). Also, the already available activities. At the same time, cost accounting system is PBF detection metrics did not sufficiently address the one of the most important factors determining a firm's needs of separate conceptual perspectives on firm competitive power. Thus, the best way to determine costs processes (Omair and Alturki, 2020). directly relates to firm profitability and the amount of Aslan and Kızıl’s study (2019) titled “Üretim product sales, which provide a direct competitive Maliyetlerinin Denetimine Genel Bir Bakış” stressed advantage (Özay, 1992). that, audit is a very important and critical for businesses Accounting audit is a systematic process that in today's business world. Because, while auditing collects and evaluates evidence objectively in order to prevents asset losses in enterprises, it is also effective in investigate the extent of compliance with predetermined providing efficiency and productivity. At the same time, criteria. In accounting, an auditor is an expert who carries technological advances observed in recent years have out auditing activities, possesses professional knowledge further increased the critical role of auditing. The and experience. Auditors should also act independently production costs of businesses can be controlled with the and possess high moral qualifications required by the help of auditing (Aslan and Kızıl, 2019). profession. An accounting auditor investigates accuracy Research by Kızıl et. al. (2019) titled “İktisadi of financial statements of business and they aim to ve Sosyal Yönleriyle İnovasyon” concentrated on the provide reliable and accurate information to the financial impact of innovation on accounting and auditing statement users such as creditors, business executives and professions. It was mentioned that, auditing techniques prospective investors. Thus, auditing satisfies the need of today were highly integrated with technology. The reliable information for internal and external users. It implemention of modern audit techniques on cost also increases the reliability of financial statements accounting and managerial accounting was dicussed as (Öztürk, 2016). well (Kızıl C. et. al., 2019). It is very important that the financial statements Kızıl and Kaşbaşı (2018) conducted a reseearch related to cost accounting reflect the reality. Information about accounting scandals and fraud titled “Accounting users need to be certified by a third party to increase the

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Scandals and Eye-Catching Frauds: USA-Japan methods as well as techniques for detecting fraud were Comparison by Considering the Role of Auditing". The described. According to the research, fraud is one of the authors underlined the fact that, independent auditing biggest problems in the face of corporations which firms do not always fulfill their duties completely. Thus, prevent them to achieve their aims. Thus, it is essential to legislation was introduced in United States of America minimize errors occuring in financial statements. This (U.S.), Europe and Asian countries, including Japan. case can only be possible by creating a suitable Public oversight bodies were also set up as well. environment and shaping a corporate culture against However, despite the introduced laws, , fraud. Using proactive methods, following the laws and arrangements and public oversight bodies, the risk of regulations, adopting accountability, setting up internal accounting scandals still goes on. This is because laws, control systems and creating a zero tolerance corruption regulations, arrangements and introduction of public culture are all important (Fido, 2016). oversight bodies are delayed and they are not matching Kızıl, Akman and Korkmaz’s research (2015) the demands of changing market conditions. Accounting titled "Marmara Bölgesinde Muhasebe-Denetim scandals and eye-cathing frauds were discussed by Mesleğinin Önemi Üzerine Bir Araştırma" discussed the making a comparison between the U.S. and Japan, while importance of accounting and auditing professions in considering and discussing the role of auditing (Kızıl and Marmara region of Turkey. It was pointed out that, the Kaşbaşı, 2018). significance of accounting and auditing in the World as Kızıl and Doğan’s study (2017) titled “"Audit well as Turkey was now more evident. The reason was Techniques for Protecting against Cyber Attacks: A that, both accounting and auditing were providing several Bilateral Approach of Case Studies and Interview" advantages to a wide range of stakeholders. Private and discussed issues such as risk based audit, Information public sector audit practices were investigated together in Technologies (IT) audit with COBIT, integrated audit, this study (Kızıl, Akman and Korkmaz, 2015). , the COSO framework, big data in Demir’s study (2014) titled “Benford Yasası ve auditing, cloud technologies, internet of things (IOTs), Hile Denetiminde Kullanılması”, investigated the data fraud and theft, classification of data risks, concept and elements of audit as well as fraud. encryption of data, data analytics and log records, as well Furthermore, the Benford’s Law as one of the types of as auditing and ethics relationship. These were listed as controls that can avoid fraud was examined. According contemporary issues related to auditing. Plus, it was to the study, businesses should constitute internal control mentioned that cyber attacks were harming the systems that can prevent fraud and create communication corporations. Thus, auditing techniques to protect against networks which enable employees to report to required cyber attacks were presented. This study benefited from positions about fraud incidents when they suspect. Also, case analysis and an interview with a retired IT fraud control units should be created to prevent fraud and professional as a bilateral approach for data and errors. Moreover, firms should provide environments methodology (Kızıl and Doğan, 2017). where these units can work effectively. Plus, numerical Aslan, Kızıl and Din’s (2017) research titled analysis by using Benford’s Law is a useful tool for "Muhasebe Hata ve Hileleri Üzerinde Etkili Faktörlerin determining the probability of fraud because of its Muhasebe Meslek Etiği Kapsamında Analizi: Yalova detection properties. Thus, the use of other auditing Örneği” focused on the difference between accounting techniques by the auditor with information obtained errors and fraud. Additionally, the negative consequences using Benford’s Law method will help to find out of accounting scandals in the World and Turkey were fraudulent transactions (Demir, 2014). mentioned. The research was conducted on independent Kostova’s study (2013) titled “Audit accountants and certified public accountants (CPAs) Procedures for Disclosure of Errors and Fraud in residing in Yalova province by using the survey Financial Statements of Bulgarian Companies’’ stated the methodology. It was found that, insufficient audit in factors that confirm the formation of frauds and errors in organizations was leading to accounting errors and fraud financial stataements as well as procedures applied in (Aslan, Kızıl and Din, 2017). audit. Also, audit techniques are defined to detect fraud Adalı and Kızıl’s (2017) study titled "A and errors at various audit phases. Based on this research, Research on the Responbility of Accounting the auditing profession is not solely a of meeting the Professionals to Determine and Prevent Accounting demands of individual clients or employers. The Errors and Frauds: Edirne Sample" included a auditor’s role in error and fraud disclosure is not only questionnaire that was distributed to 36 accounting related to compliance with ethical principles, but it is also professionals residing in Edirne city of Turkey. Research tied to high professionalism evinced in response to data were analyzed by the SPSS package program. Study changes in the economic environment that entities revealed several important results and one of them was operate. Auditing procedures should aim to identify especially eye-catching. Most significant and effective misstatements and fraudulent factors. Auditing tool to prevent errors and fraud was indicated as external procedures should also initiate appropriate actions to audit, but and internal control were valued reduce audit risk. However, autitors should apply the as well by the accounting professionals (Adalı and Kızıl, proper techniques to respond to internal and external 2017). factors creating errors as well as frauds (Kostova, 2012). In Fido’s study (2016) titled “Finansal Kandemir and Kandemir’s study (2012) titled Tablolarda Hile Denetimi ve Hileyi Önlemeye Yönelik “Muhasebe Hilelerinin Önlenmesi ve Ortaya Denetim Teknikleri: Türkiye ve AB Uygulamalarının Çıkarılmasında Kullanılan Geleneksel Araç ve Karşılaştırılması”, the most effective techniques and Yöntemler” explained how traditional tools and methods methods were examined both in the prevention of errors can be used more effectively to prevent and detect and in the examination of fraud. Also, importance of accounting frauds. In line with this study, various auditing, the concepts of fraud and the most appropriate problems specific to the accounting-audit sector exist,

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which limit the effective functioning of such business stem from the preparation or concealment of mechanisms. Both factors require the continuous incomplete or fraudulent financial reporting. development and update of traditional mechanisms. In Additionally, the procedure to struggle with corruption is view of the inability of independent auditors to reveal to implement corporate governance effectively and errors and fraud with traditional tools, it is clearly perform the requirements of auditing. Moreover, in order observed that proper coordination and teamwork among to secure the financial reporting process, there is a need the professionals for the discovery of errors and frauds for honest managers, auditors equipped with sufficient are a must. These professionals should not work as information and users with sufficient skills (Erol, 2008). competitors against each other. They should complement each other for the prevention and detection of frauds III. Case Analysis (Kandemir and Kandemir, 2012). Concerning Oyinlola’s research (2010) titled Olympus, Worldcom, Tesco, Sunbeam and “The Role of Auditors in Fraud Detection, Prevention Parmalat companies are examined as part of the case and Reporting in Nigeria”, the role of auditors is analysis and the events leading to these scandals are examined in fraud detection, prevention and reporting. analzyed. These are some of the leading accounting Also, extent of the related auditing procedures is scandals in the World. Thus, they were selected to be investigated. Based on this study, there is a great included in the study. expectation towards auditors’ duties on fraud prevention was established by and detection. The perception is in contrast to the Takeshi Yamashita on October 1919 in Tokyo, Japan. primary purpose of audit as projected in Intenational Olympus is a Japanese firm that produces medical Standard on Auditing (ISA) 200, which only requires imaging equipment and cameras. In 2011, a big inspectors’ comments on the financial statement, but not accounting scandal came to light in Olympus company. the company’s fraud prevention and detection efforts Announcement of the job termination of company's (Oyinlola, 2010). former CEO, Woodford led to the outbreak of Olympus In regards to Kandemir’s paper (2010) titled scandal. After being fired, Woodford made a statement to “Muhasebe Hilelerinin Ortaya Çıkarılmasında ve the press that Olympus forced him to resign from his job Önlenmesinde Bağımsız Denetimin Rolü ve Bağımsız because he interrogated the payment of $687 million in Denetçinin Sorumluluğu”, research was conducted to consulting fees for 2008, when British medical determine whether independent auditors are involved in equipment maker Gyrus purchased $2 billion. It was the discovery and prevention of accounting frauds within found that, Japanese Olympus had hidden its losses for the framework of individual liabilities or joint liability. many years. An independent committee was set up to Also, this study tried to reveal which institutions were examine the company’s accounting operations. In an responsible for accounting scandals, and how they examination of the delegation established to examine the appreciated their share of responsibility. According to the company's accounting processes, it was determined that author, the contribution of all components in the control the company with a 92-year history had used funds and environment and financial reporting process as well as other measures for purchases to postpone the loss-related the ability of independent audit firms to increase the records. In order to hide the losses, Olympus paid 73,4 success and efficiency level are significant (Kandemir, billion yen ($948 million) for the purchase of three 2010). Japanese companies Altis, News Chef and Humalabo Ata, Uğurlu and Altun’s article (2009) titled between 2006 and 2008. It was reported that, Olympus “Finansal Tablo Hilelerinin Önlenmesinde Denetçi had lost 76 percent of its purchase price in March 2009 ( Algılamaları” investigated the potential impact of 55,7 billion yen ) from these three companies. Olympus auditors' demographics on fraud risk indicators. Research company preliminarily could hide these losses by also tried to identify the most significant fraud risk registering their assets between historic cost and fair indicators for audit sample groups. Additionally, auditor market value. When accounting arrangements changed, perceptions of risk factors were compared that could management of the company forced them to book its assist auditors in the prevention of fraudulent financial assets at fair market value. Ultimately, the company statements, taking into account the auditors' socio- created off-balance sheet assets to hide these losses. demographic characteristics. Based on the analysis of Olympus company purchased Gyrus and recorded authors, pressure factor of management had emerged as investment losses as goodwill to complete this plan. the most effective factor for both sample groups. This Consequently, Olympus company was ordered to pay result reveals the importance of relationship between 700 million yen in fines for its role. Also, the accounting board of directors and the audit committee. Also, the scandal hit the company’s shareholders because company factor of management's inability to demonstrate the lost almost 80% of its value. Mr Kikukawa who was a correct approach to internal controls is shown up as one former assistant general manager and the former auditing of the most significant fraud risk indicators based on first officer Mr Yamada were arrested. This scandal now has a sample group. Also, the factor of difficulties in place in the Japanese history as one of the biggest implementing organizational control was perceived as financial frauds (Norris, 2011). one of the most important risk indicators (Ata, Uğurlu Worldcom company was founded in 1983 by and Altun, 2009). . In a time, the market value of the Erol’s manuscript (2008) titled “İşletmelerde company grew to 180 billion dollars in 1990. Worldcom Yaşanan Yolsuzluklara (Hata ve Hileler) Karşı was the second largest U.S. phone company in 1999. A Denetimden Beklentiler”, focused on the corruption issue big accounting scandal showed up in Worldcom and risk factors leading to corruption. Also, expectations company in 2002. Scott Sullivan who had been the chief from the audit operations were investigated. According to financial officer of the corporation was fired after the author, most of the corruption experienced in discovering transfers from operating expenses amounting

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to $3,8 billion in the 5th quarter of January 2001 - March reflect these fraudulent figures which significantly 2002. WorldCom announced that, the profit figures for affected the owners of shares in terms of share prices. In the last 15 months were to be recounted and announced, other words, while the auditor needed to organize a after the previous announcement indicating that the negative audit report considering the total misstatement company had made a profit of $1,4 billion in 2001. The of 32,8%, the auditor described only 16% of the false company reported that, a total of $3,8 billion in corporate pretence as problematic and accordingly prepared a expenses was shown as inadvertently capital investment positive audit report (Hilzenrath, 2001). in 2001 and in the first quarter of 2002. The Worldcom’s Parmalat Company was established in 1961 by auditing company was . Arthur Calisto Tanzi as a milk pasteurization centre in Parma- Andersen realized that, there was maximum risk on Italy. In 1990, the company registered for Milan capital Worldcom. In spite of all this, Arthur Andersen stated markets and it grew to be Italy’s 8th largest company in a that, all accounts were examined and that there were no short time. At the end of 2003, $8 billion deficit came to irregularities. In 1999, when the company was at peak, the foreground due to irregularities in the accounting the stock price was over $64. However, after the scandal records and it became one of the greatest scandals of in 2002, the stocks of firm declined by 9% and the Italy’s history. The reason for the bankruptcy of company went bankrupt (The Guardian, 2002). company was shown as the exhaustion of financial Tesco company as one the largest supermarket resources between the year 1990 which company went to chains of United Kingdom (UK) was established by Jack public and the year 2003 when banktruptcy occured. Cohen in East of London in 1919. A big accounting Financial resources were transferred to offshore and scandal showed up in Tesco company in 2014. Financial special purpose institutions in foreign countries through Conduct Authority (FCA), which is a institution that the banks. The scandal came into being when Bank of regulates and monitors the capital markets in the UK America rejected the €500 million bond payment. investigated Tesco company on the grounds of its Despite the fact that there was €4,2 billion in cash on the irregularities in accounting records. As a result of the company's balance sheet, the company had caused examination, it was determined that the company suspicion. The reason is that, the company had paid €150 overstated its profits in the first half of 2014 by £263 million for current maturity with bank and government million. Tesco company asked to run a . As a result of the examinations initiated on this comprehensive and independent audit. Deloitte basis, it was understood that, approximately €4 billion of completed its audit and examination. It was detected that, the money was in the accounts of Bonlet in the first half of 2014 the firm’s profits were overrated Company which was a subsidiary of Parmalat Company. by £118 million. This figure was £70 million in the 2013. Bonlet Finance Company was located in Cayman In 2014 financial year, this figure was £75 million. As a Islands. However, it was seen that there was no such result, Tesco company had to pay the penalty of £129 money and the company accounts were inflated by €8 million for this accounting scandal and also had to pay billion. That was related with the participation of Bonlet £85 million for a plan to compensate investors. The Finance Company located in Cayman Islands. On this company’s market value decreased significantly because occasion, it was determined by the Italian prosecutors of the mentioned scandal (Chapman, 2020). that, during 15 years there were always irregularities on Another case involves the extensive accounts. The most important factor that sets the ground manipulation of financial statements of Sunbeam for the Parmalat scandal was the inadequacies observed Company, which was headquartered in Florida, U.S. This in the independent audit of the company. Grant Thornton manipulation had two important sources: First was the and Deloitte Touche were accused of not detecting the inconsistent determination of income and the other was fraud in Parmalat (Jucca and Stempel, 2007). creation of funds. The mentioned funds were created to be spent on restructuring after the change in IV. Conclusion and Recommendations management, but these funds were very overrated. In following periods, operating expenses were not Fraud audit gains importance every day implemented to ordinary income of the current period, because of increasing accounting scandals. Accounting but they were instead deducted from the mentioned scandals in businesses have caused significant losses funds. Thus, it was ensured that the income figure would both in the World and Turkey. They have macro and not decrease. Another trouble corcerning the micro impacts. Although fraud prevention is difficult, an determination of income was that, goods that had not audit based on standards and codes of ethics can enable been actually sold were shown as sold and invoiced. to reduce fraud and help for timely detection. Thus, Thus, the sales income was increased. As of the end of corporations should first take their financial statements 1997, Sunbeam company recorded a by $189 under control. For this, corporations need reliable million in its financial statements. However, $62 million financial statements and a powerful cost accounting dollar of this figure was due to fraudulent transactions. system, that is used in all parts of the management These fraudulent figures, created by the company's function from planning to control of production general manager and senior finance manager, caused the activities. The information contained in financial company's share price to rise from US $12 to US $52 in statements prepared by the business must be delivered to the period of 1996-1998. It was stated that, Sunbeam interested parties in a timely, accurate, reliable, firm’s auditor requested only a 16% correction in the understandable, complete and up-to-date manner. figures related to income from company management Independent auditors are needed to provide this through the controls of 1997. This is because, the firm’s tremendous target and to increase investor confidence in auditor analyzed problematic transactions staying out of financial information. 16%, but he did not qualify them as significant. In addition, the independent auditors who audit Therefore, it was understood that the auditor did not the companies must be brought to the intended level by

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providing adequate training before and after the tasks. Chapman, B. (2020). Watchdog Closes Five-Year The reason is that, the independent auditing sector has a Probe into Tesco’s £250m Accounting crucial role in ensuring the trusting environment in Scandal, Independent, financial markets. Independent auditing sector is also https://www.independent.co.uk/news/busi critically important for transparency. Many different ness/news/watchdog-closes-tesco- auditing techniques can be used in fraud audits. When a symptom on the presence of fraud shows up, the subject accounting-scandal-investigation- should be examined in detail with additional audit a9554296.html (Accessed: 22.05.2020). techniques. The essential element to be able to detect the fraud is that, the auditor should in professional Demir, M. (2014). Benford Yasası ve Hile skepticism. In this process, inventory counting such as Denetiminde Kullanılması, cash and stock can be done, the audit techniques applied Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. can be changed, interviews with employees and İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal management can be made and verification can be run. Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Also, establishing strong internal controls and benefiting from technology integrated auditing will definitely help. Emir, M. (2008). Hile Denetimi, Mali Çözüm Dergisi, When a fraud is detected, it should be reported to the No: 86., Mart-Nisan 2008, 110. appropriate administrative level and related parties should face penalties. Also, solutions and Erol, M. (2008). İşletmelerde Yaşanan Yolsuzluklara recommendations should be submitted to the (Hata ve Hileler) Karşı Denetimden management of corporations in this process. The Beklentiler, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, business management should establish a necessary İİBF Dergisi, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 1, 229-237. control System as well. Finally, fraud is a very powerful concept since it can be observed in many formats. Because of this Fido, E. M. (2016). Finansal Tablolarda Hile Denetimi situation, techniques to prevent fraud are as important as ve Hileyi Önlemeye Yönelik Denetim running audits. Internal and external auditors have big Teknikleri: Türkiye ve AB Uygulamalarının roles in detecting, preventing and reporting fraud. These Karşılaştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk are all also valid for manufacturing firms, which are Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, involved in cost accounting practices. Konya.

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