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Since 1965 the CBS Provides Access to the Literature in the Field March 2008 • CAMAG BIBLIOGRAPHY SERVICE CBS 100 100 CBS PLANAR CHROMATOGRAPHY Since 1965 the CBS provides access to the literature in the field CAMAG BIBLIOGRAPHY SERVICE BIBLIOGRAPHY CAMAG 100 Planar Chromatography in Practice CAMAG BIBLIOGRAPHY SERVICE Bio-activity based analysis of No. 100, March 2008 irradiated sunscreens using HPTLC CAMAG Bibliography Service Planar Chromatography Edited by Gerda Morlock and in situ detection with [email protected] published by CAMAG Switzerland Vibrio fischeri IN THIS ISSUE 1 Procedures, applications Bio-activity based analysis of irradiated sunscreens using HPTLC and in situ Dr. Urs Hauri, detection with Vibrio fischeri .......... 2–5 Vera Baumgartner, Product control: Dr. Christopher Hohl (left to right) Bromination and oxidation of the alkaloid deoxypeganine ................ 6–7 The Kantonales Laboratorium Basel-Stadt is a state authority which super- Controlling best the drying step ........ 9 vises legal restrictions on commodities such as food, toys, cosmetics etc. Quantification of ß-ecdysone The Non-Food Sector, headed by Dr. Christopher Hohl*, is specialized in in a brasilian ginseng juice analyzing additives e.g. preservatives, dye stuffs or UV filters in consumer (Pfaffia glomerata) ................... 10–12 items. Work also includes developing new methods for target compounds Automated of toxicological concern using GC, HPLC and HPTLC. The recent introduc- HPTLC/ESI-MS coupling ............ 13–15 tion of toxicity tests on HPTLC plates has helped to detect peaks of special toxicological interest when screening for unknown compounds. Products and services featured in this issue Introduction TLC VISUALIZER: Sunscreens are meant to protect human skin from damaging UVA the powerful evaluation, visualization and UVB radiation. However, in some formulations, the contained and archiving system ...................... 16 UV filters can degrade when exposed to sunlight, which was already Column: Know CAMAG shown in 1997 [1]. The toxicological relevance of the degradation compounds has not been investigated up to this date. The follow- CAMAG Switzerland ing method combines chromatography with bioactivity detection, under new leadership ....................... 8 enabling a determination of the specific bioactivity of photo- degradation products in sunscreens. The effect-specific analysis by HPTLC-bioluminescence coupling was cho- sen to link chemical-physical with biological detection methods using the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. An inhibition of bioluminescence is based on a disturbance of the bacteria’s metabolism, whereas the degree of inhibition correlates with the toxicity of a compound. The Vibrio fischeri bacterium has been used since 1979 for ecotoxicological tests, especially in water analysis (cuvette test, DIN 38412 L34) but also for testing chemi- CAMAG (Switzerland) cals. To use the bacteria as a detection method for HPTLC, a special test Sonnenmattstr. 11 • CH-4132 Muttenz 1 Tel. +41 61 4673434 • Fax +41 61 4610702 kit called Bioluminex is available (www.chromadex.com). [email protected] • www.camag.com The procedure in brief is as follows: The samples were applied on an HPTLC CAMAG Scientific Inc. (USA) plate, separated by automated multiple development (AMD), documented 515 Cornelius Harnett Drive Wilmington, NC 28401 under UV at 254 nm and 366 nm and then immersed in a solution of Vibrio Phone 800 334 3909 • Fax 910 343 1834 fischeri. In addition, special zones of interest which were identified by [email protected] • www.camagusa.com Vibrio fischeri detection were scratched out from the HPTLC plate and 2 reanalyzed with HPLC-DAD and LC-MS. Peaks ob- Detection tained with HPLC-DAD were then compared with UV-detection at 254 nm and 366 nm with Reprostar 3, our former HPLC data on the photodegradation followed by biodetection via dipping the plate in the compounds of UV filters. Vibrio fischeri solution for 1 s with an immersion device and evaluation with the BioLuminizer using Chromatogram layer an exposure time of 55 s. HPTLC plates LiChrospher Si 60 F254 (Merck), 20 x 10 cm, prewashed by developing in methanol Results and Discussion followed by drying on a TLC plate heater at 120 °C Limitations of the method, due to the application of for 30 min. the aqueous Vibrio fischeri (Vf) solution, concerned the choice of plate coatings and solvents as well Sample preparation as the drying of the plate. It turned out that only For the generation of photodegradation products the polar layers silica gel and LiChrospher worked UV filter standards were dissolved in appropriate well for this aqueous bioassay regarding wettabil- solvents and irradiated on microscope slides with ity. For the development of the separation system, artificial light (Atlas Suntest CPS+). Extraction from only solvents could be used which were not toxic the slides was carried out with ethanol/acetone. to Vibrio fischeri and which evaporated without Sunscreen samples were either spread on micro- leaving residues on the plate coating. The method scope slides and irradiated with either artificial light is not suitable for the analysis of thermally labile or or sunlight, or alternatively applied on the skin and volatile compounds because of the heating process irradiated with sunlight (30 min in the early after- used for drying the HPTLC plate. noon during summertime, 47° northern latitude). The potential of the method was clearly evident Extraction from the slides and from the skin was performed with ethanol/acetone. both for pure standards as well as for cosmetic samples. Detection of UV filter standards with Vi- Sample application brio fischeri worked very well. Bioactive substances appeared as dark zones on a bright luminescent Bandwise with a Linomat 5, band length 6 mm, background. The inhibiting effect depended highly distance from lower edge 8 mm, application volume on the specific UV filter and ranged from a strong 25 µL for UV filter standards, 10 µL for sunscreen samples (approx. 2 µg/band of UV filters on the suppression of luminescence to no effect at all. plate) In comparison with conventional detection, biode- tection mostly showed a different response: some Chromatography zones which gave a high signal in UV could not be UV filter standards photodegradation products: AMD 2 seen at all while other zones were much more pro- system with diisopropylether – n-hexane in 6 steps with- nounced with biodetection. Equal response was also out pre-conditioning, drying time 2–3 min, migration possible in some cases. The bioactivity of UV filters distance 50 mm. correlated with their molecular weight (MW). All Sunscreen samples photodegradation products: newer UV filters (not in use before 1998), having a AMD 2 system with t-butylmethylether – n-hexane in MW of over 400, had no inhibiting effect on Vibrio 7 steps with pre-conditioning, drying time 2–3 min, fischeri at all. migration distance 50 mm. Plates were dried for at least 30 min at 120 °C on a TLC plate heater III. Densitometry Multi-wavelength scan at 200–400 nm with TLC scanner 3 and WinCATS software CBS 100 3 Substance Abbr. Molecular Inhibition The comparison of irradiated UV filter standards weight of with non-irradiated standards was also revealing. Vibrio fischeri Photodegradation was observed for ethylhexyl- 4-Aminobenzoic acid PABA 137 strong methoxycinnamate (EHMC), isoamylmethoxycinna- Benzophenone-1 B-1 214 very strong mate (IMC) and ethylhexyldimethylaminobenzoate Benzophenone-3 B-3 228 very strong (EHDP). All photodegradation compounds had a 3-Benzylidene-camphor 3-BC 240 medium stronger inhibiting effect than the UV filters them- Benzophenone-8 B-8 244 very strong selves. It must be kept in mind, however, that the Benzophenone-2 B-2 246 very strong photodegradation of a UV filter strongly depends Isoamylmethoxycinnamate IMC 248 very strong on the matrix and the combination of UV filters in 2-Ethylhexylsalicylate EHS 250 weak which it is used. 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor MBC 254 strong Homosalate HMS 262 weak 2-Phenyl-5-benzimidazole-sulfonic-acid PBSA 274 none Menthylanthranilat MA 275 weak 2-Ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)-benzoate EHDP 277 weak Ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate EHMC 290 medium 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid B-4/5 308 none tert. Butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane BMDBM 310 very strong Octocrylene OC 361 very weak Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexylbenzoate DHHB 397 weak 4-(2-oxo 3-bornylidenemethyl) phenyl trimethylammoni- CBMS 409 none um methyl sulphate Terephtalydene dicamphor sulfonic acid TDSA 562 none Drometrizole Trisiloxane DTS 570 none Bis ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine BEMT 627 none Disodium Phenyl Dibenzimidazole Tetrasulfonate DPDT 630 none Methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol MBBT 658 none 3 * Diethylhexylbutamidotriazone DEBT 766 none Detection of non-irradiated and irradiated (marked with ) UV filter standards at 254 nm, 366 nm and with Vibrio fischeri Octyltriazone EHT 823 none (top to bottom) Therefore, further tests were carried out on five Inhibition corresponds to commercially available sunscreens. The irradiated none 0 very weak 1 and non-irradiated sunscreen extracts were analyzed weak 2 medium 3 with HPTLC as well as with HPLC-DAD and LC-MS. strong 4 very strong 5 Most sunscreens contained matrix compounds (e. g. preservatives) which also inhibited luminescence. Inhibition Two of the sunscreens showed very strong deg- radation, which could be seen under UV but even more so with Vibrio fischeri. Detailed analysis was performed on spots which occurred only after Molecular
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