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Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology Volume 33 NO.2 November 2005 77 FREE INQUIRY IN CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 33 Number2, November2005 SN 0736·9182 Cover design: Hobart Jackson, University of Kansas School ofArchitecture AUTHOR TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Warren D. TenHouten Primary Emotions and Social Relations: A First Report 079 Stan H. Hod~es & Examining The X-Files: An Integrative Conflict Model 093 Jason S. Ulsperger Adaptation For Contemporary Paranormal Thought Huei~Hsia Wu & Romance Novels and Female Sexualit.y: Vicarious 105 Anthony Walsh Participation? Ra~hu N. Sjn~h & Tuward Developing a Profile of Suicide Terrorists: A 111 Amir Abbassi Sociological Analysis DeborahA.Abowitz Does Money Buy Happiness? A Look at Gen Y College 119 Student Beliefs Adam RafaloYich & Song Lyrics in Contemporary Metal Music As Counter- 131 Andreas Schneider Hegemonic Discourse: An Exploration of Three Themes Nickalos A. Rocha, Trauma Registries as a Potential Source of llorder 143 Alberto G. Mala, Jr., Epidemiology Work Group Indicator Data: Trends From Alan H. Tyroch, Susan 1996·2000 Mclean, & Lois Blough David Powell, Heverly L. The Notion of Masculinity in Male Collegiate Road 153 Stiles, Greg Haff, & Cyclists Lon Kilgore Reviewers of 2005 110 Index of 2005 163 Subscriber and Author Manuscript Form 165 78 Volume 33 No.2 November 2005 Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology MISS/OI'l: To give an efficient outlct for informative. innovative articles legible to lay readers. MANUSCRIPTS: Send three paper copies and one copy on a 3 1/2" computer disk. IBM compatible. sOI'(>d in a rich lext file jormat. use ASR guidelines. Manuscript fees: current suhscribers $25 (US $); authors who are nol current subscribers $40 (US $) which includes a current subscription. WORIJJ REFEREEDANlJ WORLD DISTRIBUTED. Abstracted in SOCIOLOGICALAIJSTRACTS. Over 150 major academic library subscrihers. including 15 libraries in Europe. Asia. Africa and the Americas. 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President: Rohert Bausch. Cameron University, President Elect; Monica Varner, Rogers State University. Secretary-Treasurer PUBL/SHED: May and November by the Oklahoma Sociology Association and the Consortium of University Sociology Departments and Programs in the State of Oklahoma. © 2006 Oklahoma State University Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology Volume 33 No.2 November 2005 79 PRIMARY EMOTIONS AND SOCIAL RELATIONS: A FIRST REPORT Warren D. TenHouten, University of California at Los Angeles ABSTRACT Affect-spectrum theory provides a model for predicting eight primary emotions, 28 secondary emo tions (pairs of primaries) and up 10 S6 tertiary emotions (triples of primaries). Using a contenl-analytic methodology and a corpus of life-historical interviews of Euro-Australians and Australian-Ahorigines for a cross-cultural comparison. it was found that eight basic emotions could be effectively predicted from the positive and negative experiences of four kinds of social relations. Fifteen of 16 predictions were satisfied. and the relation between surprise and the negative experience of territoriality/market-based relations was predictive only after measuring this socio-relational variable differently in the two cultures. INTRODUCTION neuromuscular-expressive pattern mani This research report describes, and stud fested in facial expression, posture, or ges ies empirically, a conceptual model linking ture; iv) it has a specific, innately determined eight primary emotions to eight social rela biological basis in brain organization (see tions variables. Ever since Darwin (1872), Panskepp 1998; Rolls 2001); v) it develops evolution-oriented theorists of emotions have very early in life; and vi) it is not interpretable viewed emotions as adaptive reactions to as a combination of two or more other emo problems posed by the environment em tions. ployed by members of various species to Plutchik's (1962) model of primary emo increase their inclusive fitness and chance tions comes with a compelling rationale. He of survival and reproduction. Several theo~ proposes that there are exactly four funda rists have proposed the existence of some mental problems of life, shared by all spe small set of emotions that are basic, primary, cies of animals - identity, temporality (re fundamental, or elementary. An emotion can production), hierarchy, and territoriality. be considered primary if: i) it can be found in These eight primary emotions are seen as a wide range of human cultures, suggesting the prototypical adaptive reactions to posi it is universal for humans; ii) it also exists in tive and negative experiences of four exis other animal species; iii) it has a distinctive tential situations. Plutchik argued that accep Figure 1. tance and A Panel A. Plutchik's 'top', representing varying levels of intensity for the eight primary emotions. Panel B. Plutchik's 'wheel', a circumplex for emotions based on a cross-section of the multidimensional model of Plutchik 1962 wheel. (Plutchik 1962 111) 80 Volume 33 No.2 November 2005 Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology Table 1: Basic Concepts of Plutchik's Model of the Primary Emotions Problem 01 Life Valence Primary Emotion (most generic Behavioral Process sUbjective term(s» Hierarchy positive destruction (anger) moving toward negative protection (fear) moving away from Territory positive exploration, interese (anticipation) opening a boundary negative orientation (surprise) closing a boundary Identity positive incorporation (acceptance) taking in negative rejection (disgust) expelling Temporality positive reproduction (joy, happiness) gaining negative reintegretion (sadness, grief, loneliness) losing ~The inclusion of interest, which is seen as synonymous with exploration, is a contribution not of Plutchik but of Tomkins (1962 Chapter 10), who sees interest-excitement as a first positive emotion expressed by a newborn human baby. disgust are the adaptive reactions to the posi invariably report contexts involving social re tive and negative experiences of identity; hap lations. Yet, while there is a consensus on piness and sadness, to temporality; anger the importance of social relations to the ex and fear, to hierarchy; and anticipation and perience of specific emotions, there is little surprise, to territoriality. agreement on how social relations can best The primary emotions thus come in pairs be conceptualized. In this report, social rela of opposites, and also vary in their degree of tions are described - as they have been by similarity to each other: this postulate is numerous classical and contemporary so embodied in Plutchik's 1962 "wheel." in cial scientists - in a way that serves as a which the tour dimensions. corresponding corrective to the sociological emptiness of to the four problems of life, are shown as Plutchik's model. The model used here is lines with a common midpoint, arranged as consistent with Durkheim (1893/1960), a circle. technically a circumplex, as shown Scheler (1926). and Fiske (1991). and uses in Figure 1. Fiske·s terminology (see also TenHouten Plutchik's model is summarized in Table 2004a, 2005). 1. The leUmost column lists the tour prob Identity in Plutchik's sense can be gener lems of life. The second column shows the alized into what Fiske calls the social rela functions of the eight emotions, and, in pa tionship of equality matching (EM). which rentheses, the most common sUbjective exists on the level at turn taking in temporal terms for these emotions. For the existential sequences consistent with latent social problem at hierarchy, for example, the func norms; as in-kind reciprocity,