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Roberto Clemente: Breaking Barriers for Latinos in Major League

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Roberto Clemente: Breaking Barriers for Latinos in Major League Roberto Clemente: Breaking Barriers for Latinos in Major League Baseball and Beyond Jeana Kim-Bolt Junior Division Historical Paper Paper Length: 2315 "I want to be remembered as a ballplayer who gave all he had to give."1 ‒Roberto Clemente Professional athletes are generally people whom fans all over the world admire and try to emulate. However, Roberto Clemente, a native Puerto Rican baseball star during the late 1950s and 60s, was mocked, teased, and discriminated against for being a black, Spanish-speaking foreigner, despite his phenomenal talents. Although not as well-known as Jackie Robinson, Clemente’s perseverance and heroic, barrier-breaking efforts through adversity have proven equally important to Latinos as Robinson’s achievements were to blacks. Clemente became a role model for Latin American children everywhere and helped to improve the acceptance and treatment of Latino baseball players and Latino citizens in our country. Tragically, he died young in a plane crash while on a rescue mission, but his legacy lives on. Roberto Clemente Walker was born on August 18, 1934 in Carolina, Puerto Rico.2 He was an athletic child, and particularly excelled at baseball, the passion of Puerto Rico. As an adult, he recalled, “When I was a little kid, the only thing I used to do was play ball all the time. With a paper ball, with a rubber ball, with a tennis ball.” One of Clemente’s old neighbors insisted that whenever she saw him, he’d be throwing something or playing catch, even by himself.3 He continued to improve in the sport and by the age of 17, he was playing for los Cangrejeros de Santurce‒the Santurce Crabbers‒in the Puerto Rican minor leagues.4 1 “Beyond Baseball: The Life of Roberto Clemente.” Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, ​ ​ Smithsonian, www.robertoclemente.si.edu/english/virtual_legacy.htm. ​ ​ 2 Brudevold-Newman, Ben. “A Roberto Clemente Timeline.” National Public Radio, 30 Apr. 2006, ​ ​ www.npr.org/2006/04/30/5369952/a-roberto-clemente-timeline. ​ 3 Maraniss, David. Clemente: The Passion and Grace of Baseball’s Last Hero. Simon and Schuster, 2006, pp. 21-22. ​ ​ 4 “Roberto Clemente.” National Baseball Hall of Fame, baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/clemente-roberto. ​ ​ ​ ​ 2 During his successful stint with the Cangrejeros, Clemente caught the eye of Major League scouts. In 1954, Clemente was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers‒Jackie Robinson’s team‒for a $10,000 bonus, a lot at that time, and joined their Triple-A minor league team in Montreal. His bonus, however, exceeded the $4,000 maximum for a minor league position, a violation of baseball rules, so the Dodgers were forced to release him. He was chosen, instead, by the Pittsburgh Pirates and that was a fateful decision. At the time, the Pirates were a bad team, coming off the worst season of all the teams in the National League. Because they needed to start over with new players, Clemente earned a starting spot in the outfield and he debuted in the Major Leagues on April 17, 1955. That year, he achieved a respectable batting average of .255. He would stay with the Pirates throughout the rest of his career.5 "Everyone knows I've been struggling all my life. I believe that every human being is equal, but one has to fight hard all the time to maintain that equality.”6 In Puerto Rico, a multicultural society, Clemente’s race wasn’t a big issue. In the USA, though, he learned that it was. During his first spring training with the Pirates in Bradenton, Florida, when Clemente was 20, he experienced the open racism, segregation, and Jim Crow laws he had previously only heard about. While in Florida, Clemente’s team stayed at the segregated Bradford Hotel, so he and three other black and Latino players were forced to find 5 Jamail, Milton. “Roberto Clemente.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, updated 14 Aug. 2019, ​ ​ www.britannica.com/biography/Roberto-Clemente and Zimniuch, Fran. Shortened Seasons: The Untimely Deaths of ​ ​ Major League Baseball’s Stars and Journeymen. Taylor Trade Publishing, 2007, pp. 19. ​ 6 “Beyond Baseball: The Life of Roberto Clemente.” 3 different, inferior, lodging.7 That was just the beginning. Once he began as a professional player, the press frequently made fun of his Spanish accent and imperfect grammar, ridiculing his English comments and interviews. Journalists would purposely misspell words the way he pronounced them, such as “I heet ball” instead of “I hit the ball,” making him seem inferior and less intelligent.8 Another quote was written as “I no play so gut yet. Me like hot weather, veree hot.”9 Clemente later insisted that he had never started sentences with “me,” making the quote not just inappropriate, but dishonest.10 They would also Americanize Clemente’s name against his will. Many of his baseball cards read “Bob Clemente,” even though he hated that name. There weren’t many black or Latino players in the Major Leagues at the time, and there were no black or Latino members of the press, so people had little understanding or respect for his heritage.11 To Puerto Ricans and other American Latinos, Roberto Clemente was already a local hero and therefore bore the burden to act like one. Like most ballplayers, he had to avoid scandal in his personal life to protect his position on the team. He was a family man who never attracted unwanted attention for selfish mistakes. On November 14, 1964, Clemente married Vera Cristina Zabala in San Juan, Puerto Rico. They stayed together for the remainder of his life and were devoted parents to three children‒Roberto Jr., Luis Roberto, and Enrique Roberto.12 7 “Clemente Meets Jim Crow.” American Experience, WGBH Educational Foundation, ​ ​ www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/roberto-clemente-meets-jim-crow/. ​ 8 Boehme, Gerry. Roberto Clemente: The Pride of Puerto Rico. Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, 2016, pp. 44, ​ ​ Olmstead, Mary. Roberto Clemente. Raintree, 2005, pp. 36, and “Roberto or Bobby Clemente?” American ​ ​ ​ Experience, WGBH Educational Foundation, ​ www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/roberto-clemente-roberto-or-bobby-clemente/, ​ 9 Boehme, Gerry. Roberto Clemente: The Pride of Puerto Rico, pp. 44. ​ ​ 10 Beschloss, Michael. “Clemente, The Double Outsider.” HistorySource, New York Times, 19 June 2015, ​ ​ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/20/upshot/clemente-the-double-outsider.html. ​ 11 “Roberto or Bobby Clemente?”. 12 Brudevold-Newman, Ben. “A Roberto Clemente Timeline” and Clemente Family. Clemente: The True Legacy of ​ an Undying Hero, pp. 12. ​ 4 On the field, besides confronting racism, Clemente also had numerous health issues. As a result, many people claimed he was a hypochondriac, someone who complains about minor ailments. He wasn’t, though. His injuries included back pains following a horrible car accident in 1954, a severely hurt arm in 1959, a contraction of malaria in 1965, and arthritis in his neck, which occurred throughout his career. In reaction to this, he had a logical response: “You think I’m a hypochondriac? A hypochondriac cannot produce. I produce.” Clemente’s brother, Justino Clemente Walker, proclaimed, “People used to say he was a [hypochondriac]. But he was tough. He played through a lot of painful things. The American press didn’t understand that.”13 "Always, they said Babe Ruth was the best there was. They said you’d really have to be something to be like Babe Ruth. But Babe Ruth was an American player. What we needed was a Puerto Rican player they could say that about, someone to look up to and try to equal."14 Clemente played exceptionally well in the late 50s, but his talents were still not fully recognized or appreciated. His team, however, improved significantly during those years. The Pirates were the worst team in the National League when he debuted in 1955. By 1960, though, the Pirates won the National League Pennant. Clemente batted an exceptional .310 in the World Series and Pittsburgh went on to defeat the mighty New York Yankees in seven games.15 The American press clearly didn’t appreciate his talent, however. Despite batting a solid .314 that season, and having a higher slugging percentage and more runs batted in than the top two 13 Clemente Family. Clemente: The True Legacy of an Undying Hero. Penguin Group, 2013, pp. 24, 29-30 and ​ ​ Zimniuch, Fran. Shortened Seasons: The Untimely Deaths of Major League Baseball’s Stars and Journeymen, pp. ​ ​ 21. 14 “Beyond Baseball: The Life of Roberto Clemente.” 15 “Roberto Clemente.” National Baseball Hall of Fame, baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/clemente-roberto. ​ ​ ​ ​ 5 vote-getters, Clemente only came in eighth for the National League Most Valuable Player award. 16 Each year following, he continued to bat over .310, but remained overlooked for individual honors. It wasn’t until 1966 that he finally became MVP, a year he batted .317, hit 29 home runs, and drove in 119 runs. Throughout his career, Clemente was also a very good fielder, especially known for his throwing arm.17 Over the following six years, Clemente only got better. In his 18-year Major League career, he won 12 straight Golden Glove awards for his outstanding work in right field, had 12 All-Star game selections, won four National League batting titles, and was the 11th player at the time to reach 3,000 hits. This was a great accomplishment, considering the thousands of players who had played before him.18 Even today, 3,000 hits is the mark of a surefire Hall of Famer. The Pirates were a solid team for most of the 1960s and were feared by the end of the decade. Despite his advanced age of 37 and continuing injuries, Clemente’s defining moments as a baseball player shone through in the 1971 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles.
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