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Endozoochory and the Australian Bluebell

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Endozoochory and the Australian Bluebell Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 88:191–196, 2005 Endozoochory and the Australian bluebell: consumption of Billardiera fusiformis (Labill.) Payer (Pittosporaceae) seeds by three mammal species at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia. J A Cochrane, J A Friend&SJEHill Science Division, Department of Conservation and Land Management, 120 Albany Highway, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia. [email protected] Manuscript received November 2005; accepted December 2005 Abstract Animals that feed on fruits have the potential to play a key role in vegetation dynamics, assisting in plant succession and maintenance of floral diversity. Seeds may be ingested, passed through the gut and voided to the soil. Through this action seeds are dispersed to new sites (endozoochory). Removal of pulp from fleshy fruits during transport through the gut may also assist in the stimulation of germination. This study compared the germination response of seeds of the Australian bluebell, Billardiera fusiformis, retrieved from faecal pellets of three native mammals (quokka Setonix brachyurus, Gilbert’s potoroo Potorous gilbertii and bush rat Rattus fuscipes) with that of freshly collected and aged, but non-ingested seeds, from Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia. Ingestion of seeds of B. fusiformis by quokkas, Gilbert’s potoroos and bush rats increased germination by 58%, 31% and 2% respectively over a control (seeds physically removed from freshly collected fleshy fruit). When placed in dry storage for over a year, however, both ingested and non-ingested seeds displayed significant increases in percent germination. Keywords: endozoochory, fleshy fruit, seed dispersal, gut passage, animal faeces Introduction ingested seeds survive passage through the gut, with larger seeds suffering damage. Ingestion of seeds may Seed dispersal is important for reproductive success increase their germinability by removal of dormancy. The and is the critical mobile stage of a plant’s life history. removal of fleshy pulp prior to laboratory incubation of Dispersal may be accomplished through a variety of seeds has increased germination in a number of species mechanisms and agents including wind, water, ballistics (e.g., Persoonia spp, Leucopogon verticillatus), and animals. The main animal vectors of seed dispersal suggesting that germination inhibitors may be present in are vertebrates (especially mammals and birds) and ants. the flesh (Baskin & Baskin 2001). The removal of fleshy Animals have the ability to move seeds to new sites fruit material from around seeds may also act to prevent passively either on body surfaces (epizoochory) or seeds from being destroyed by bacteria before actively by consuming fruits (endozoochory) or caching germination occurs (Witmer 1991). Passage through the seeds. They may also play an active role in seed dispersal gut may alter the seed coat or endocarp, aiding water through digging and burrowing activities (Chambers & permeability and thereby affecting germination through McMahon 1994). Diggings can trap plant litter, forming the action of chemicals or mechanical action (Baskin & nutrient-rich microsites for the germination of seeds Baskin 2001). Survival in the gut may also be dependent (Martin 2003). This soil disturbance is important in on seed size (Moussie et al. 2005). nutrient cycling and contributes to soil health (Martin 2003, Garkaklis et al. 2004). In Western Australia many The movement of seeds away from parent plants small mammals create soil disturbance through their through zoochory can also have beneficial effects – foraging for seeds, fungi, roots and invertebrates, or colonisation of new areas, escape from seedling mortality through burrowing activity. Seeds and spore-filled near parent plant due to competition between parent and fruiting bodies of hypogeal fungi, such as those seedlings, and the creation of wider population genetic consumed by Gilbert’s potoroos, are ingested, passed structure (Samuels & Levey 2005). Dispersal distance will through the gut and voided to the soil (Nguyen et al. be dependent on the foraging range of the animal 2004). disperser and, in the case of endozoochory, its gut retention time. The sum of these effects may play a key Frugivores have an effect on the germination of seeds role in vegetation dynamics, and may be a significant (rate and percent) in about 50% of plants they consume force in plant succession and maintenance of floral (Traveset 1998). In many cases only a proportion of diversity. Amongst the multitude of studies on endozoochory and seed germination (e.g., Milton & Dean 2001; © Royal Society of Western Australia 2005 Traveset et al. 2001; Paulsen & Hogstedt 2002; Stanley & 191 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 88(4), December 2005 Lill 2002; Cosyns et al. 2005a,b; Couvreur et al. 2005; Methods Mouissie et al. 2005) the majority have investigated the effects of ingestion of seeds in birds, rabbits or Study site ungulates such as deer, donkeys and sheep, and few The study site is the Mount Gardner promontory have been conducted in Australia. Traveset et al. (2001) within Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, situated 30 km and Barnea et al. (1991) reported differences in east of Albany on the southern coastline of Western germination after passage through bird guts, dependent Australia. The site consists of granite headlands, small on species and gut retention time. Paulsen & Hogstedt indented bays and hills covered in low heath vegetation. (2002) reported increased seedling emergence after The area is an important refuge for threatened fauna, passage of seeds through birds; Stanley & Lill (2002) including the only known habitat of the critically reported high viability after passage of native Rhagodia endangered Gilbert’s potoroo. Other native ground- seeds through the gut of silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis). dwelling mammals resident in the area include the Williams et al. (2000) investigated the effect of ingestion quokka, bush rat, and quenda (Isoodon obesulus). The of weed seeds by introduced rodents and possums on vegetation is comparable to other coastal sites and has survival and subsequent germination of those seeds and been long impacted by the introduction of the plant considered that there was a major potential for ship rats pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi (Orr et al. 1995). (Rattus rattus) and brushtail possums (Trichosurus Flora species abundant in the area include Agonis vulpecula) to disperse weed seeds in New Zealand. flexuosa, Eucalyptus marginata, E. calophylla, Native foxes (Pseudalopex culpaeus) have also been Allocasuarina fraseriana, Melaleuca striata, Adenanthos implicated in the spread of weed species in Chile barbigeros, Hakea ferruginea, Jacksonia spinosa and through consumption of alien fruits and their Leucopogon species, with numerous sedges (e.g., defaecation (Silva et al. 2005). Anarthria scabra) that provide important understorey Jordano (1992) reported that between 82% and 88% of cover for small mammals. woody plants in Australian tropical and subtropical regions have fruits or seeds that are dispersed by Faecal samples vertebrates. The majority of these fruits are fleshy and A total of 275 scats from quokkas, Gilbert’s potoroos, are probably bird or bat dispersed, with few plant species bush rats and quendas were assessed from the study site having seeds adapted for dispersal by ground-foraging between September 2003 and February 2004. Samples mammals or birds such as the cassowary (Casuarius comprising one or more fresh scats were taken from cage casuarius) (Willson et al. 1989). traps during trapping sessions to monitor the Gilbert’s A number of Australian studies have investigated the potoroo population, and opportunistically collected (in relationship between endozoochory, seed germination the case of quokka faeces) in the general vicinity of the and non-flying mammals. These include McGrath & Bass trap lines. Scats were air dried as soon as possible after (1999) and Noble (1975) who investigated the ingestion collection, weighed and seeds manually extracted from and dispersal of seeds by the emu (Dromaius faeces. Seed type and load per scat were recorded and novaehollandiae) in New South Wales. Webber & the mean number of seeds per scat and per gram of scat Woodrow (2004) studied the effect of cassowary calculated for each mammal species. frugivory on seed germination of a rare rainforest tree in Queensland. There has been some investigation of Seed germination caching of seeds by woylies (Bettongia penicillata)in Seeds retrieved from scats were identified by Western Australia and their effect on seedling comparison with seeds found on plants in the study area. establishment (Murphy et al. 2005), and Parsons (1997) Seeds of Billardiera fusiformis were germinated as they reported that Carpobrotus seeds from rabbit (Oryctolagus were the only seeds found in the scats of more than one cuniculus) and eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus mammal species. Seeds were incubated without giganteus) faeces germinated readily in comparison to treatment on filter paper over moistened sponge (5 ml fresh seeds. In general though, the importance of non- deionised water) in 90 mm Petri dishes in an incubator at flying mammals as agents of seed dispersal in Australia 15°C with a 12 hour photoperiod. The experiment has been neglected. Fleshy fruits and endozoochory may consisted of three replicates of 20 (quokka, bush rat and be common in tropical and subtropical rainforests in control), and
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