OSU-Tulsa Library Archives Michael Wallis Papers Billy the Kid Writings
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Federal Relief Programs in the 19Th Century: a Reassessment
The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Volume 19 Issue 3 September Article 8 September 1992 Federal Relief Programs in the 19th Century: A Reassessment Frank M. Loewenberg Bar-Ilan University, Israel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw Part of the Social History Commons, Social Work Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Loewenberg, Frank M. (1992) "Federal Relief Programs in the 19th Century: A Reassessment," The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare: Vol. 19 : Iss. 3 , Article 8. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol19/iss3/8 This Article is brought to you by the Western Michigan University School of Social Work. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Federal Relief Programs in the 19th Century: A Reassessment FRANK M. LOEWENBERG Bar-Ilan University Israel School of Social Work The American model of the welfare state, incomplete as it may be, was not plucked out of thin air by the architects of the New Deal in the 1930s. Instead it is the product and logical evolution of a long histori- cal process. 19th century federal relief programsfor various population groups, including veterans, native Americans, merchant sailors, eman- cipated slaves, and residents of the District of Columbia, are examined in order to help better understand contemporary welfare developments. Many have argued that the federal government was not in- volved in social welfare matters prior to the 1930s - aside from two or three exceptions, such as the establishment of the Freed- man's Bureau in the years after the Civil War and the passage of various federal immigration laws that attempted to stem the flood of immigrants in the 1880s and 1890s. -
Chapter 13: Settling the West, 1865-1900
The Birth of Modern America 1865–1900 hy It Matters Following the turmoil of the Civil War and W Reconstruction, the United States began its transformation from a rural nation to an indus- trial, urban nation. This change spurred the growth of cities, the development of big busi- ness, and the rise of new technologies such as the railroads. New social pressures, including increased immigration, unionization move- ments, and the Populist movement in politics, characterized the period as well. Understanding this turbulent time will help you understand similar pressures that exist in your life today. The following resources offer more information about this period in American history. Primary Sources Library See pages 1052–1053 for primary source Coat and goggles worn in a readings to accompany Unit 5. horseless carriage Use the American History Primary Source Document Library CD-ROM to find additional primary sources about the begin- nings of the modern United States. Chicago street scene in 1900 410 “The city is the nerve center of our civilization. It is also the storm center.” —Josiah Strong, 1885 Settling the West 1865–1900 Why It Matters After the Civil War, a dynamic period in American history opened—the settlement of the West. The lives of Western miners, farmers, and ranchers were often filled with great hardships, but the wave of American settlers continued. Railroads hastened this migration. During this period, many Native Americans lost their homelands and their way of life. The Impact Today Developments of this period are still evident today. • Native American reservations still exist in the United States. -
Billy the Kid: More Than a Legend
National Park Service White Sands U.S. Department of the Interior White Sands National Monument Billy the Kid: More than a Legend he history of the American Southwest is chock full of legends and stories that truly live up to the epithet of the TWild West. The embellishment of these stories has allowed for the development of numerous movies and books but the true facts of these accounts are more interesting than any tall tale. Yes, the West really was wild! after Tunstall. According to most doubt he and other renowned William Henry McCarthy, accounts, he was shot unarmed characters of the time came across otherwise known as Billy the which was against “the code of the largerst gypsum dunefield in Kid, is a perfect example of how the West.” After Tunstall’s murder, the world as they traveled. Who untamed the now tranquil towns Billy and the Regulators swore knows what evidence of their of New Mexico used to be. It vengeance on Jesse Evans and his passage these ever-shifting dunes was no secret that Billy had a crew. might be hiding. rough past. His mother died of tuberculosis while he was just a As a result of one of the many —Sandra Flickinger, Student-Intern young boy and he had a history of skirmishes, Sheriff William Brady working odd jobs in combination was killed, putting Billy in the hot with a few illegal activities. seat as a murderer and sending him on the run. After many daring The real beginning of Billy’s career escapes, the new sheriff, Pat as an infamous gunman, however, Garrett, was finally successful in began in 1878 after he met a young arresting Billy. -
Crime, Law Enforcement, and Punishment
Shirley Papers 48 Research Materials, Crime Series Inventory Box Folder Folder Title Research Materials Crime, Law Enforcement, and Punishment Capital Punishment 152 1 Newspaper clippings, 1951-1988 2 Newspaper clippings, 1891-1938 3 Newspaper clippings, 1990-1993 4 Newspaper clippings, 1994 5 Newspaper clippings, 1995 6 Newspaper clippings, 1996 7 Newspaper clippings, 1997 153 1 Newspaper clippings, 1998 2 Newspaper clippings, 1999 3 Newspaper clippings, 2000 4 Newspaper clippings, 2001-2002 Crime Cases Arizona 154 1 Cochise County 2 Coconino County 3 Gila County 4 Graham County 5-7 Maricopa County 8 Mohave County 9 Navajo County 10 Pima County 11 Pinal County 12 Santa Cruz County 13 Yavapai County 14 Yuma County Arkansas 155 1 Arkansas County 2 Ashley County 3 Baxter County 4 Benton County 5 Boone County 6 Calhoun County 7 Carroll County 8 Clark County 9 Clay County 10 Cleveland County 11 Columbia County 12 Conway County 13 Craighead County 14 Crawford County 15 Crittendon County 16 Cross County 17 Dallas County 18 Faulkner County 19 Franklin County Shirley Papers 49 Research Materials, Crime Series Inventory Box Folder Folder Title 20 Fulton County 21 Garland County 22 Grant County 23 Greene County 24 Hot Springs County 25 Howard County 26 Independence County 27 Izard County 28 Jackson County 29 Jefferson County 30 Johnson County 31 Lafayette County 32 Lincoln County 33 Little River County 34 Logan County 35 Lonoke County 36 Madison County 37 Marion County 156 1 Miller County 2 Mississippi County 3 Monroe County 4 Montgomery County -
Visuality and the Theatre in the Long Nineteenth Century #19Ctheatrevisuality
Visuality and the Theatre in the Long Nineteenth Century #19ctheatrevisuality Henry Emden, City of Coral scene, Drury Lane, pantomime set model, 1903 © V&A Conference at the University of Warwick 27—29 June 2019 Organised as part of the AHRC project, Theatre and Visual Culture in the Long Nineteenth Century, Jim Davis, Kate Holmes, Kate Newey, Patricia Smyth Theatre and Visual Culture in the Long Nineteenth Century Funded by the AHRC, this collaborative research project examines theatre spectacle and spectatorship in the nineteenth century by considering it in relation to the emergence of a wider trans-medial popular visual culture in this period. Responding to audience demand, theatres used sophisticated, innovative technologies to create a range of spectacular effects, from convincing evocations of real places to visions of the fantastical and the supernatural. The project looks at theatrical spectacle in relation to a more general explosion of imagery in this period, which included not only ‘high’ art such as painting, but also new forms such as the illustrated press and optical entertainments like panoramas, dioramas, and magic lantern shows. The range and popularity of these new forms attests to the centrality of visuality in this period. Indeed, scholars have argued that the nineteenth century witnessed a widespread transformation of conceptions of vision and subjectivity. The project draws on these debates to consider how far a popular, commercial form like spectacular theatre can be seen as a site of experimentation and as a crucible for an emergent mode of modern spectatorship. This project brings together Jim Davis and Patricia Smyth from the University of Warwick and Kate Newey and Kate Holmes from the University of Exeter. -
“Willie Or Billy” Claiborne, A.K.A
OLD WEST STORUES William Floyd “Willie or Billy” Claiborne, a.k.a. “The Kid” Or was his name Calyborne? Clayborn? Or was it Claborn? Or did Billy even know. There are copies of his signature in at least two of these versions. All his trial documents list him as Clayborne. Viola Slaughter, wife of the noted Arizona lawman John Horton Slaughter, knew him well and spelled it as Claibourne. Well, we do know for sure that he was born in Mississippi. Or was it Louisiana? But more than likely it was in Alabama. The 1870 census shows records that would fit all three states. The record for Mississippi spells the name as Claborn, but the census takers were not the best for spelling. But this one seems to best fit the bill for Billy (Photo at right) and it shows that he was born in Alabama. He stated in court that he was born on October 21, 1860, and was from Mississippi. So we accept the date and the fact that he probably meant that he was raised in Mississippi. He migrated to the Devil’s River area of west Texas where some accounts say he killed two men. He became a cowboy and went to work for John Horton Slaughter. He was part of a crew that drove a Slaughter herd of cattle from Texas to Arizona and stayed. On October 1, 1881, in Charleston, Arizona Territory (now a ghost town), he shot and killed a blacksmith named James Hickey at Harry Queen’s Saloon. Exactly why he did it is not known. -
The Chisholm Trail, the Railroads, and the Flint Hills
Kansas State University Libraries New Prairie Press Symphony in the Flint Hills Field Journal 2017 - Chisholm Trail (Larry Patton, editor) Crossing Lines: the Chisholm Trail, the Railroads, and the Flint Hills Christy Davis Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/sfh Recommended Citation Davis, Christy (2017). "Crossing Lines: the Chisholm Trail, the Railroads, and the Flint Hills," Symphony in the Flint Hills Field Journal. https://newprairiepress.org/sfh/2017/east/2 To order hard copies of the Field Journals, go to shop.symphonyintheflinthills.org. The Field Journals are made possible in part with funding from the Fred C. and Mary R. Koch Foundation. This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Symphony in the Flint Hills Field Journal by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CROSSING LINES: THE CHISHOLM TRAIL, THE RAILROADS, AND THE FLINT HILLS The nineteenth century created the cattle business, but it also created cattle, or at least what we recognize as cattle today. Before then, bovines were products of their environments, giving each region a breed that had adapted to its local climate and vegetation. Then, in the spirit of “animal husbandry,” Victorians sought out and bred cattle that were built for one purpose: to produce beef. Stockmen separated cattle from their native landscapes, shipping Herefords and Durhams all over the world to replace “barbaric” native breeds. At the dawn of OVER MANY FIELDS this new cattle age, English shorthorns, Texas longhorns, and American bison met Katie Twiss on the Kansas prairie. -
In the Shadow of Billy the Kid: Susan Mcsween and the Lincoln County War Author(S): Kathleen P
In the Shadow of Billy the Kid: Susan McSween and the Lincoln County War Author(s): Kathleen P. Chamberlain Source: Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Winter, 2005), pp. 36-53 Published by: Montana Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4520742 . Accessed: 31/01/2014 13:20 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Montana Historical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Montana: The Magazine of Western History. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 142.25.33.193 on Fri, 31 Jan 2014 13:20:15 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions In the Shadowof Billy the Kid SUSAN MCSWEEN AND THE LINCOLN COUNTY WAR by Kathleen P. Chamberlain S C.4 C-5 I t Ia;i - /.0 I _Lf Susan McSween survivedthe shootouts of the Lincoln CountyWar and createda fortunein its aftermath.Through her story,we can examinethe strugglefor economic control that gripped Gilded Age New Mexico and discoverhow women were forced to alter their behavior,make decisions, and measuresuccess againstthe cold realitiesof the period. This content downloaded from 142.25.33.193 on Fri, 31 Jan 2014 13:20:15 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ,a- -P N1878 southeastern New Mexico declared war on itself. -
Billy the Kid and the Lincoln County War 1878
Other Forms of Conflict in the West – Billy the Kid and the Lincoln County War 1878 Lesson Objectives: Starter Questions: • To understand how the expansion of 1) We have many examples of how the the West caused other forms of expansion into the West caused conflict with tension between settlers, not just Plains Indians – can you list three examples conflict between white Americans and of conflict and what the cause was in each Plains Indians. case? • To explain the significance of the 2) Can you think of any other groups that may Lincoln County War in understanding have got into conflict with each other as other types of conflict. people expanded west and any reasons why? • To assess the significance of Billy the 3) Why was law and order such a problem in Kid and what his story tells us about new communities being established in the law and order. West? Why was it so hard to stop violence and crime? As homesteaders, hunters, miners and cattle ranchers flooded onto the Plains, they not only came into conflict with the Plains Indians who already lived there, but also with each other. This was a time of robberies, range wars and Indian wars in the wide open spaces of the West. Gradually, the forces of law and order caught up with the lawbreakers, while the US army defeated the Plains Indians. As homesteaders, hunters, miners and cattle ranchers flooded onto the Plains, they not only came into conflict with the Plains Indians who already lived there, but also with each other. -
The 239 Year Timeline of America's Involvement in Military Conflict
The 239 Year Timeline Of America’s Involvement in Military Conflict By Isaac Davis Region: USA Global Research, December 20, 2015 Theme: History, US NATO War Agenda Activist Post 18 December 2015 I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one. – President Theodore Roosevelt The American public and the world have long since been warned of the dangers of allowing the military industrial complex to become such an integral part of our economic survival. The United States is the self-proclaimed angel of democracy in the world, but just as George Orwell warned, war is the health of the state, and in the language of newspeak, democracy is the term we use to hide the reality of the nature of our warfare state. In truth, the United States of America has been engaged in some kind of war during 218 out of the nation’s total 239 years of existence. Put another way, in the entire span of US history, this country has only experienced 21 years without conflict. For a sense of perspective on this sobering statistic, consider these4 facts about the history of US involvement in military conflict: Pick any year since 1776 and there is about a 91% chance that America was involved in some war during that calendar year. No U.S. president truly qualifies as a peacetime president. Instead, all U.S. presidents can technically be considered “war presidents.” The U.S. has never gone a decade without war. The only time the U.S. went five years without war (1935-40) was during the isolationist period of the Great Depression. -
THE CLANTONS and MCLAURYS Like Many of Their Contemporaries, the Clantons Were a Missouri Family That Migrated to the West Following the American Civil War
TOMBSTONE PERSONALITIES THE CLANTONS and MCLAURYS Like many of their contemporaries, the Clantons were a Missouri family that migrated to the west following the American Civil War. In the 1870s Newman “Old Man” Clanton and his sons Phineas (Finn), Ike and William (Billy), relocated to Arizona and started a cattle ranch. By 1877 they operated the largest and most successful cattle ranch in the territory. They also were the epicenter of a large, unruly group of semi-organized criminals known to history as The Cowboys. Although not as organized and close knit as western myth has portrayed them, the Cowboys were a force to be reckoned with. The Clanton’s ranch was their unofficial headquarters and at one point or another, many of the Cowboys worked for the family. While the Clantons were primarily occupied with cattle rustling, other members of the gang robbed stagecoaches, banks and stores. The gang committed many of their crimes across the border in Mexico and Mexican authorities registered many official complaints with the United States, usually to no avail. The two most famous members of the Clanton family are Ike and Billy. Both were involved in the Gunfight at the OK corral, the bloody culmination of events that ended the feud between them and the Earps. The tensions between the two factions were a combination of political, economic and philosophical differences. The Clantons saw the Earps as interlopers who were trying to build their political careers at the expense of them and their Cowboy friends. Ike Clanton has been branded by legend as a blowhard and coward and history backs this up. -
Oklahoma Territory Inventory
Shirley Papers 180 Research Materials, General Reference, Oklahoma Territory Inventory Box Folder Folder Title Research Materials General Reference Oklahoma Territory 251 1 West of Hell’s Fringe 2 Oklahoma 3 Foreword 4 Bugles and Carbines 5 The Crack of a Gun – A Great State is Born 6-8 Crack of a Gun 252 1-2 Crack of a Gun 3 Provisional Government, Guthrie 4 Hell’s Fringe 5 “Sooners” and “Soonerism” – A Bloody Land 6 US Marshals in Oklahoma (1889-1892) 7 Deputies under Colonel William C. Jones and Richard L. walker, US marshals for judicial district of Kansas at Wichita (1889-1890) 8 Payne, Ransom (deputy marshal) 9 Federal marshal activity (Lurty Administration: May 1890 – August 1890) 10 Grimes, William C. (US Marshal, OT – August 1890-May 1893) 11 Federal marshal activity (Grimes Administration: August 1890 – May 1893) 253 1 Cleaver, Harvey Milton (deputy US marshal) 2 Thornton, George E. (deputy US marshal) 3 Speed, Horace (US attorney, Oklahoma Territory) 4 Green, Judge Edward B. 5 Administration of Governor George W. Steele (1890-1891) 6 Martin, Robert (first secretary of OT) 7 Administration of Governor Abraham J. Seay (1892-1893) 8 Burford, Judge John H. 9 Oklahoma Territorial Militia (organized in 1890) 10 Judicial history of Oklahoma Territory (1890-1907) 11 Politics in Oklahoma Territory (1890-1907) 12 Guthrie 13 Logan County, Oklahoma Territory 254 1 Logan County criminal cases 2 Dyer, Colonel D.B. (first mayor of Guthrie) 3 Settlement of Guthrie and provisional government 1889 4 Land and lot contests 5 City government (after