DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter Six Corporal Punishment in Hong Kong

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter Six Corporal Punishment in Hong Kong THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL Colonial Penality: A Case Study of Hong Kong’s Penal Policy and Programmes under British Administration (1945-1997) being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of PhD in Criminology in the University of Hull by Samson Chan, MA (Leicester) April 2012 Colonial Penality: A Case Study of Hong Kong’s Penal Policy and Programmes under British Administration (1945-1997) Abstract: Penal policies and programmes for the control and management of offenders have always been essential in maintaining law and order in the colonial setting. Hong Kong, being one of the few remaining British crown colonies in the twentieth century, is used as an example in this thesis to illustrate how colonial penality was developed after the Second World War. Penal policies and programmes in Hong Kong divorced gradually from the British practices after the Second World War and ended with significant differences in 1997 when Hong Kong was handed back to China. This thesis explores in detail how penal policies and programmes were developed in Hong Kong from 1945 to 1997. Roles of the British administrators in London and Hong Kong, local elites and the community at large in the policy making process are studied and suggestions given to explain why Hong Kong only transported certain penal policies and programmes from England after the War. The differences in timing for the implementation of these adopted policies as well as penal policies and programmes which were developed entirely locally are examined. This former British colony is claimed to be one the safest cities in Asia. Penal policies and programmes in Hong Kong are used to explain how they contributed towards the maintenance of law and order in Hong Kong and their relationship with the interwoven political, social, cultural and economical factors and social institutions which helped transforming Hong Kong into a world class city whilst under the British administration. This case study of colonial penality in post-War penal policy and programme development in Hong Kong would provide insights and contributions in the fields of historical and comparative penology. Samson Chan April 2012 Colonial Penality: A Case Study of Hong Kong’s Penal Policy and Programmes under British Administration (1945-1997) Table of Contents Table of Contents / Appendices p. i - vi Acknowledgements p. vii - viii Preface p. ix – xii Introduction p. 1 - 27 Part I Penal System in Hong Kong Chapter One p. 28 - 49 Hong Kong Penal Policies and Programmes Prior to 1945 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Birth of the Prison in Hong Kong 1.3 Hong Kong’s Penal Policy and Practices in the 1930s 1.4 Hong Kong Prison under Japanese Administration 1.5 Conclusion Chapter Two p. 50 - 88 Post War Developments of the Prisons / Correctional Services Department 2.1 Introduction 2.2 From Military Administration to the Prisons Department i 2.3 Prisons from 1946 to 1973 2.4 The 1973 Stanley Prison Riot and the Subsequent Changes 2.5 From Prisons to Correctional Services Department 2.6 The Vietnamese Saga 2.7 The Illegal Immigrants 2.8 Conclusion Chapter Three p. 89 - 125 Management of Young Offenders after the War 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Stanley Reformatory 3.3 The Training Centres 3.4 The Detention Centres 3.5 The Young Prisoners 3.6 Half-way Houses for Young Offenders 3.7 Young Offender Assessment Panel 3.8 Conclusion Chapter Four p. 126-155 Management of Adult Offenders after the War 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Japanese War Criminals 4.3 Adult Prisoners after the War 4.4 The Drug Addiction Treatment Centre Programme 4.5 The Release under Supervision Scheme ii 4.6 The Post Release Supervision Scheme 4.7 Conclusion Chapter Five p. 156-190 Death Sentence, Execution and Life Imprisonment 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Executions in Hong Kong prior to 1941 5.3 Executions in Hong Kong after the War 5.4 Commutation of Death Sentences and the Life Sentences 5.5 Debates on Executions in Hong Kong 5.6 Change of Sovereignty and the Death Sentence Debate 5.7 The Abolition of Death Sentence in Hong Kong 5.8 Conclusion Chapter Six p.191-231 Corporal Punishment in Hong Kong 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Corporal Punishment in Hong Kong prior to 1941 6.3 Corporal Punishment in Hong Kong after 1945 6.4 Corporal Punishment Policy in Post War Hong Kong 6.5 Conclusion Part II Penal Policy in Post War Hong Kong Chapter Seven p.232-270 The Colonial Office, the Parliament and Colonial Penality iii 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Colonial Office and the Colonies 7.3 The Advisory Committees on Colonial Penal Matters 7.4 The Colonial Office and Hong Kong’s Penal Development (1939-1967) 7.5 Parliamentary Interests on Hong Kong’s Penal System 7.6 Conclusion Chapter Eight p.271-309 Penal Policy in Post-War Hong Kong (1945-1969) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Political Scene of Hong Kong after the War 8.3 The Social, Cultural and Economic Scene in Hong Kong 8.4 Major Law and Order Issues in Hong Kong -Crimes in Hong Kong -The 1956, 1966 and 1967 Riots 8.5 Penal Policies in Hong Kong (1945-1969) 8.6 Conclusion Chapter Nine p.310-345 Balancing Security and Disciplinary Welfare (1970-1981) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Hong Kong Society in the 1970s 9.3 Crime Wave in the 1970s 9.4 The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) 9.5 Penal Policy Initiatives in Hong Kong during the 1970s -Preventive Detention iv -Suspended Sentence in Hong Kong -Disciplinary Welfare and the Prisons Department 9.6 Conclusion Chapter Ten p.346-379 Penal Policy and the Change of Sovereignty (1982-1997) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Hong Kong Society before the Handing Over of Sovereignty 10.3 Law and Order Situation before the Handing Over 10.4 Penal Policies in England (1982-1997) 10.5 Penal Policies, Human Rights and Related Issues in Hong Kong -Community Services Order – the New Approach in Penal Policy Legislation -The Hong Kong Bill of Rights -Last Minutes Legislation before the Handing Over – the Long Term Prison Sentences Review Mechanism 10.6 Benchmarking Hong Kong’s Penal Policy and System in 1997 10.7 Conclusion Conclusion p.380-393 Appendices p.394-428 Bibliography p.429-446 v Table of Appendix Appendix A: Penal Population / Imprisonment Rate and Staff Strength (1946-1997) Appendix B: The 1845 Regulations for the Government of Her Majesty’s Gaol on the Island of Hong Kong Appendix C: Framework Agreement made between Secretary for Security and Commissioner of Correctional Services and Programmes of Correctional Services Department (1993) Appendix D: Training Centre Admissions (1948–2000) Appendix E: Annual Success Rates for Correctional Services Department’s Young Offender Programmes (aged below 21) (1988-1999) Appendix F: Hong Kong Population Pyramids (1967, 1972, 1977 and 1982) Appendix G: Detention Centre Admissions (1972-2000) Appendix H: Drug Addiction Treatment Centre Admissions – by sex (1970-2000) Appendix I: List of Prisoners Executed in Hong Kong (1946-1966) Appendix J: Offenders Sentenced to Corporal Punishment in Hong Kong (1945-1990) Appendix K: Offences for which Corporal Punishment may be Awarded vi Acknowledgements Many people have contributed in one way or another in helping me to complete this thesis. My wife, Rita, is however the prime force in realising my dream of putting down the history of the Hong Kong penal system on record. Her encouragement and support had provided me with the necessary motivation to complete this task even at time when I was in doubt for ever being able to finish this thesis. I must mention Professor Carol Jones in the acknowledgements as she had inspired me to look for academic advancement in the area of penology. She had encouraged me to learn more on this subject as well as to contribute on what I have learnt to those working in the correction profession and academics interested in the penal history of Hong Kong. When I was thinking of taking up a full-time PhD programme shortly before my retirement, I have consulted Professor Jones for advice and she had promptly referred Professor Peter Young to me who had kindly agreed to be my PhD supervisor. Professor Young and Dr Helen Johnston, my PhD co-supervisor, have pointed out to me the proper direction of my research. I am forever grateful for their unfailing support, guidance and tolerance rendered to me throughout these years. In researching into the penal history of Hong Kong, I have received extremely helpful assistance from the Security Bureau; the Government Records Service and in particular the Correctional Services Department of the Hong Kong Government. vii These Government Bureau and Departments had given me the permission to review and referring to some of their records and documents in conducting my research. My special thanks also go to Ms Catherine Fell, librarian of the HM Prison Service Staff College, United Kingdom for locating the related Hong Kong papers from the College’s collection for my research. Finally, I must thank Ms Kirsty Norman for allowing me to refer to and quote her father, former Commissioner of Prisons Norman’s unpublished memoirs in my thesis. This thesis is of my own work and every effort has been made to ensure the correctness of information contained in this thesis. If there are mistakes in this thesis, the responsibility is entirely mine. viii Preface I started my career as a young Prison Officer with the then Prisons Department in Hong Kong in 1974. I worked in the Department for 32 years and retired from the Correctional Services Department in 2006 with the rank of Assistant Commissioner.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hong Kong Final Report
    Urban Displacement Project Hong Kong Final Report Meg Heisler, Colleen Monahan, Luke Zhang, and Yuquan Zhou Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 Research Questions 5 Outline 5 Key Findings 6 Final Thoughts 7 Introduction 8 Research Questions 8 Outline 8 Background 10 Figure 1: Map of Hong Kong 10 Figure 2: Birthplaces of Hong Kong residents, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 11 Land Governance and Taxation 11 Economic Conditions and Entrenched Inequality 12 Figure 3: Median monthly domestic household income at LSBG level, 2016 13 Figure 4: Median rent to income ratio at LSBG level, 2016 13 Planning Agencies 14 Housing Policy, Types, and Conditions 15 Figure 5: Occupied quarters by type, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 16 Figure 6: Domestic households by housing tenure, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 16 Public Housing 17 Figure 7: Change in public rental housing at TPU level, 2001-2016 18 Private Housing 18 Figure 8: Change in private housing at TPU level, 2001-2016 19 Informal Housing 19 Figure 9: Rooftop housing, subdivided housing and cage housing in Hong Kong 20 The Gentrification Debate 20 Methodology 22 Urban Displacement Project: Hong Kong​ | ​1 Quantitative Analysis 22 Data Sources 22 Table 1: List of Data Sources 22 Typologies 23 Table 2: Typologies, 2001-2016 24 Sensitivity Analysis 24 Figures 10 and 11: 75% and 25% Criteria Thresholds vs. 70% and 30% Thresholds 25 Interviews 25 Quantitative Findings 26 Figure 12: Population change at TPU level, 2001-2016 26 Figure 13: Change in low-income households at TPU Level, 2001-2016 27 Typologies 27 Figure 14: Map of Typologies, 2001-2016 28 Table 3: Table of Draft Typologies, 2001-2016 28 Typology Limitations 29 Interview Findings 30 The Gentrification Debate 30 Land Scarcity 31 Figures 15 and 16: Google Earth Images of Wan Chai, Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • ICC – Rising High for the Future of Hong Kong 3. Conference
    ctbuh.org/papers Title: ICC – Rising High for the Future of Hong Kong Author: Tony Tang, Architect and Project Director of ICC, Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited Subjects: Architectural/Design Building Case Study Keywords: Building Management Connectivity Construction Design Process Façade Fire Safety Mixed-Use Passive Design Urban Planning Vertical Transportation Publication Date: 2016 Original Publication: Cities to Megacities: Shaping Dense Vertical Urbanism Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished © Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Tony Tang ICC – Rising High for the Future of Hong Kong 环球贸易广场——香港未来新高度 Abstract | 摘要 Tony Tang Architect and Project Director of ICC | ICC建筑师和项目总监 Standing at 484 meters, Sun Hung Kai’s ICC is the tallest building in Hong Kong and currently the Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited 7th tallest in the world. ICC does not only add to the stock of the tall buildings in Hong Kong, it 新鸿基地产发展有限公司 also helps to transform the once barren West Kowloon district into a new business, cultural and Bangkok, Thailand transportation hub of Hong Kong. The building and its associated amenities have been planned 曼谷，泰国 and developed over a decade-long period. This has shown a careful master planning and Tony Tang graduated from The University of Hong Kong and has since practiced architecture and project management for collaborative execution among the developer, architect, engineers and facility managers. This over 25 years. Mr. Tang has participated in a number of major paper details the history, the concept and design of ICC as well as how the continuous devoted commercial and composite development projects in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Beijing.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Hong Kong
    Modern Hong Kong Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History Modern Hong Kong Steve Tsang Subject: China, Hong Kong, Macao, and/or Taiwan Online Publication Date: Feb 2017 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.280 Abstract and Keywords Hong Kong entered its modern era when it became a British overseas territory in 1841. In its early years as a Crown Colony, it suffered from corruption and racial segregation but grew rapidly as a free port that supported trade with China. It took about two decades before Hong Kong established a genuinely independent judiciary and introduced the Cadet Scheme to select and train senior officials, which dramatically improved the quality of governance. Until the Pacific War (1941–1945), the colonial government focused its attention and resources on the small expatriate community and largely left the overwhelming majority of the population, the Chinese community, to manage themselves, through voluntary organizations such as the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. The 1940s was a watershed decade in Hong Kong’s history. The fall of Hong Kong and other European colonies to the Japanese at the start of the Pacific War shattered the myth of the superiority of white men and the invincibility of the British Empire. When the war ended the British realized that they could not restore the status quo ante. They thus put an end to racial segregation, removed the glass ceiling that prevented a Chinese person from becoming a Cadet or Administrative Officer or rising to become the Senior Member of the Legislative or the Executive Council, and looked into the possibility of introducing municipal self-government.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Record of Proceedings
    HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL — 30 November 1994 1117 OFFICIAL RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS Wednesday, 30 November 1994 The Council met at half-past Two o'clock PRESENT THE PRESIDENT THE HONOURABLE JOHN JOSEPH SWAINE, C.B.E., LL.D., Q.C., J.P. THE CHIEF SECRETARY THE HONOURABLE MICHAEL LEUNG MAN-KIN, C.B.E., J.P. THE FINANCIAL SECRETARY THE HONOURABLE SIR NATHANIEL WILLIAM HAMISH MACLEOD, K.B.E., J.P. THE ATTORNEY GENERAL THE HONOURABLE JEREMY FELL MATHEWS, C.M.G., J.P. THE HONOURABLE ALLEN LEE PENG-FEI, C.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE MRS SELINA CHOW LIANG SHUK-YEE, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE MARTIN LEE CHU-MING, Q.C., J.P. DR THE HONOURABLE DAVID LI KWOK-PO, O.B.E., LL.D., J.P. THE HONOURABLE NGAI SHIU-KIT, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE PANG CHUN-HOI, M.B.E. THE HONOURABLE SZETO WAH THE HONOURABLE TAM YIU-CHUNG THE HONOURABLE ANDREW WONG WANG-FAT, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE LAU WONG-FAT, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE EDWARD HO SING-TIN, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE FONALD JOSEPH ARCULLI, O.B.E., J.P. 1118 HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL — 30 November 1994 THE HONOURABLE MRS PEGGY LAM, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE MRS MIRIAM LAU KIN-YEE, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE LAU WAH-SUM, O.B.E., J.P. DR THE HONOURABLE LEONG CHE-HUNG, O.B.E., J.P. THE HONOURABLE JAMES DAVID McGREGOR, O.B.E., I.S.O., J.P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Portrayal of Female Officials in Hong Kong Newspapers
    Constructing perfect women: the portrayal of female officials in Hong Kong newspapers Francis L.F. Lee CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG, HONG KONG On 28 February 2000, the Hong Kong government announced its newest round of reshuffling and promotion of top-level officials. The next day, Apple Daily, one of the most popular Chinese newspapers in Hong Kong, headlined their full front-page coverage: ‘Eight Beauties Obtain Power in Newest Top Official Reshuffling: One-third Females in Leadership, Rarely Seen Internationally’.1 On 17 April, the Daily cited a report by regional magazine Asiaweek which claimed that ‘Hong Kong’s number of female top officials [is the] highest in the world’. The article states that: ‘Though Hong Kong does not have policies privileging women, opportunities for women are not worse than those for men.’ Using the prominence of female officials as evidence for gender equality is common in public discourse in Hong Kong. To give another instance, Sophie Leung, Chair of the government’s Commission for Women’s Affairs, said in an interview that women in Hong Kong have space for development, and she was quoted: ‘You see, Hong Kong female officials are so powerful!’ (Ming Pao, 5 February 2001). This article attempts to examine news discourses about female officials in Hong Kong. Undoubtedly, the discourses are complicated and not completely coherent. Just from the examples mentioned, one could see that the media embrace the relatively high ratio of female officials as a sign of social progress. But one may also question the validity of treating the ratio of female officials as representative of the situation of gender (in)equality in the society.
    [Show full text]
  • Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020
    Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Supported by Surveyed by © Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 4 Contents Foreword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5 3.15 Netherlands 76 Methodology 6 3.16 Norway 77 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.17 Poland 78 3.18 Portugal 79 SECTION 1 3.19 Romania 80 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9 3.20 Slovakia 81 3.21 Spain 82 SECTION 2 3.22 Sweden 83 Further Analysis and International Comparison 33 3.23 Switzerland 84 2.1 How and Why People are Paying for Online News 34 3.24 Turkey 85 2.2 The Resurgence and Importance of Email Newsletters 38 AMERICAS 2.3 How Do People Want the Media to Cover Politics? 42 3.25 United States 88 2.4 Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: 3.26 Argentina 89 Problems Mount for Regional and Local News 47 3.27 Brazil 90 2.5 How People Access News about Climate Change 52 3.28 Canada 91 3.29 Chile 92 SECTION 3 3.30 Mexico 93 Country and Market Data 59 ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE 3.31 Australia 96 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.32 Hong Kong 97 3.02 Austria 63 3.33 Japan 98 3.03 Belgium 64 3.34 Malaysia 99 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.35 Philippines 100 3.05 Croatia 66 3.36 Singapore 101 3.06 Czech Republic 67 3.37 South Korea 102 3.07 Denmark 68 3.38 Taiwan 103 3.08 Finland 69 AFRICA 3.09 France 70 3.39 Kenya 106 3.10 Germany 71 3.40 South Africa 107 3.11 Greece 72 3.12 Hungary 73 SECTION 4 3.13 Ireland 74 References and Selected Publications 109 3.14 Italy 75 4 / 5 Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) The coronavirus crisis is having a profound impact not just on Our main survey this year covered respondents in 40 markets, our health and our communities, but also on the news media.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmfully Isolated Criminalizing Sex Work in Hong Kong
    HARMFULLY ISOLATED CRIMINALIZING SEX WORK IN HONG KONG Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2016 Cover photo: Tourists stroll through the red light district in Hong Kong, 10 January 2012. Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons © DPA Germany (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2016 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: ASA 17/4032/2016 Original language: English a mnesty.org CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 2. METHODOLOGY 12 3. SEX WORK IN HONG KONG 13 3.1 Venues for sex work 14 3.2 The number of sex workers 15 3.3 Reasons for engaging in sex work 15 3.4 Sexual health and access to services 16 3.5 The criminalization of sex work 17 4. POLICING OF SEX WORK 19 4.1 Extortion for money or sexual services 20 4.2 Reciept of sexual services as an investigatory technique 22 4.3 Entrapment 23 4.4 Obtaining confessions through coercion or deception 27 4.5 Failure to inform suspects of their rights 29 4.6 Condoms as evidence 31 4.7 Electronic communications as evidence 33 4.8 Abuses against transgender sex workers 33 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report
    Transport and Housing Bureau The Government of the Hong Kong SAR FINAL REPORT Consultancy Services for Providing Expert Advice on Rationalising the Utilization of Road Harbour Crossings In Association with September 2010 CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR PROVIDING EXPERT ADVICE ON RATIONALISING THE UTILISATION OF ROAD HARBOUR CROSSINGS FINAL REPORT September 2010 WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES LIMITED CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR PROVIDING EXPERT ADVICE ON RATIONALISING THE UTILISATION OF ROAD HARBOUR CROSSINGS FINAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Title Page 1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Report Structure ............................................................................................................. 1-3 2 STUDY METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Overview of methodology ............................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 7-stage Study Methodology ........................................................................................... 2-2 3 IDENTIFICATION OF EXISTING PROBLEMS ............................................................. 3-1 3.1 Existing Problems
    [Show full text]
  • Barrier Free Conditions of Mass Rapid Transit Stations in Hong Kong
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Muroran-IT Academic Resource Archive Barrier Free Conditions of Mass Rapid Transit Stations in Hong Kong 著者 OSAKAYA Yoshiyuki, AOYAMA Takeshi, RATANAMART Suphawadee journal or Proceedings of TRANSED 2010 publication title volume 2010 number A078 page range 1-10 year 2010-06-02 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10258/1148 Barrier Free Conditions of Mass Rapid Transit Stations in Hong Kong 著者 OSAKAYA Yoshiyuki, AOYAMA Takeshi, RATANAMART Suphawadee journal or Proceedings of TRANSED 2010 publication title volume 2010 number A078 page range 1-10 year 2010-06-02 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10258/1148 BARRIER FREE CONDITIONS OF MASS RAPID TRANSIT STATIONS IN HONG K ONG Osakaya Yoshiyuki ，Muroran Institute of Technology Muroran ，Japan ，E-mail : osakaya@mmm .muroran-i t. ac .jp Aoyama Takeshi ，Muroran City Council Muroran ，Japan ，E-mail : t-aoyama@beige .plala .or .jp Ratanamart Suphawadee ， King Mongkut Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok ，Thailand ，E-mail : nuibooks@yahoo .com SUMMARY In In Hong Kong ，it is estimated that aging will be rapidly going on after 2010 Increase Increase of the elderly means increase of the disabled . In Hong Kong ， there are 3 KCR lines (East Li ne ，West Li ne and Ma On Shan Li ne) and 7 MTR lines (Kwun Tong Li ne ，Tsuen Wan Li ne ， Island Li ne ，Tsueng Wan 0 Li ne ，Tung Chung Li ne ， Airport Airport Li ne and Disneyland Li ne) in 2006 This This study firstly made the actual conditions of barrier free at all 81 stations clear It It secondly made problems clear .
    [Show full text]
  • GEO REPORT No. 282
    EXPERT REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE PROPOSED GEOPARK IN HONG KONG GEO REPORT No. 282 R.J. Sewell & D.L.K. Tang GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING OFFICE CIVIL ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION EXPERT REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE PROPOSED GEOPARK IN HONG KONG GEO REPORT No. 282 R.J. Sewell & D.L.K. Tang This report was originally produced in June 2009 as GEO Geological Report No. GR 2/2009 2 © The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region First published, July 2013 Prepared by: Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and Development Department, Civil Engineering and Development Building, 101 Princess Margaret Road, Homantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong. - 3 - PREFACE In keeping with our policy of releasing information which may be of general interest to the geotechnical profession and the public, we make available selected internal reports in a series of publications termed the GEO Report series. The GEO Reports can be downloaded from the website of the Civil Engineering and Development Department (http://www.cedd.gov.hk) on the Internet. Printed copies are also available for some GEO Reports. For printed copies, a charge is made to cover the cost of printing. The Geotechnical Engineering Office also produces documents specifically for publication in print. These include guidance documents and results of comprehensive reviews. They can also be downloaded from the above website. The publications and the printed GEO Reports may be obtained from the Government’s Information Services Department. Information on how to purchase these documents is given on the second last page of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China
    UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title The Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9j3546s0 Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 8(1) Author Chua, Christine Publication Date 1990 DOI 10.5070/P881021965 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California THE SINO-BRITISH AGREEMENT AND NATIONALITY: HONG KONG'S FUTURE IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Christine Chua* I. INTRODUCTION On July 1, 1997, the United Kingdom will officially relinquish its sovereignty over Hong Kong' to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The terms for the transfer of governmental control are set forth in the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Govern- ment of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong (hereinafter, "Joint Declaration"), which was signed by rep- resentatives for both governments on December 19, 1984. The terms likewise appear in the Memoranda exchanged by the United 2 Kingdom and PRC governments on the signing date. Set forth in the Joint Declaration is the PRC's intent to estab- lish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). 3 Rules for implementing the separate government of the Hong Kong SAR are also enumerated. 4 The creation of the Hong Kong SAR is au- thorized by a provision in the PRC Constitution' originally in- * J.D., 1989, UCLA School of Law; B.A., 1985, Cornell University.
    [Show full text]
  • . . 93 If You Have Issues Viewing Or Accessing This File Contact Us At
    --_._. If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. , , EXPRRTS' PAPERS INNER LONDON PROBATION AND AFTER-CARE SERVICE cover. This is an issue to which the courts anything to jeopardise taking part in the offenders but we also believe that we have previously removed. In addition, he has make no reference when imposing driving race, not just from the team-mate, but begun to ask the right questions. been known to take buses and articulated bans, and it is often only when the offend­ from all the project members. Occasionally, Offering to offenders the free facility lorries. He was at one time made the sub­ er tries to run a car legitimately that he the group decides to suspend a member for of using welding, paint-spraying, body­ ject of a Hospital order by the court-and discovers the full extent of the penalties a limited time if his behaviour puts others building and engine tuning equipment and drove himself home from hospital in an incurred. at risk, but on reinstatement, he is again making profeSSional instruction available ambulance! In one appearance before the Whilst these broadly educative aspects given opportunities to be trusted and make has at times understandably provoked crown court, he was harangued at length of the programme were being established, a constructive cC'r'tributiofl. Banger-racing some resentment among the law-abiding and very severely by the judge on the un­ those involved were actively searching for offers competition, companionship, sports­ neighbours who complain that it pays acceptability of this kind of behaviour, and some legitimate driving outlet for those manship, excitement and achievement in youngsters to become auto-crime offenders.
    [Show full text]