La Traite Des Esclaves Noirs En Lybie Dans Les Temps Modernes Saleh Abu Alkhir

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La Traite Des Esclaves Noirs En Lybie Dans Les Temps Modernes Saleh Abu Alkhir La traite des esclaves noirs en Lybie dans les temps modernes Saleh Abu Alkhir To cite this version: Saleh Abu Alkhir. La traite des esclaves noirs en Lybie dans les temps modernes. Histoire. Université de Lyon, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016LYSE2041. tel-01826185 HAL Id: tel-01826185 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01826185 Submitted on 29 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N° d’ordre NNT : 2016LYSE2041 THESE de DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON Opérée au sein de L’UNIVERSITÉ LUMIÈRE LYON 2 École Doctorale : ED 483 Sciences sociales Discipline : Histoire Soutenue publiquement le 24 mai 2016, par : Saleh ABU ALKHIR La traite des esclaves noirs en Lybie dans les temps modernes Devant le jury composé de : Dominique VALERIAN, Professeur des universités, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Président Elisabeth CUNIN, Directrice de Recherches, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Rapporteure Antonio DE ALMEIDA MENDES, Maître de conférences, Université de Nantes, Examinateur Yves GONZALEZ DE QUIJANO, Maître de conférences émérite HDR, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Directeur de thèse Salah TRABELSI, Maître de Conférences, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Co-Directeur de thèse Contrat de diffusion Ce document est diffusé sous le contrat Creative Commons « Paternité – pas d’utilisation commerciale - pas de modification » : vous êtes libre de le reproduire, de le distribuer et de le communiquer au public à condition d’en mentionner le nom de l’auteur et de ne pas le modifier, le transformer, l’adapter ni l’utiliser à des fins commerciales. Université Lumière Lyon 2 La traite des esclaves noirs en Libye dans les temps modernes Thèse de doctorat en Histoire Présentée par Saleh ABU ALKHIR Sous la direction de Salah Trabelsi Maître de conférence à l’Université Lumière Lyon 2 2015-2016 Table des Matières Dédicace .................................................................................................................I Translittération ................................................................................................. III Remerciements .................................................................................................. III Introduction ....................................................................................................... VI Première partie : L'évolution du commerce et l'origine des esclaves en Libye ..................................................................................................................... 1 I-L'évolution du commerce en Libye ................................................................. 2 La Situation géographique et les conditions naturelles ........................................................ 3 Le rôle des oasis libyennes dans le développement du commerce ..................................... 17 1 - Les mauvaises conditions économiques .......................................................................... 23 2- Les conditions sociales ....................................................................................................... 24 II- Les routes du commerce transsaharainne ...................................................................... 26 III- L’origine des esclaves en Libye ................................................................. 39 Les moyens de capture des esclaves ...................................................................................... 40 Les zones d'approvisionnement ............................................................................................ 45 IV- Les marchés africains ...................................................................................................... 53 1 - Les prix des esclaves sur les marchés africains .............................................................. 60 2 - Les opérations de transport d’esclaves vers le nord ...................................................... 64 3 - Traitement des esclaves sur la route ............................................................................... 65 Deuxième Partie : Les marchés intérieurs, l'exportation et les Les impôts et les douanes ........................................................................................................... 74 I- Les marchés intérieurs ................................................................................... 76 1 - L’exposition et l’examen des esclaves (Al-‘aarḍ wa al-taqlīb) ...................................... 83 2 - Les enchères ....................................................................................................................... 89 3 - Les prix des esclaves ........................................................................................................ 89 4 - Les commerçants ............................................................................................................... 94 II- L’exportation ............................................................................................... 102 1 - Les principaux ports d'exportation des esclaves .......................................................... 104 2 - Les destinations d’exportation ....................................................................................... 108 3 - Les moyens de transport ................................................................................................ 116 III- Les impôts et les douanes .......................................................................... 125 1 - Les taxes ........................................................................................................................... 125 2 - Les douanes ...................................................................................................................... 127 Troisième Partie : L’esclavage et la société libyenne .................................... 132 La position de l’Islam vis-à-vis de l'esclavage. .............................................. 135 I - La vie sociale des esclaves. .......................................................................... 139 II – Fonctions et métiers assignés aux esclaves .............................................. 152 1 - Les concubines et les eunuques ...................................................................................... 152 2 - Les esclaves militaires ..................................................................................................... 157 3 - Les esclaves dans la société agricole et pastorale ......................................................... 160 4 - Les esclaves dans les activités industrielles et commerciales ...................................... 162 5 - L'esclave fonctionnaire ................................................................................................... 166 6 - L’instruction des esclaves ............................................................................................... 168 7 - Le mariage des esclaves .................................................................................................. 171 III - L’affranchissement et la libération ......................................................... 174 1- L’affranchissement de la « mère de l’enfant » (Umm al-walad). ................................ 176 2-L’affranchissement bénévole ........................................................................................... 178 3- Al-Mukātaba .................................................................................................................... 180 4. Al-Tadbir ........................................................................................................................... 182 5 - Al-Walā ............................................................................................................................ 185 IV - L'impact du commerce des esclaves sur la société libyenne ................. 189 1- Les esclaves dans les proverbes populaires libyens ...................................................... 189 2 - L’impact social des esclaves sur la vie publique .......................................................... 194 Quatrième Partie : L’interdiction et la fin du commerce des esclaves ....... 203 I - La politique britannique à l'égard de la traite des esclaves dans l'Empire ottoman .............................................................................................................. 215 II - Les Firman et les lois ottomans ................................................................ 223 1 - Le Firman de 1857 .......................................................................................................... 223 2 - Le renouvellement du Firman d’interdiction de 1877 et la Convention anglo- ottomane ................................................................................................................................ 233 3 - Le projet de lois ottoman pour l'année 1882-1883 ....................................................... 234 III - Le commerce des esclaves depuis la Conférence de Bruxelles en 1891 jusqu’à l'occupation italienne de la Libye en 1911 ......................................
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