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Tamilnadu Board Class 12 Zoology Chapter 13

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Tamilnadu Board Class 12 Zoology Chapter 13 UNIT - V Environmental 13 Issues CHAPTER Chapter Outline 13.1 Pollution 13.2 Air Pollution 13.3 Water Pollution Environment is my prime teacher 13.4 Noise Pollution - Masanabu Fukuoka 13.5 Agrochemicals 13.6 Biomagnification 13.7 Eutrophication 13.8 Organic Farming and its clean environment is very necessary Implementation to live a peaceful and healthy life. But 13.9 Solid Waste Management A 13.10 Global Environment Change our environment is getting dirty day by day 13.11 Impact on Specific Ecosystem because of our negligence. Earth is currently 13.12 Ozone Depletion facing a lot of environmental concerns like air 13.13 Deforestation 13.14 Ecosan Toilets pollution, water pollution, and noise pollution, 13.15 Peoples Participation in Conservation global warming, acid rain, biomagnification, of Forests eutrophication, deforestation, waste disposal, ozone layer depletion and climate change. Over the last few decades, the exploitation of Learning Objectives our planet and degradation of our environment have gone up at an alarming rate. As our • Gain knowledge about our environment and its actions have not been in favour of protecting importance. • Get to know about the effects and after effects of this planet, we have seen natural disasters human activities on climate and ecosystem. striking us more often in the form of flash • Realize the need and importance of forests. floods, tsunami and cyclones. • Know about eco-friendly practices for pollution mitigation. “Every individual should be environmentally • Acquire insights into solutions to aware, regardless of whether they work with environmental problems. environmental issues or not.” • Understand the need for peoples’ participation in environmental protection. 13.1 Pollution • Know about the global level Pollution is any undesirable change in the conventions on climate change. physical, chemical and biological characteristics • Understand the importance of clean environment. of the environment due to natural causes and human activities. The agents which cause pollution are called pollutants. Pollution is 235 TN_GOVT_XII_Zoology_chapter13.indd 235 25-02-2019 18:46:32 classified according to the types of environment continue to accumulate (biomagnification). that is affected. They are mainly air, water and Toxic elements like lead, mercury, cadmium, soil pollution. chromium and nickel are such common pollutants. 13.1.1 Classification of Pollutants In terms of eco-system, pollutants can 13.2 Air Pollution be classified into two basic groups – Non- Earth is surrounded by a gaseous envelope degradable and degradable. Based on the time which is called atmosphere. The gaseous taken to breakdown into their ingredients, blanket of the atmosphere acts as a thermal degradable pollutants are classified as rapidly insulator and regulates the temperature of degradable (non-persistent) and slowly the earth by selectively absorbing The UV degradable (persistent). rays of solar radiation. The adverse effects a) Rapidly degradable or non-persistent of pollution include depletion of Ozone pollutants: These can be broken down by by Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs, used as natural processes. Domestic sewage and refrigerants and global warming by elevated vegetable waste are examples of such pollutants. CO2 (industries, deforestation, and partial b) Slowly degradable or persistent combustion). pollutants: These are pollutants that remain The alterations or changes in the composition in the environment for many years in an of the earth’s atmosphere by natural or human unchanged condition and take decades or activities (anthropogenic factors) are referred as longer to degrade, as in the case of DDT. Air Pollution. Pollutants include the abundant c) Non-degradable pollutants: These presence of solid, liquid or gaseous substances cannot be degraded by natural processes. produced by human or natural activity. The Once they are released into the environment, nature and concentration of a pollutant they are difficult to be eliminated and determines the severity of detrimental effects Pollutant emissions Lightning Fertilizer Wildfires Volcanoes Oil & Gas Cities Industry, power plants, Airplanes, Cars, Trucks, Sewage treatment Buses and Three & Two wheelers Natural Area Stationary Mobile Fig. 13.1 Sources of air pollution. Environmental Issues 236 TN_GOVT_XII_Zoology_chapter13.indd 236 25-02-2019 18:46:33 on organisms and human health. Along with • Area sources – agricultural - wood / atmospheric factors (humidity, precipitation, stubble burning, fireplaces wind, air currents, altitude) prevailing at a place • Natural sources – wind-blown dust, and time, its effects can be far reaching and wildfires, volcanoes (Fig. 13.1). catastrophic. 13.2.2 Effects of Air Pollution Air pollutants can be • Affects all organisms as they depend on the • discharge of dusts or particulate matter atmosphere for respiration. (PM: 2.5 ,10) • Causes irritation in the throat, nose, lungs • discharge of gases (SO2, NO2, CO, CO2) and eyes. It causes breathing problems and Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced mainly aggravates existing health conditions such due to incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. as emphysema and asthma. Automobiles are major causes of CO pollution • Contaminated air reduces the body’s in large cities and towns Automobile exhausts, defense mechanism and decreases the fumes from factories, emission from power body’s capacity to fight other infections plants, forest fires and burning of fire-wood in the respiratory system. contribute to CO pollution. • Frequent exposure to polluted air increases With rapid urbanization, major amount of the risk of cardiovascular diseases. carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide (SO2) is Breathing air that is filled with fine released in the atmosphere. From automobiles, particulate matter can induce hardening of aeroplanes, power plants and other human the arteries, triggering cardiac arrhythmia activities that involving the burning of fossil or even a heart attack. fuels (coal, oil etc.,) CO is the main pollutant 2 • People who exercise outdoors can that is leading to global warming. sometimes be susceptible to adverse effects Nitrogen oxides are also major air of air pollution because it involves deeper pollutants. Fossil fuel combustion and and faster breathing. Hence it is advisable to automobiles exhausts are the source of walk or jog in the mornings in places with nitrogen oxides. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen ample tree cover. oxides are the major causes of acid rain. • Gas leaks can be lethal or affect the quality Particulate matters are tiny particles of of air in the affected area. solid matter suspended in a gas or liquid. • CO in the atmosphere interferes with O Combustion of fossil fuels, fly ash produced 2 transport since haemoglopin has greater in thermal power plants, forest fires, asbestos affinity for carbon monoxide. At low mining units, cement factories are the main concentration it causes headache and sources of particulate matter pollution. blurred vision. In higher concentration, it 13.2.1 Sources can lead to coma and death. The main sources of air pollution are: • Transport sources (Fig13.1) – cars, buses, Sameer, an App provides airplanes, trucks, trains hourly updates on the • Stationary sources – power plants, National Air Quality Index incinerators, oil refineries, industrial (AQI) published by CPCB. facilities, and factories 237 Environmental Issues TN_GOVT_XII_Zoology_chapter13.indd 237 25-02-2019 18:46:33 13.2.3 Other notable effects of Air 13.2.4 Control of Air Pollution Pollution Certain measures help to remove pollutants, Smog is a type of air pollution caused by reduce their presence or prevent their entry into tiny particles in the air. The word comes from the atmosphere. a mixture of the words smoke and fog . • Trees are the best remedy for urban Today, smog generally refers to photochemical particulate and gaseous pollution smog, which is created when sunlight reacts • Forests act as carbon sinks and lungs of with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic the planet compounds found in fossil fuel emissions • Catalytic converters in vehicles help to from automobiles, factories, and power plants. reduce polluting gases drastically These reactions create ground-level ozone and • Diesel exhaust filters in automobiles cuts particulate matter, reducing visibility. Smog particulates can make breathing more difficult, especially for people with asthma. • Electrostatic precipitators reduce release of industrial pollutants. Smog also affects plants and animals. It damages crops as well as causes health • Cost effective air pollution treatment problems in pets, farm animals and human systems like indoor plants and high beings. Smog has also been known to cause performance biofilters can improve corrosive damage to buildings and vehicles. indoor air quality. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a secondary pollutant present in photochemical smog. It The Taj Mahal, a UNESCO world is thermally unstable and decomposes into heritage site, is facing deterioration and peroxyethanol radicals and nitrogen dioxide damage by industrial gases due to several gas causing eye irritation. industrial units around Agra. The white Global warming: Increase in the marble has decolorized to yellow. concentrations of greenhouse gases such as 13.2.5 Legal Protection CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs, and ozone causes greenhouse effect, warming of the • The Air (Prevention and Control of earth, resulting in sea level rise, submerging of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1981 and islands and sea shores
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