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Supermarkets and the Illusion of Food Access: Navigating the Foodscape with Social Assistance Recipients in Homa, Montreal

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Supermarkets and the Illusion of Food Access: Navigating the Foodscape with Social Assistance Recipients in Homa, Montreal Supermarkets and the Illusion of Food Access: Navigating the Foodscape with Social Assistance Recipients in HoMa, Montreal Jean-Sebastien Roussy A Thesis in The Department of Geography, Urban and Environmental Studies Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Geography) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada August 2014 © Jean-Sebastien Roussy, 2014 Concordia University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Jean-Sebastien Roussy Entitled: Supermarkets and the Illusion of Food Access: Navigating the F Foodscape with Social Assistance Recipients in HoMa, Montreal and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Geography, Urban and Environmental Studies) complies with the regulation of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to the originality and quality. Signed by the final Examining Committee: _____________________________________ Chair Pascale Biron Ph.D _____________________________________ Examiner Laurette Dubé Ph.D _____________________________________ Examiner Kevin Gould Ph.D _____________________________________ Supervisor Alan Nash Ph.D Approved by __________________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director _____________ 2014 ________________________________________ Dean of Faculty Abstract Supermarkets and the Illusion of Food Access: Navigating the Foodscape with Social Assistance Recipients in HoMa, Montreal Jean-Sebastien Roussy Food access researchers define “food deserts” as impoverished neighbourhoods that lack close physical proximity to a food retailer. Residents of these neighbourhoods are forced to travel greater distances for food or be faced with purchasing lower-quality food at higher prices. However, most research takes a wholly quantitative approach to identifying these so-called “food deserts”, and leaves out the experiences of marginalized individuals. Through a qualitative analysis of social assistance recipients’ experiences with food procurement we can identify potential barriers to food access. Two major barriers emerged from the constant comparison: (1) lower-quality specials on Check Week and (2) higher food prices on Check Week. To verify the validity of participant claims empirical evidence was collected. Metro and Super C circulars were collected over 31 weeks. Through statistical analysis it was found that the items marketed on the front pages of these circulars were of lower-quality and higher cost at Metro, while Super C showed more parity. The second method involved collecting weekly prices over 13 weeks at both stores. The analysis of the weekly prices showed higher prices at both stores during Check Week. The empirical evidence legitimizes the experiences of social assistance recipients in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. The contradiction of social assistance recipients paying more for the same foods that middle-class individuals can wait to buy on special has a consequence on the spatial patterning of food access. Social assistance recipients’ navigate through a “foodscape” that cycle between “food oasis” and “food mirage” within a single month. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Adriana for guiding me through the days and weeks when everything seemed hopeless, for giving me the motivation I needed to keep going, and encouraging me to finish the thesis. I want to thank Carmine for making sense of statistics and making sure that I didn’t mess everything up. To Peter and Natacha for taking the time to edit the thesis, you are both awesome. To Alan who guided me towards this research and for telling me to press on, thank you. And to Jeannelle Bouffard for allowing me in to CAP St-Barnabe, to the volunteers who facilitated every step of the interviews, and most importantly to all the participants who shared their stories and made this thesis possible, thank you all. iv Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 1: FINDING THE SPECIALS .............................................................................................. 4 Bob’s Story ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 10 FoodScapes .......................................................................................................................................................... 10 A Brief Political-Economy of Policy Actions .......................................................................................................... 14 A Class-Based Critic of Policy Actions ................................................................................................................... 14 Going Forward ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 16 Setting ................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Case Study ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 Pilot Study ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Qualitative Interviewing ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Interviews ................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Constant Comparison .............................................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF GROCERY STORE CIRCULARS ...................................................... 22 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 Constant Comparison .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Ideas Present in Participant Interviews ................................................................................................................ 24 Circulars: Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Health & Affordability ............................................................................................................................................. 29 v Results & Analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Metro ...................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Participant experiences with Metro and Specials ................................................................................................... 35 Super C .................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Participant Experiences with Super C and Specials ................................................................................................. 42 Contrasting and Comparing between Metro and Super C ...................................................................................... 44 Social Assistance Recipients: Using the Grocery Store Circular or Being Used? .................................................... 47 Efficient Shopper ..................................................................................................................................................... 47 Chemical Consumer ................................................................................................................................................ 51 Controlling the Consumer ....................................................................................................................................... 52 Constraining the Poor ............................................................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF WEEKLY PRICE AUDIT ................................................................... 56 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................
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