DOCSLIB.ORG

Runaway Youth: Caring for the Nation's Largest Segment of Missing Children Thresia B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Runaway Youth: Caring for the Nation's Largest Segment of Missing Children Thresia B CLINICAL REPORT Guidance for the Clinician in Rendering Pediatric Care Runaway Youth: Caring for the Nation’s Largest Segment of Missing Children Thresia B. Gambon, MD, MPH, MBA, FAAP,a Janna R. Gewirtz O’Brien, MD, FAAP,b COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS The largest segment of missing children in the United States includes abstract runaways, children who run away from home, and thrownaways, children who are told to leave or stay away from home by a household adult. Although aCitrus Health Network, Miami, Florida; and bDepartment of Pediatrics, estimates vary, as many as 1 in 20 youth run away from home annually. These University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota unaccompanied youth have unique health needs, including high rates of Clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics benefit from expertise and resources of liaisons and internal (AAP) and external trauma, mental illness, substance use, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted reviewers. However, clinical reports from the American Academy of infections. While away, youth who run away are at high risk for additional Pediatrics may not reflect the views of the liaisons or the organizations or government agencies that they represent. trauma, victimization, and violence. Runaway and thrownaway youth have high Drs Gambon and Gewirtz O’Brien drafted, reviewed, and revised the unmet health care needs and limited access to care. Several populations are manuscript, approved the final manuscript as submitted, and agree to at particular high risk for runaway episodes, including victims of abuse and be accountable for all aspects of the work. neglect; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth; and youth The guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking in protective custody. Pediatricians and other health care professionals have into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. a critical role to play in supporting runaway youth, addressing their unique All clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics health needs, fostering positive relationships within their families and with automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, other supportive adults, and connecting them with available community revised, or retired at or before that time. resources. This report provides clinical guidance for pediatricians and other This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have filed health care professionals regarding (1) the identification of adolescents who conflict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through a process are at risk for running away or being thrown away and (2) the management of approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of the unique medical, mental health, and social needs of these youth. In Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication. partnership with national, state, and local resources, pediatricians can DOI: significantly reduce risk and improve long-term outcomes for runaway youth. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3752 Address correspondence to Thresia B. Gambon. E-mail: tbgambon@ me.com PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). INTRODUCTION Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Pediatrics The largest segment of missing children in the United States includes FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no runaways, children who run away from home, and thrownaways, children financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. who are told to leave or stay away from home by a household adult.1,2 This report aims to provide clinical guidance for pediatricians regarding (1) the To cite: Gambon TB, Gewirtz O’Brien JR, AAP COMMITTEE identification of adolescents who are at risk for running away or being ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS. Runaway Youth: thrown away and (2) the management of the unique medical, mental Caring for the Nation’s Largest Segment of Missing health, and social needs of these youth. Children. Pediatrics. 2020;145(2):e20193752 Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 24, 2021 PEDIATRICS Volume 145, number 2, February 2020:e20193752 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS There has been a considerable a runaway episode occurs when state and by study population. As amount of research conducted in the a child leaves home without noted previously, NISMART-3 area of runaway and thrownaway permission and stays away overnight estimated a prevalence of running youth since the 2004 publication of for at least 1 night (for children away of 5.3 per 1000 children.2 In the previous clinical report “The younger than 15 years) or 2 nights another study, published in 2006 on Pediatrician’s Role in the Prevention (for children 15 years or older). A the basis of data from the 1996 wave of Missing Children.”3 This clinical thrownaway episode occurs when of the National Longitudinal Study of report expands on the previous a child is asked or told to leave the Adolescent Health, authors reported report’s discussion of youth who run home by a household adult or is that 6.4% of youth (nearly 850 000) away in the United States. Although prevented from returning home by had run away in the 12 months estimates of the prevalence of a household adult for at least 1 night before the 1996 survey.6 By using the running away vary depending on when no adequate alternative care is data from the National Longitudinal definitions, methodology, and arranged.2 Survey of Youth (1997 cohort), it was population, the 2013 National found that nearly 1 in 5 youth ran Runaway and thrownaway episodes Incidence Studies of Missing, away before age 18. A school-based are grouped together because youth Abducted, Runaway, and survey of Minnesota youth in grades often fall into both categories. Thrownaway Children (NISMART-3), 8 through 11 revealed that between Information varies depending on released by the US Office of Juvenile 4% and 7% of students had run away who is interviewed regarding the Justice and Delinquency Prevention in at least once in the previous year.7,8 circumstances; youth do not always 2017, estimated that 413 000 view the circumstances the same way Each report of a missing child made children ran away or were thrown as the guardians and/or parents to law enforcement is required by away in 2013, at a rate of 5.3 per 1000 do.20 Twenty-two percent of youth federal law to be entered into the children, comparable to previous described the episode as Federal Bureau of Investigation NISMART cycles.2,4 Other studies a combination of running away and National Crime Information Center have estimated that between 5% being thrown out.20 In this report, the (National Center for Missing and and 8% of adolescents run away 21 – term “runaway” is used to refer to Exploited Children [NCMEC]). Some every year.5 8 It is important that both categories, although the term of the reports may be regarding the pediatricians understand this “thrownaway” is occasionally used to same child because a report can be population so they can better serve be consistent with the data. made each time a child is missing. In these youth and families in clinical 2017, 464 000 reports were made practice and in the community setting. Runaways may not always be into this database. One role of the classified as missing children, making NCMEC, the national clearinghouse Unaccompanied adolescents who run it difficult to quantify the problem. and resource center for missing and away or who are asked to leave home Many runaways are not considered exploited children, is to help with have unique health needs. Before missing because guardians and/or finding these children. In 2017, the running away, many have learning parents know the whereabouts of the NCMEC assisted with more than disabilities, struggle with mental youth. Youth who run away may stay illness, experience school failure, or 27 000 cases, including 25 000 with friends or other family 21 engage with peer groups who 1,20 runaways (missingkids.org). 9 members. In addition, some participate in high-risk behaviors. runaways may not be reported The Runaway Safeline, (1–800- Many have experienced abuse or RUNAWAY), formerly known as the 10–13 missing because the guardians and/ neglect before running away. or parents are not looking for them. National Runaway Switchboard, is While away, these unaccompanied There is a small category of children a federally funded national resource minors are at high risk for who are permanently abandoned and that provides services to youth and victimization and violence; substance are often not included in data because their families (https://www. use; risky sexual behavior, including they may not be reported as missing.1 1800runaway.org/). The Safeline survival sex; further absenteeism allows runaway and homeless youth from school; and other or their parents to call for assistance DEMOGRAPHICS associated negative health or guidance; attain 24-hour referrals 9–11,14–19 consequences. The total number of youth who run to community resources, including away is difficult to measure for shelter, food banks, legal assistance, a number of reasons, including and social services agencies; and seek
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Runaway and Homeless Youth: Demographics and Programs
    Runaway and Homeless Youth: Demographics and Programs -name redacted- Specialist in Social Policy January 20, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov RL33785 Runaway and Homeless Youth: Demographics and Programs Summary There is no single definition of the terms “runaway youth” or “homeless youth.” However, both groups of youth share the risk of not having adequate shelter and other provisions, and may engage in harmful behaviors while away from a permanent home. These two groups also include “thrownaway” youth who are asked to leave their homes, and may include other vulnerable youth populations, such as current and former foster youth and youth with mental health or other issues. Youth most often cite family conflict as the major reason for their homelessness or episodes of running away. A youth’s relationship with a step-parent, sexual activity, sexual orientation, pregnancy, school problems, and alcohol and drug use are strong predictors of family discord. The precise number of homeless and runaway youth is unknown due to their residential mobility and overlap among the populations. Determining the number of these youth is further complicated by the lack of a standardized methodology for counting the population and inconsistent definitions of what it means to be homeless or a runaway. Estimates of the homeless youth exceed 1 million. Estimates of runaway youth—including “thrownaway” youth (youth asked or forced to leave their homes)—are between 1 million and 1.7 million in a given year. From the early 20th century through the 1960s, the needs of runaway and homeless youth were handled locally through the child welfare agency, juvenile justice courts, or both.
    [Show full text]
  • Premarital Cohabitation As a Pathway Into Marriage
    Premarital cohabitation as a pathway into marriage. An investigation into how premarital cohabitation is transforming the institution of marriage in Ireland. Athlone as a case study. Ashling Jackson, M.A. PhD in Social Science (Sociology) National University of Ireland, Maynooth. Dept. of Sociology May 2011 Head of Department: Dr. Jane Gray Supervisor: Dr. Jane Gray Table of Contents Dedication ..................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... ix List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................ xii Summary .......................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction - Setting the Scene.....................................................................................3 Chapter One - Premarital cohabitation and marriage in Irish society: A new social terrain 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Changing family patterns in Ireland .......................................................................... 10 1.2.1 Changing marriage patterns in Ireland ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Runaway and Homeless Youth for Vocational Rehabilitation Professionals
    PRACTICE BRIEF Vocational Rehabilitation Youth Technical Assistance Center AN INTRODUCTION TO RUNAWAY AND HOMELESS YOUTH FOR VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION PROFESSIONALS By Darla Bardine, JD, and Andrew Palomo, National Network for Youth BRIEF OVERVIEW This brief aims to develop Vocational Rehabilitation Professionals’ awareness and knowledge related to serving young people with disabilities who experience homelessness. It also provides guidance on building collaborative relationships with Runaway and Homeless Youth (RHY) service providers to assist youth with disabilities in accessing available services and support. Consider how the contents of this brief are relevant to your current work by reflecting on the following questions: • Have you served young people who were experiencing homelessness? • Have you asked homeless young people about their needs? • Are you willing to meet youth “where they are at”? • Have you had young clients who have struggled with transportation and/or had difficulty being on-time for appointments? • Have you had young clients who have not had parental support and/or vital government documents, such as a valid government identification, social security card, or birth certificate? • Do you know who the local RHY service providers are? If so, do you have a relationship with at least one person on their staff? OCTOBER 2020 INTRODUCTION professionals can find a RHY provider near their service area using the online directory The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity available at: https://www.acf.hhs.gov/fysb/ Act of 2014 (WIOA) aims to expand programs/runaway-homeless-youth. Due employment opportunities for individuals to a high rate of youth with disabilities who with disabilities, including individuals with experience homelessness (Sullivan and developmental or intellectual disabilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Runaway & Homeless Youth
    RUNAWAY & HOMELESS YOUTH Annual Report 2018 Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor Sheila J. Poole, OCFS Commissioner Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 2 Background ................................................................................................................................ 4 The RHY Service System .......................................................................................................... 5 Residential Programs ............................................................................................................. 5 Non-Residential Programs ...................................................................................................... 6 2018 Residential RHY Program Data ......................................................................................... 6 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 6 Program Capacity and Admissions ......................................................................................... 7 Characteristics of Youth Admitted to Certified Residential RHY Programs ............................. 8 Sex ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Gender Identity ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Culture and Trauma Brief V2 N1 2007
    Culture and Trauma Brief V2 n1 2007 Trauma Among Homeless Youth Joe is a 17-year-old who has been living on the streets for three months. Joe was removed from his home when he was about five years old because his mother had a significant substance abuse problem and he had been physically abused by several of her boyfriends. Joe has lived in various foster care settings and group homes, but he got into fights with his peers and transferred frequently due to anger management problems. He ran away from the most recent group home because he said he didn’t want to continue living with people who didn’t really care about him. He thinks he has completed school up to the ninth grade, but it is hard to The Culture and Trauma know, since he changed schools so often due to his various placements. Briefs series serves to He currently lives in a “squat”—an abandoned building—with a group of support the NCTSN other homeless youth he calls his family. Joe panhandles for money and commitment to raising admits to shoplifting to get food. He drinks alcohol and uses drugs the standard of care for whenever he has the opportunity, but he doesn’t think that he has a traumatized children, substance abuse problem. Joe knows that there are programs for their families, and their homeless youth in his area, but he’s reluctant to get services because he communities by is afraid of being returned to a group home. He has gone to a drop-in highlighting the diversity center a couple of times for food and clothes and just to hang out; he says of needs and experiences of those that he feels safe there because “the staff are cool and don’t ask too many children, families, and questions.” Although Joe hasn’t had any contact with his mom in years, he communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Oversight Hearing on Runaway and Homeless Youth. Hearing Before the Subcommitte on Human Resources of the Committee on Education and Labor
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 264 452 CG 018 680 TITLE Oversight Hearing on Runaway and Homeless Youth. Hearing before the Subcommitte on Human Resources of the Committee on Education and Labor. House of Representatives, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C. House Committee on Education and Labor. PUB DATE 25 Jul 85 NOTE 186p.; Serial No. 99-23. PUB TYPE Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Adolescents; Children; *Child Welfare; Family Problems; Federal Programs; Hearings; *Homeless People; Legislation; *Runaway5; Youth Agencies; *Youth Programs IDENTIFIERS Congress 99th; *Runaway and Homeless Youth Act 1974 ABSTRACT This document contains witnesses testimonies from the Congressional hearing on runaway and homeless youth calledto examine the problem of runaway children and the relationship betweenrunaway and missing children services. In his opening statement Representative Kildee recognizes benefits of theRunaway and Homeless Youth Act. Six witnesses give testimony: (1) June Bucy, executive director of the National Network of Runaway and Youth Services; (2) Dodie Livingston, commissioner of the Administration for Children. Youth and Families, Department of Health and Human Services; (3) Mike Sturgis, a former runaway; (4) Ted Shorten, executive director, Family Connection, Houston, Texas; (5) Twila Young;a family youth coordinator, Iowa Runaway, Homeless, and Missing Youth Services Network, Inc.; and (6) Dick Moran, executive director of Miami Bridge, Miami, Florida. Witnesses praise the Runaway andHomeless Youth Act, giving examples of the successful programs funded by this act. June Bucy describes the increasing need forrunaway youth services and their funding. Twila Young discusses the lack ofrunaway services in rural areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Promising Strategies to End Youth Homelessness
    PROMISING STRATEGIES TO END YOUTH HOMELESSNESS Report to Congress u.s. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children, Youth, and Families Family and Youth Services Bureau Report to Congress on Promising Strategies to End Youth Homelessness A Review of Research Table of Contents I. Introduction 2 The Runaway and Homeless Youth Act 5 Background 6 II. Understanding the Problem 10 Who Are Homeless Youth? 10 Pathways to Homelessness 13 Prevalence ofthe Problem 17 Duration of Homelessness 18 Street Life and Homeless Youth 18 III. Theoretical Perspectives 21 Youth Development Perspectives 21 Ecological-Developmental Perspective on Youth Homelessness 25 Risk Amplification Model 26 Life Cycle Model ofYouth Homelessness 28 IV. Interventions to Prevent Youth Homelessness 29 Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect 30 Reducing Violence and Delinquency Among Juveniles 32 Supporting Successful Transitions to Independent Living 36 V. Interventions to Ameliorate Homelessness 42 Principles for Effective Intervention Practice 43 RHYA Outreach and Gateway Services 45 Sheltering and Stabilizing Homeless Youth 48 Providing Targeted Supportive Services to Homeless Youth 58 VI. Implications for Policy and Program Development 61 Programs and Policy Goals and Options 62 VII. Conclusion 74 Appendix - directory of Federal Agency programs 76 References 83 I. INTRODUCTION Youth homelessness has profound consequences reaching well beyond individual youth and their immediate families. Indeed, negative impacts from
    [Show full text]
  • Runaway and Throwaway Youth: Time for Policy Changes and Public Responsibility Ira Colby University of Houston - Main, [email protected]
    Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk Volume 2 Article 4 Issue 1 Human Trafficking 2011 Runaway and Throwaway Youth: Time for Policy Changes and Public Responsibility Ira Colby University of Houston - Main, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk Recommended Citation Colby, Ira (2011) "Runaway and Throwaway Youth: Time for Policy Changes and Public Responsibility," Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 4. Available at: http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol2/iss1/4 The Journal of Applied Research on Children is brought to you for free and open access by CHILDREN AT RISK at DigitalCommons@The exT as Medical Center. It has a "cc by-nc-nd" Creative Commons license" (Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives) For more information, please contact [email protected] Colby: Runaway and Throwaway Youth Introduction A quick glance at Cindy (name and other identifying information have been changed) and one would guess she was in her late 20s, maybe her early 30s. Looking closely, there was no sparkle in her eyes and her demeanor was sad with little affect; she just looked tired and worn out, her hair stringy as it fell to her shoulders from underneath a dirty and worn wool cap. But Cindy was not in her mid-to-late 20s or early 30s; she was 16 years old. She had been thrown out of her home by her mother two years earlier. It was a cold January night when she was first told to leave.
    [Show full text]
  • Runaway and Homeless Youth Management Information System (RHYMIS) 3.0 Data Collection Instrument
    Runaway and Homeless Youth Management Information System (RHYMIS) 3.0 Data Collection Instrument This instrument is for recording and reporting the profiles of youth, their critical issues, and the services received through the Runaway and Homeless Youth (RHY) programs as authorized by the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act (P.L. 108-96). [To replace RHYMIS 2.2 OMB Control No: 0970-0123 ] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Administration on Children, Youth and Families (ACYF), Family and Youth Services Bureau (FYSB). RHYMIS 3.0 Data Collection Instrument This data collection instrument is for recording and reporting information about service providers and the needs, critical issues and support received by the runaway and homeless youth who they are tasked to serve. These outreach, emergency and transitional shelter programs are authorized by the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act (P.L. 108-96) which was reauthorized in 2008. The Statute also governs the basic requirements for this collection effort as follows: “(7) shall keep adequate statistical records profiling the youth and family members whom it serves (including youth who are not referred to out-of-home shelter services), except that records maintained on individual runaway and homeless youth shall not be disclosed without the consent of the individual youth and parent or legal guardian to anyone other than another agency compiling statistical records or a government agency involved in the disposition of criminal charges against an individual runaway and homeless youth, and reports or other documents based on such statistical records shall not disclose the identity of individual runaway and homeless youth;” Version 3.0 of this collection instrument represents a new frontier as HHS stands in support of the Opening Doors: Federal Strategic Plan to End Homelessness.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth at Risk: Understanding Runaway and Exploited Youth. INSTITUTION National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Washington, DC
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 307 533 CG 021 696 AUTHOR Burgess, Ann Wolbert TITLE Youth at Risk: Understanding Runaway and Exploited Youth. INSTITUTION National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Washington, DC. SPONS AGENCY Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquent Prevention (Dept. of Justice), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Sep 86 CONTRACT 86-MC-CX-K003 GRANT 84-JN-AX-K010 NOTE 53p.; Prepared in cooperation with 4.1 University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) -- Reports - Research /Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Adolescents; *Family Problems; *High Risk Persons; Intervention; Missing Children; Prevention; 1.Runaways; *Youth Problems ABSTRACT This document describes a study of runaways (N=149) at a Toronto, Canada shelter which examined why urban adolescents run away from home; the role of sexual abuse in the life histories of runaways; and why runaways return home. The report begins with a discussion about adolescents at risk, with a definition of terms, numbers of runaways, and a new look at runaway youth. The second chapter describes major study findings about the adolescents examined, including life at home, abuse history, and an overall profile. A case study is included. The third chapter discusses patterns, reasons, consequences, and cycles of running. Three aspects of providing help if the cycle of running is to be broken and the youth directed toward achievement are discussed: (1) intervention considerations;(2) levels of intervention for short-term programs; and (3) the use of drawings as an interview and assessment technique. Creating a positive future for the runaway is the topic of the fifth chapter, which focuses on understanding the problem, public recognition of the problem, reorganizing agency relationships, and research and program evaluation.
    [Show full text]
  • Different Definitions of Homelessness by State
    National Network for Youth | 741 8th Street, SE | Washington, DC 20003 page i www.nn4youth.org | [email protected] | 202.783.7949 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 State Definitions of Homelessness and Homeless Youth............................................. 2 Alabama......................................................................................................................................... 2 Alaska............................................................................................................................................ 2 Arizona........................................................................................................................................... 2 Arkansas........................................................................................................................................ 2 California....................................................................................................................................... 3 Colorado........................................................................................................................................ 3 Connecticut................................................................................................................................... 3 Delaware.......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Family Reunification Among Two Groups of Runaway Adolescents Utilizing Emergency Shelters," Journal of Family Strengths: Vol
    Journal of Family Strengths Volume 8 Issue 1 Article 9 2005 Family Reunification among woT Groups of Runaway Adolescents Utilizing Emergency Shelters Sanna J. Thompson Liliane Cambraia Windsor Kim Zittel-Palamara Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/jfs Recommended Citation Thompson, Sanna J.; Windsor, Liliane Cambraia; and Zittel-Palamara, Kim (2005) "Family Reunification among Two Groups of Runaway Adolescents Utilizing Emergency Shelters," Journal of Family Strengths: Vol. 8 : Iss. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/jfs/vol8/iss1/9 The Journal of Family Strengths is brought to you for free and open access by CHILDREN AT RISK at DigitalCommons@The Texas Medical Center. It has a "cc by-nc-nd" Creative Commons license" (Attribution Non- Commercial No Derivatives) For more information, please contact [email protected] Thompson et al.: Family Reunification among Two Groups of Runaway Adolescents Util Family Reunification among Two Groups of Runaway Adolescents Utilizing Emergency Shelters Sanna J. Thompson, Liliane Cambraia Windsor, and Kim Zittel- Palamara Limited research has addressed reunification of runaway youths with their families following an emergency shelter stay; however, recent studies have shown that those who reunify with their families following a shelter stay have more positive outcomes than those relocated to other residences. This study evaluated differences between two samples of runaway youth utilizing youth emergency shelters in New York (n = 155) and Texas (n = 195) and identified factors associated with reunification among these two groups of adolescents. Less than half (43.7%) of the youths were reunited with their families.
    [Show full text]