Mitigation/Monitoring Plan

EXISTING DATA REVIEW SALTESE FLATS WETLAND RESTORATION INVESTIGATION

Spokane County, Washington

Prepared for:

SPOKANE COUNTY DIVISION OF UTILITIES PUBLIC WORKS BUILDING 1026 W. BROADWAY AVE. SPOKANE WA 99260

Prepared by:

1120 Cedar Street Missoula, MT 5802

15320 East Marietta Ave, Suite 9A Spokane Valley, WA 99216-1870

January 2009

Project No. 100002604

Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

CONTENTS Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Purpose and Scope ...... 1 2.0 DATA SOURCES AND PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS...... 5 2.1 Data Sources...... 5 2.2 Previous Investigations ...... 5 3.0 DATA SUMMARY...... 7 3.1 GIS Data Compilation...... 7 3.2 Land Use and Ownership ...... 7 3.3 Topography ...... 12 3.4 Climate ...... 12 3.5 Geology and Soils ...... 15 3.5.1 Geology 15 3.5.2 Soils 18 3.6 Wetlands and Associated Habitat...... 18 3.6.1 Historical Conditions...... 19 3.6.2 Current Conditions ...... 19 3.6.3 Past Preliminary Restoration Options ...... 22 3.7 Surface Water...... 23 3.7.1 Flows and Water Level Data...... 25 3.7.2 Surface Water Quality...... 26 3.8 Groundwater...... 26 3.8.1 Wells and Water Level Patterns ...... 26 3.8.2 Aquifer Description...... 31 3.8.3 Water Use 32 3.8.4 Groundwater Quality...... 35 3.9 Water Rights...... 35 4.0 DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 37

5.0 REFERENCES...... 38

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Not Used APPENDIX B USDA Soil Conservation Service Soil Survey Information APPENDIX C Historical Newspaper Articles APPENDIX D Well Information APPENDIX E Water Right Documentation and Map

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TABLES

Table 3-1. GIS Data and Data Sources ...... 8 Table 3-2. Liberty Lake Sewer and Water District Precipitation Data ...... 13 Table 3-3. Saltese Flats Flow Estimates ...... 25 Table 3-4. Shelley Lake Levels 2007-2008 ...... 25 Table 3-5. Shelley Lake 2007 Water Quality Data...... 26 Table 3-6. Water Purveyor Well Summary ...... 33

FIGURES

Figure 1-1. Saltese Flats Location...... 2 Figure 1-2. Saltese Flats Watershed Delineation ...... 3 Figure 1-3. Saltese Flats Restoration Options...... 4 Figure 3-1. Spokane County Zoning Designations for Saltese Flats ...... 10 Figure 3-2. Spokane County Parcel Data...... 11 Figure 3-3. Liberty Lake Sewer and Water District Weather Station Locations ...... 13 Figure 3-4. Spokane Airport and Coeur d’Alene Climatological Data Summary ...... 14 Figure 3-5. Precipitation Cumulative Departure Plots...... 15 Figure 3-6. Precipitation Map (from Kahle et al., 2005) ...... 15 Figure 3-7. Geologic map of the Saltese Flats Area ...... 16 Figure 3-8. Cross-Section Showing Saltese Flats and the SVRP Aquifer (from Golder, 2003)...... 17 Figure 3-9. Preliminary Restoration Configurations (from Golder, 2004) ...... 22 Figure 3-10. Watershed and Surface Water Related to Saltese Flats...... 24 Figure 3-11. Regional Well Locations...... 27 Figure 3-12. Near Site Well Locations ...... 28 Figure 3-13. General Regional Potentiometric Surface Map...... 29 Figure 3-14. Long-Term Groundwater Level Patterns ...... 30 Figure 3-15. Seasonal Groundwater Level Patterns...... 30 Figure 3-16. SVRP Aquifer Boundary...... 32 Figure 3-17. Water Purveyor Service Areas ...... 33

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This document presents a review of available information gathered as an initial step of the Wetland Resto- ration Investigation for Saltese Flats (PBS&J, 2008a and 2008b). This existing information review includes both site-specific data and regional data.

Saltese Flats is located in Spokane County southeast of the city of Spokane Valley (Figure 1-1). The area known as Saltese Flats occupies roughly 1,200 acres of land that lies within a watershed of approximately 14,000 acres (Figure 1-2). The Flats includes land that functions as wetland today, and also land that historically was a lake/wetland system but has been drained and used for agriculture for over one hundred years.

The Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation has been initiated to evaluate the feasibility of restoring the Flats, or portions thereof, to wetlands. Benefits of the restoration are expected to include an im- provement of flow conditions in Saltese Creek and summer lake levels in Shelley Lake, water releases later in the summer to help increase flow in the Spokane River, improved wildlife habitat, educational and recreation opportunities, and a potential location for the beneficial use of reclaimed water. Restoration feasibility will be evaluated for three main alternatives that include restoring all of Saltese Flats or smaller portions (Figure 1-3).

1.1 Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this report is to summarize existing information concerning the Saltese Flats area that is important for evaluating wetland restoration feasibility, including the use of reclaimed water. The available data gathered for this component of the investigation are used to develop an interpretation of site conditions, and also to identify critical data gaps where additional data are needed. The additional data needs will be addressed through an On-Site Investigation and Monitoring Program.

Existing information and data are presented below as needed to aid in the discussion of site conditions or to illustrate what is available. However, because the amount of information gathered is large, not all of the data gathered are presented in this document. All of the information referenced is being stored in electronic format (e.g., spreadsheets, GIS files, etc.), or as hard copy documents which will eventually all be scanned into electronic format. The existing information data and GIS files will be augmented as new data are gathered during the wetland restoration investigation.

The GIS data acquired for this investigation are in various coordinate systems. These original coordinate systems are preserved when the data are compiled into separate GIS layers, but for display these data are reprojected into a common system, which in this case is NAD 1983 – HARN. Vertical elevation data are handled in a more complex manner when combined into GIS project files so these data have been ad- justed before hand to NAD 1983.

It should also be noted that this document is not intended to comprise an exhaustive list of all information that is available for Saltese Flats. In gathering existing information, we focused on data necessary to un- derstand site conditions important for evaluating restoration feasibility. It is expected that additional existing information will be gathered as the investigation proceeds and information is discovered not known to exist or the value of which was not realized at the time this document was developed. Any existing information uncovered subsequent to production of this document will be presented in reports to be developed in later stages of this investigation.

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Figure 1-1. Saltese Flats Location

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Figure 1-2. Saltese Flats Watershed Delineation

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Figure 1-3. Saltese Flats Restoration Options

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2.0 DATA SOURCES AND PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

This section presents a brief summary of the information sources described in greater detail in Section 3.0. Following a listing of the data sources, a short synopsis is included of a few key previous investigations that are referenced elsewhere in this document.

2.1 Data Sources

A number of existing information sources were used in gathering data for the Saltese Flats area. These data sources are cited in subsequent sections of this document and include:

• Previous Investigation documents (summarized in Section 2.2 and cited throughout this document); • Spokane County Information Services Department: GIS coverages; • Spokane County Critical Areas Ordinance and associated mapping; • Spokane County 2008 Comprehensive Plan • National Wetland Inventory (NWI) mapping; • Washington Natural Heritage Program (WNHP) 2008 database search results; • Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology): Well logs and locations; wetland identification, delineation and rating methods; • Washington Department of Natural Resources (DNR): Geologic maps and GIS coverages; • United States Geologic Survey (USGS): Well locations, water levels, groundwater analytical data, Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie (SVRP) aquifer model and information; • Spokane County Conservation District (SCCD): Shelley Lake water quality data; • Shelley Lake Homeowners Association: Shelley Lake water level data; • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources and Conservation Service: Soil Survey; • Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) 2008 Priority Habitats and Species List; • Various Spokesman-Review articles regarding the project site from 1923, 1946, 1948, and 1959;

2.2 Previous Investigations

Very few previous investigations have been completed in the area that provide descriptions and data for Saltese Flats. Results of any relevant investigations were reviewed for this study. None of the investigations focused specifically on Saltese Flats, but included the area either as a part of the study or in the con- text of a more regional evaluation. Previous studies include:

• Final Storage Assessment, Little and Middle Spokane Watersheds (Golder, 2004). This study included a section on potential wetland restoration at Saltese Flats. It included a summary of available information for the Flats as part of a watershed-wide evaluation of alternatives for increase flows in the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers. No additional site data were collected but alter- native restoration options were evaluated in a preliminary manner for Saltese Flats. We have not reproduced all data contained in that report but have summarized it and used it as a basis to identify further information needs for the current feasibility study.

• Ground-Water Flow Model for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer (Hsieh et al, 2007). This investigation titled represents a culmination of multiple previous investigations of the Spo- kane Valley Rathdrum Prairie (SVRP) aquifer. The USGS, in concert with Washington and Idaho representatives, developed a groundwater flow model of the SVRP aquifer, the boundary of

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which falls immediately north of Saltese Flats. The Flats area is represented in the model as a source of recharge to the SVRP aquifer. Additional model information is provided in a compan- ion document by Kahle and Bartolino (2007).

• Shelley Lake Environmental Impact Statement (Ramm. 1994). While not covering Saltese Flats, this document provides some information on the Shelley Lake area in preparation for a housing development. One item of note in the document is mention of water quality in Shelley Lake being degraded by up-stream and possibly on-site agricultural activities which have increased nitrogen and phosphorus levels, and by peat mining operations in Saltese Flats which has added substantially to organic matter inflow.

• City of Liberty Lake Urban Growth Area Boundary Alternatives Final Environment Impact Statement (Liberty Lake, 2006): This document presents a proposed new Urban Growth Area for the City of Liberty Lake. Saltese Flats was initially included as being in the Southwest Planning Area, but was removed from consideration in the Final EIS, The document refers to the Flats as containing a “seasonal marsh” and that Saltese Flats is used primarily for agriculture. It also mentions that Saltese Flats is one of the few remaining large wetlands in the Spokane area still somewhat intact, with potential threats to this watershed including urban runoff, septic tank leak- age and fertilizer/pesticide runoff, and increased urban development.

• FEMA Flood Plain Survey, Flood Insurance Map (FEMA, 1988): This study established 100- year flood elevations in Saltese Flats. The study identified different 100-year flood elevations for the southern and northern portions of the Flats. This information is discussed in greater detail in Section 3.6.2.

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3.0 DATA SUMMARY

This section presents a summary of the existing information gathered for the restoration investigation, along with an interpretation of site conditions based on the available data. The data and information gathered are of both a site-specific (Saltese Flats) and regional nature. As noted in Section 1.1, not all of the data gathered are presented in detail, and it is anticipated that additional existing information may be uncovered as the investigation progresses.

3.1 GIS Data Compilation

The GIS layers assembled to date for this project are summarized in Table 3-1. Some layers were re- tained in their original form, while others were modified / created with respect to this project. For example, project area well locations were developed from database information obtained from Ecology and DNR, and various GIS coverages that included all of Spokane County were truncated. Additional layers will be obtained or created as needed.

3.2 Land Use and Ownership

Saltese Flats is located just south of the Urban Growth Area of Spokane Valley and Liberty Lake. Shel- ley Lake is located within the City of Spokane Valley municipal boundaries. Spokane County zoning is shown on Figure 3-1. Not all of the designations have been defined but within the Saltese Flats area the designations include:

• Rural Conservation (RCV): Majority of the Flats, 1 dwelling per 20 acres or 1 dwelling per 10 acres for clustered housing; • Rural Traditional (RT): Areas east and west of the Flats, 1 dwelling per 10 acres and resource- based industries (farming, mining, etc.); • Urban Reserve (UR): Northeast corner of Flats, area considered for growth within a 40-year planning horizon, 1 dwelling per 20 acres or 1 dwelling per 5 acres for clustered housing. • Urban Growth Area (LDR): Between the Flats and Shelley Lake, within Urban Growth Area of City of Spokane Valley and Liberty Lake.

The Flats and adjoining riparian corridors have been identified by Spokane County as part of the Open Space Plan in its Comprehensive Plan. Forest Land designation is applied to upland portions of the sub- basin providing protection under Spokane County’s park system. The wetlands are identified under the County’s Critical Areas Ordinance (Section 3.6) as a category III wetland for protection, prohibiting building within 75 feet of the wetlands boundary.

Spokane County parcel data are shown on Figure 3-2. The coverage shows a total of 72 parcels that are located partially or completely on the main Saltese Flats area identified as wetland in the Spokane County Critical Areas ordinance delineation. However, 14 of these parcels do not have an owner listed so they may not actually be individual parcels. Land uses on these parcels include agriculture, grazing, nursery, recreation and residential. Residential development now surrounds the entire Saltese Flats area with the densest development located to the north and west. Saltese Creek and Shelly Lake are surrounded by dense residential development. The area between the Flats and the Spokane River is experiencing rapid urbanization and is part of the Spokane Valley and Liberty Lakes Urban Growth Areas (UGA).

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Table 3-1. GIS Data and Data Sources Source Name Acquired From Type

Spokane County Active Septic Tanks Spokane County Shapefile Street centerlines / addresses Spokane County Shapefile Spokane Valley - Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer (general) Spokane County Shapefile Water Table Elevation Data Spokane County Shapefile Critical Aquifer Recharge Area and Aquifer Susceptible area Spokane County Shapefile 5 ft Contour lines (from DEM created by Pixxures) Spokane County Shapefile Generalized Depth to the Water Table (SV - RP Aquifer) Spokane County Shapefile Dept of Health Wells - (Class A & B Water Supply) Spokane County Shapefile Erodible Soils (based on 68/75 SCS survey) Spokane County Shapefile FEMA Q3 Flood Data Spokane County Shapefile Geologic Formations (high landslide susceptibility) Spokane County Shapefile Priority Habitat and Species Areas Spokane County Shapefile Soils (National Cooperative Soil Survey) Spokane County Shapefile Spokane County Parcels Spokane County Shapefile Streams and lakes (line version - smaller streams) Spokane County Shapefile Streams and lakes (poly version - larger streams) Spokane County Shapefile Wetlands (1"=400' scale) Spokane County Shapefile Phase 2 Zoning Spokane County Shapefile Spokane County Municipal Boundaries Spokane County Shapefile NAIP Aerial Photography (2006) (18 inch pixels) Spokane County Sid Spokane County 2007 Aerial Photography (6inch pixels) Spokane County Sid

WA DNR Spokane County Boundary DNR website Shapefile Township/Range/Section DNR website Shapefile Geology (100k) DNR website Shapefile 30 Meter DEM DNR website Grid Washington State Watercourse Hydrography DNR website Coverage Soils (State Soils Mapping Program) DNR website Coverage Transportation Data Layer DNR website Coverage

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Source Name Acquired From Type

Dept. of Ecology WA Dept. of Ecology WRIA boundaries Website Shapefile Dept. of Ecology County boundaries Website Shapefile Dept. of Ecology Hydrography (various) Website Shapefile Dept. of Ecology Imported Wells Website point data

Dept of Transporta- WA Dept. of Transportation State Route GPS Routes tion Website Shapefile Dept of Transporta- State Routes (500k) tion Website Shapefile

PNW Hydrology Arc/Info OR BLM Pacific NW Hydrology Framework (various) Framework website Coverage

USFWS Wetlands and deepwater habitats in the US (NWI) USFWS website Shapefile

USGS National Hydrography Dataset USGS Shapefile Grid National Elevation Dataset USGS (DEM) Imported Wells USGS Website point data

Grid UW DEM - 10m UW (DEM)

NRCS Soil Survey NRCS website Shapefile

WNHP WNHP species dataset WNHP Shapefile

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Note: See zoning description on Section 3.2 Figure 3-1. Spokane County Zoning Designations for Saltese Flats

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Note: Parcel reference numbers created for this study and not related to actual County parcel numbers. Figure 3-2. Spokane County Parcel Data

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3.3 Topography

As its name implies, Saltese Flats is dominated by one large, nearly level surface surrounded by low foothills on the east and west. These foothills rise to several hundred feet above the Flats and are dominated by grass and shrubs with scattered forest. To the south, forested foothills rise to mountain slopes with Mica Peak the highest point in the watershed at 5,200 feet above mean sea level (ft MSL). To the northwest, the landscape merges with the nearly level river terraces of the Spokane River.

The main Saltese Flats area lies between an elevation of 2,040 and 2,060 ft MSL. This nearly level landscape slopes gently from south to north. The cultivated portions of the Flats have been leveled by dec- ades of agricultural use and exhibit very little micro-topography. Ditches transect these areas and provide the only significant topographic features. The uncultivated portions of the flats have subtle micro- topographic features including small ponds, depressions and ditches. Four small earthen dams have been erected in the southern portion of the Flats to create surface water impoundments of 39-55 acre-feet. A 20-acre pond along the northern boundary was created by peat mining. The land surface elevation was lowered 1-2 feet in the northeast portion of the flats when the peat caught fire during a dry period in the 1970s.

Abundant detailed topographic survey information is available for roads and developed sites around Sal- tese Flats. However, detailed survey information is not available for the Flats itself. The USGS topographic map provides elevations with a contour interval of 20 feet. Topographic coverage is available from Spokane County with 5 foot intervals and was presented in the Final Storage Assessment, Little and Middle Spokane Watersheds (Golder 2004). The accuracy of this map across the Saltese Flats site is not known. Other available topographic data include LIDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, an optical remote sensing technology. LIDAR data is available for this site which may allow development of a more detailed digital elevation map. Some degree of ground-truthing will be needed to evaluate the accuracy of the available topographic data.

The Saltese Flats wetland feasibility study will require topographic information accurate to within 2 feet for the proposed wetland design area and to within 5 feet for the entire Flats. Additional elevation information may also be needed for surrounding development features such as drainfields, floor drains and footings, and for portions of Saltese Creek downstream of the Flats.

3.4 Climate

Precipitation and temperature data for the site are important for evaluating current and future water balance conditions and for evaluating appropriate plant communities for the wetland restoration. Measured climatological data, such as precipitation and temperature for the specific Saltese Flats area, do not exist. Available data from nearby weather stations and calculated data for the site are discussed below.

Three weather stations are maintained by the Liberty Lake Sewer and Water District at the locations shown on Figure 3-3. The data, summarized in Table 3-2, cover a relatively short period of time, 2001 to present, but are located in close proximity to Saltese Flats and can be considered representative. Aver- age annual precipitation ranges from 16.2 to 20.1 inches per year. The Pine Terrace station is located on the south end of Liberty Lake next to a seasonal 155-acre marsh and wetlands in a setting similar to Sal- tese Flats. This station has shown greater annual precipitation than the other two stations and may be considered the most representative of conditions at Saltese Flats.

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Figure 3-3. Liberty Lake Sewer and Water District Weather Station Locations

Table 3-2. Liberty Lake Sewer and Water District Precipitation Data Year Pine Terrace Valleyway Office

2001 11.88 2002 20.51 2003 17.82 7.56 2004 17.60 15.60 2005 19.97 15.84 11.85 2006 27.80 20.50 20.80 2007 16.63 12.90 13.37 2008 14.49 14.03 14.90 Avg: 20.06 16.21 17.09 Precipitation numbers in inches per year Shaded values are for incomplete years Average is mean for complete years

Other weather stations in the region with a longer period of record include those at the Spokane Airport and Coeur d’Alene. Data were obtained for these stations from the Desert Research Institute (DRI) of the Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC).

Data for the Spokane and Coeur d’Alene stations are summarized in Figure 3-4. The data show that Coeur d’Alene, roughly 20 miles east of the site at an elevation of 2,160 ft, is generally wetter (average annual precipitation of 25.3 inches) and warmer (average maximum temperature of 59.1 degrees) than the Spokane Airport, roughly 10 miles west of the site at an elevation of 2,370 feet (average annual precipitation of 16.1 inches and average maximum temperature of 58.0 degrees). Monthly average values (Figure 3-4) show that for both locations 81% of the precipitation occurs during November-June.

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Figure 3-4. Spokane Airport and Coeur d’Alene Climatological Data Summary

The historical annual precipitation data for the two weather stations were evaluated by PBS&J for this study using the Cumulative Departure Method to assess long term trends in precipitation. This method compares each year with the average for the entire period and presents a running total or cumulative sum. The cumulative departure plot, shown on Figure 3-5, is a good approach for evaluating periods of above normal (rising line segments) and below normal (falling line segments) precipitation.

In general, there are five distinct periods evident in the data that are similar for both sites. These consist of two below normal periods (1915-1939 and 1999-2004), one of roughly normal precipitation (1940- 1944), and two periods including the most recent with above normal precipitation (1945-1998 and 2005- 2007.

Precipitation for the Saltese Flats area was calculated by Golder (2004) by modifying precipitation data from the Spokane Airport to represent site conditions using modeled (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model, or PRISM) conditions. The average annual precipitation calculated was 20.79 inches for the period 1961-1990, with a “wet” year specified as 26.9 inches and a “dry” year as 15.0 inches using statistical exceedances of 10% and 90%.

Kahle et al (2005) developed a map of precipitation of the area for a study of the SVRP aquifer. A portion of the map is reproduced as Figure 3-6 and shows rainfall in the Saltese Flats area as being 18.1-20.0 inches.

Because actual on-site conditions have not been measured, installing a weather station on site would provide some short term data that could then be used in conjunction with the Spokane Airport and Coeur d’Alene station data to interpolate long term trends for the site. Alternatively, data from the Pine Terrace station three miles to the east could be used and considered representative of Saltese Flats.

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20 16 Averages

12 Coeur d'Alene Spokane Airport 8 Coeur d'Alene Overall: 25.0 inches Overall: 15.9 inches 4 1915-1930: 22.6 inches 1915-1939: 13.4 inches 0 1931-1944: 24.9 inches 1940-1944: 16.1 inches 1945-1998: 26.7 inches 1945-1998: 17.1 inches -4 1999-2005: 22.2 inches 1999-2004: 14.3 inches -8 2006-2007: 26.7 inches 2005-2007: 16.9 inches -12 -16 -20 -24 Spokane Airport -28 -32 -36

Departure From Average (inches) Average From Departure -40 -44 -48 -52 -56 -60 -64 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Figure 3-5. Precipitation Cumulative Departure Plots

Figure 3-6. Precipitation Map (from Kahle et al., 2005)

3.5 Geology and Soils

3.5.1 Geology The DNR has GIS geology spatial data available on their website for the Saltese Flats area at a scale of 1:100,000. These data were downloaded and are shown on Figure 3-7. The DNR map describes units at Saltese Flats as Holocene peat deposits.

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Figure 3-7. Geologic map of the Saltese Flats Area

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Several other studies are available that provide geologic maps of the Saltese Flats area. In a study of the SVRP aquifer by the USGS (Kahle et al, 2005) the Saltese Flats area is illustrated entirely as “Recent non-glacial sediment” (Qs). Maps produced by Ecology that include the northern portion of site (Derkey et al 2004a and 2004b) show the site as Holocene lacustrine and peat deposits. Similarly, the study by Golder (2004) shows the Saltese Flats area as Quaternary peat and lake deposits.

Well logs were obtained from the Ecology website for select wells in the Saltese Flats area and were used to interpret bedrock conditions beneath the site. A more thorough description of available well information is presented in Section 3.8.1. A series of geologic cross-sections were previously developed (Golder, 2003 and 2004) that depict the bedrock beneath Saltese Flats and how those units interact with the VRP aquifer to the north. An example of one of these cross-sections for the transect shown on Figure 3-7 is reproduced below as Figure 3-8 (Golder, 2003). The previously developed cross-sections, however, depict a very limited amount of detail for the unconsolidated material in the Flats because very little of that information is available from the existing well logs. Because the shallow geologic information available is limited and will be further investigated for this study, updated geologic cross-sections will be developed at a later date when more detail can be presented.

Figure 3-8. Cross-Section Showing Saltese Flats and the SVRP Aquifer (from Golder, 2003)

The available geologic information depicts the Saltese Flats area as a shallow basin consisting primarily of a mix of peat and fine-grained material. These unconsolidated sediments include peat, silt and clay, and sand and gravel. Based on well log information from a well located near the center of Saltese Flats (155203) the peat is approximately 25 feet thick, and is underlain by about 25 ft of silt and clay. Sand

January 2009 17 .00 Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation and gravel with thin lenses of silty or clayey sand occur below the peat and silt. The total thickness of the unconsolidated materials in the center of Saltese Flats is not known. Surficial soils at the site are described in further detail in Section 3.5.2.

The shallow deposits at Saltese Flats are situated on top of pre-Cambrian crystalline bedrock in the southern portion of the site and the Latah Formation to the north. The crystalline bedrock consists of quartzite, schist, and gneiss but is often logged as granite on water well logs, the upper portion of which tends to be soft and weathered. The Latah Formation consists of interbedded silts, clays, and sand. Basalt deposits are also present beneath northern portions of the Flats area.

Moving further north from the site towards the Spokane Valley, unconsolidated coarse grain material from catastrophic Pleistocene floods occur and increase in thickness into the valley. These highly permeable deposits make up the SVRP aquifer.

3.5.2 Soils The Spokane County Soil Survey indicates that soils of the Semiahmoo series dominate the central portion of the Saltese Flats (Appendix B). These soils are poorly to very poorly drained organic soils that formed from decomposed grasses, sedges, and other water tolerant plants (USDA Soil Conservation Ser- vice, 1968). Listed physical properties of soil series found in the Flats area include moderate to rapid permeability, moderate available water capacity and very high organic matter content. The perimeter of the Saltese Flats area includes poorly to well-drained soils of the Bong, Konner, Naff, Narcisse, Peone, Phoebe and Spokane series (Appendix B).

The high permeability of the Semiahmoo soils and their distribution across the majority of the Saltese Flats area suggests that the entire Flats may function as a single large hydrologic system. The depth, vertical and horizontal distribution of soils will need to be determined in order to predict how wetland restoration will affect all portions of the Flats. Additionally, it is necessary to evaluate existing soils to determine effectiveness of possible restoration hydrologic controls such as surface berms or drainage ditches.

3.6 Wetlands and Associated Habitat

As defined in the Spokane County Critical Areas Ordinance, and consistent with RCW 36.70A.030(21), “wetland” or “wetlands” means areas that are inundated or saturated by surface water or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a preva- lence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. Wetlands do not include those artificial wetlands intentionally created from non-wetland sites, including, but not limited to, irrigation and drainage ditches, grass-lined swales, canals, detention facilities, wastewater treatment facilities, farm ponds, and landscape amenities, or those wetlands created after July 1, 1990 that were unintentionally created as a result of the construction of a road, street, or highway. Wetlands may also include artificial wetlands created from non-wetland areas to mitigate wetland impacts from other projects.

A variety of local, state and federal agencies maintain wetland regulatory authority related to a potential restoration project at Saltese Flats, including:

• Spokane County • Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife • Washington Department of Ecology • US Army Corps of Engineers

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3.6.1 Historical Conditions Named for Chief Seltice, a leader of the Coeur d’Alene tribe, the current Saltese Flats area was once called “Saltese Lake”. The area consisted of a shallow lake/wetland system approximately 2.5 miles long and 1 mile wide prior to white settlement. Water depths were reported as great as 7 feet at the north end and less than 2 feet at the south end. Natural depressions and patches of “tulls and rushes” were also reported. Drainage of Saltese Lake for agricultural purposes was initiated in 1892 when the land was acquired and a ditch excavated through the natural outlet to the northwest to what is now called Shelley Lake, deepening the natural outlet by as much as 15 feet. At least two additional drainage ditches were excavated, and a dam placed to control and direct drainage flow (see Newspaper article in Appendix C). Crops, including hay and grain, were first produced on the drained Flats area in the early 1900’s. A 1940s court ruling in response to a lawsuit (regarding the dam) established that Saltese Lake was in fact a lake, and not a river, and thus the landowners of the lake bottom had the right to place a dam anywhere they chose on their own property (Felix Deruwe et al, Appellants, v. Millar A. Morrison et al. August 28, 1947). The drained Saltese Lake area represents the largest single localized loss of historic wetlands and aquatic habitat in WRIA 57.

Records were found for at least one substantive flood event associated with the Flats subsequent to its draining. In May 1948, heavy rains coupled with melting snow on Mica Peak caused the previously drained Saltese lakebed to flood dramatically, filling Shelley Lake and surging several feet deep over Conklin and Sullivan roads, as well as another county road and near-by farms. Spokane County officials used a bulldozer to direct flow into a 25 foot-deep, 200 foot-long, 80 foot-wide gravel pit separated from Shelley Lake by a narrow ridge, and reported that as flow entered the pit it “ran underground almost as fast as it entered the pit”. The level of Shelley Lake dropped by two feet over the ensuing several hours. A 1959 newspaper article (Appendix C) alludes to another flood event in the Saltese basin during spring 1957, when “a flash flood swept through the valley, a wall of water 3 feet deep swept all before it”.

Peat mining in the 1970s occurred along the northern border of the Flats, which lowered the ground surface elevation 5-10 feet and resulted in formation of a shallow pond frequented by abundant waterfowl. This pond is approximately 20 acres in size. The northeast corner of the Flats caught fire, burning the surface peat, during a dry period in the 1970s, which lowered the elevation in that area by 1-2 feet and, as a result, currently supports frequent standing surface water. Several small dikes were constructed along the southern boundary of the Flats over the years to impound surface water; the largest of these impoundments is referred to as Dresser Pond.

3.6.2 Current Conditions Land Use and Wetland Distribution

The drained Flats area is primarily used for agriculture, including hay and small grain production and livestock grazing. The main hay species across the Flats is orchardgrass. Timothy and Kentucky blue- grass are the other most common species. Fertilizer and herbicides have been applied to promote crop production. The owner of the 340 acre parcels identified as Option A has indicated that annual hay production has been 3.5 to 4.0 tons per year or 1,190 to 1,360 tons for those parcels.

Approximate wetland borders were identified at Saltese Flats by the National Wetlands Inventory (U.S. Fish and Wildlife, 1987) and in association with the Spokane County Critical Areas Ordinance. The boundaries of these previous wetland inventories are similar to the wetland design area shown on figures in this report. These sources report approximately 1,200 acres of wetland at Saltese Flats (1,320 acres by NWI and 1,044 acres by CAO). Both mapping efforts, however, used remote sensing sources to identify wetlands and no on-the-ground verification was conducted for either effort. It is likely that a portion of the Flats does not meet current wetland criteria under Washington Department of Ecology (1997, 2004a) and US Army Corps of Engineers (2006) delineation methodologies due to manipulation (via historic and ongoing drainage and diversion) of surface water and groundwater levels to allow cultivation.

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Other boundary designations of significance in Saltese Flats include the 100-year flood plan, which Spo- kane County currently uses as that defined by the 1988 FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (FEMA, 1988). There are two flood elevations specified for the Flats: north of the east-west dike (see Section 3.7) the elevation is 2038 ft, and south of the east-west dike, the elevation is 2045 ft. The vertical datum for the 1988 FEMA study was the National Geodetic Vertical Datum 1929. The County surveys now use the North American Vertical Datum 1988. Some of the concern about the FEMA Flood Maps include the fact that at the outlet to Saltese Creek, the flood elevation for the Flats is 2038, but in the creek it is 2041, and that the west side of Option A is outside the "limit of detailed study".

Wetland Classification and Condition

The existing wetlands are mainly palustrine emergent types dominated by bulrush, cattails, sedges and wetland forbs. Reed canarygrass is common along ditches and in the dam vicinity. Aquatic bed communities dominated by submerged and floating-leaved wetland species are interspersed with emergent communities in deeper, more permanent inundation areas south of the existing dam on the Morrison property. Narrow, apparent palustrine scrub-shrub wetland areas occur along some drainage ditches and are dominated by hawthorn, cottonwood and scattered aspen. Scattered Canada thistle plants are present but weeds do not appear to be a significant problem in existing wetland areas.

One plant species listed as “sensitive” (vulnerable or declining and could become endangered or threatened in the state) by the state of Washington has been reported in the Saltese Flats area - Canadian St. Johnswort (Hypericum majus). This species is a small perennial wetland forb that occurs in habitats that are completely submerged during portions of the growing season along ponds, lakesides, or other low, wet places. It was reported in 1995 within the Option C area illustrated in Figure 1-3, south of the Op- tion A area.

A wetland rating, using the Washington State Wetlands Rating System for Eastern Washington was completed by the Department of Ecology in September, 2004. This rating system allows comparison of wetlands in relation to a variety of important features, uses, functions and values. Under current conditions, Saltese Flats was rated as a Category III wetland (on a scale of I-IV, IV is the lowest in terms of function). It was previously estimated that with improved management of water quality and hydrology it could be rated as high as Category I (Washington Department of Ecology, 2004b).

Wetland Wildlife

The Spokane County Critical Areas Ordinance identifies Saltese Flats as a Fish & Wildlife Conservation Area by way of its wetland habitat attributes. The Flats contains “priority habitat” (freshwater wetlands / fresh deepwater) as defined by the Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. Priority habitat is a habitat type with unique or significant value to many species (WDFW 2008). WDFW also maintains a list of “priority species”, which are fish and wildlife species requiring protective measures and/or management actions to ensure their survival (WDFW 2008); several of which periodically occur in the project area.

WDFW reports a variety of wildlife use at the Flats including those listed below. Status designations for species are as indicated in the August 2008 WDFW Priority Habitats and Species List (WDFW 2008). Definitions for sensitive and priority species were provided above. Candidate species are those that will be reviewed by WDFW for possible listing as endangered, threatened, or sensitive according to the process and criteria defined in WAC-232-12-237.

• Spring migration use by waterfowl including mallard, pintail, widgeon, shoveler, teal, redhead, scaup, goldeneye and bufflehead. Some species, especially mallards remain through summer. • Spring and fall use by tundra swans (State priority species) and trumpeter swans (State priority species).

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• Spring and summer use by shorebirds. Saltese Flats is one of the eastern-most sites for stilts and avocets (both State priority species for Eastern Washington breeding occurrences) in the state. • Year-round use by raptors including red-tailed hawk, rough-legged hawk, northern harrier, Coo- per’s hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, merlin (State candidate and priority species), kestrel, peregrine falcon (State sensitive and priority species), prairie falcon (State priority species), golden eagle (State candidate and priority species), bald eagle (State sensitive and priority species), osprey, northern goshawk (State candidate and priority species), gyrfalcon, short-eared owl, long-eared owl and saw-whet owl. Winter raptor surveys in the Saltese Flats area revealed that the site contains one of the highest winter raptor concentrations in the Spokane Valley. • Year-round use by mammals such as coyote, bobcat, cougar, muskrat, beaver, mink, and North- west white-tailed deer (State priority species). Elk (State priority species) and moose (State priority species) are present south of the Flats and may occur in the project area occasionally. There is a high-density moose population in the Mica Peak area, and moose and other species occasionally follow Quinnamose Creek to the Flats area. • Use by amphibians and reptiles such as Columbia spotted frog (State candidate species; priority species), chorus frog, painted turtle, common and western garter snake and yellow racer.

In addition, there is high potential for general wildlife movement along the largely undeveloped corridor between Saltese Flats and the Liberty Lake Park area to the east.

Wetland Mitigation Banking

There is potential to incorporate Wetland Mitigation Banking into a Saltese Flats restoration project. Wetland mitigation banking is currently under development in Washington (Washington Department of Ecology 2006). This process would include coordination between Spokane County, Washington Depart- ment of Ecology and the US Army Corps of Engineers. It is possible that significant wetland banking credits could be generated at Saltese Flats due to the potential value of wetlands that could be restored, enhanced and protected. Wetland banking for restoration using reclaimed water would require Ecology approval and would necessitate assurances that water for the system would be permanently available (Washington Department of Ecology, 2008b). The details of wetland mitigation banking for this project would require consultation and coordination as final rules are developed and experience accumulates from similar projects recently constructed elsewhere in Washington.

Reclaimed Water Use

This project will include options for using reclaimed water as part of wetland restoration. The proposed reclaimed water is classified as Class A, which is the highest quality reclaimed water and had the lowest potential for negative effects. The document Water Reclamation and Reuse Standards (Washington De- partments of Health and Ecology, 1997) addresses reclaimed water use in wetland projects including existing natural wetlands and constructed beneficial use wetlands. Since wetland restoration may be considered a “net environmental benefit” to the system, it may be possible to negotiate the standards for a Saltese Flats project. Reclaimed water use at Saltese Flats would require negotiation of the site-specific factors, project components, environmental concerns and other issues with the Washington Departments of Ecology and Health. Landowner perceptions and education would be an important component of reclaimed water use in this project. Important factors to consider would include:

• potential effects on existing wells • hydrologic loading limitations • existing and future water quality concerns and limits in the restored wetland • biological criteria to protect existing and planned wetland structure and function • groundwater protection criteria for down-gradient areas

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3.6.3 Past Preliminary Restoration Options Three preliminary restoration configurations were previously evaluated (Golder, 2004). These configurations are illustrated on Figure 3-9 (reproduced from the report) and included the following:

• Configuration 1: All land within the 2,055 foot elevation contour is purchased and restored to a seasonal lacustrine system with emergent vegetation along the borders; • Configuration 2: Only land within the Wetlands Critical Area (zoned for rural conservation) is purchased and restored to a seasonal lacustrine system with emergent vegetation along the borders; and • Configuration 3: All available land within the Wetlands Critical Area (zoned for rural conservation) is preserved and/or restored to a marsh state, with pockets of shallow, palustrine, emergent areas, significant inundation (>2 to 3 feet) would not occur, and storage would not be actively managed.

Figure 3-9. Preliminary Restoration Configurations (from Golder, 2004)

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These configurations were evaluated in terms of potential water storage available for the critical summer months, along with potential benefits and drawbacks, regulatory considerations, and cost. The potential use of reclaimed water was also evaluated. The evaluation concluded that several key components needed further study before a detailed feasibility analysis could be completed including the physical char- acteristics of the system and clarification of regulatory requirements.

The preliminary restoration configurations did not consider details regarding the realistic potential of pur- chasing land within the configuration areas. The current investigation will evaluate the three wetland restoration options shown on Figure 1-3. One option is a 342 acre parcel currently owned by Bud Morrison (Option A). The second option would add an adjacent 170 acre parcel, owned by Jack Graham (Option B). Option C would consider the entire Saltese Flats using easements or other vehicles to allow wetland restoration across multiple ownerships.

Most of the Morrison property (Option A) and part of the Graham property (Option B) likely do not meet wetland criteria due to the artificial drainage system. These areas have been previously classified as wetland using remote sensing methods by the National Wetland Inventory and the Spokane Critical Area Or- dinance. However, those methods do not confirm wetland conditions on-the-ground and so do not always detect artificial drainage. Since we know artificial drainage occurs, we assume wetland conditions do not and will confirm this with an on-site routine wetland determination. Most of the remaining area of Sal- tese Flats (Option C) likely does meet wetland criteria. The determination of wetland status must be completed with an on-the-ground wetland delineation. Those areas that do not currently meet wetland criteria are eligible for wetland restoration credit. Those areas that do currently meet wetland criteria may be eligible for wetland enhancement credit. A buffer established around the perimeter of the existing or restored wetland areas is potentially eligible for protection credit. Areas that are likely to currently meet State of Washington and Army Corps wetland criteria are located:

• south of the main east-west drain ditch along the southern border of Option A • along the northern border of Option B • across much of the Graham property (northeast portion of Option B)

3.7 Surface Water

The Saltese Flats drainage basin covers about 14,000 acres as shown on Figure 3-10. The drainage basin shown for the Flats was drawn using topographic highs that define drainage divides separating those that drain into Shelley Lake and Saltese Flats and those that do not.

Although a number of small drainages route water into Saltese Flats, water enters the area through two main creek systems, Saltese Creek and Quinnamose Creek, which originate to the south of the site at Mica Peak. During a site visit in July 2008, water was flowing into the Flats only in these two creeks plus a third one as shown on Figure 3-10. The Saltese Creek outlet occurs at the northern end of the site and the creek flows northwest, ultimately discharging into Shelley Lake. In July 2008 the Saltese Creek channel near Shelley Lake was dry, suggesting that the discharge into Shelley Lake is seasonal. Shelley Lake has no outlet and water in the lake infiltrates into the groundwater system and eventually recharges the SVRP aquifer.

A series of ditches were developed beginning over one hundred years ago to drain the flats for agriculture. The original outlet was enlarged and lowered as much as 15 feet to prevent the Flats from flooding. Prior to these changes and the addition of artificial drainages, the Flats area was a seasonal lake (see historical discussion in Section 3.6.1 above).

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Figure 3-10. Watershed and Surface Water Related to Saltese Flats

One of the more significant features on site is an east-west ditch running along the mid-line of T25N R45E Section 33. North of this ditch the land is well drained and used for agriculture, while to the south the Flats consist of palustrine, emergent wetlands bordered by uplands. The southern portion acts as a reservoir, with water that enters the site at the south infiltrating into the soils, ponding, or being collected in small artificial reservoirs, and then slowly moving northward where it emerges into the east-west ditch. A number of control structures route water from the ditch towards the outlet at the north of the Flats or around the area.

There are four small dams located in the Saltese Flats area. Northernmost of these dams is Morrison Dam (forming the east-west ditch) on Saltese Creek. Williams Dam and Deruwe Dam are further south on Sal- tese Creek. Dosser Dam is located on Quinnamose Creek where it enters the Flats. All of the dams are small earthen dams impounding between 39 and 55 AF (Golder, 2004).

Water flow in the northern portion of Saltese Creek, where it discharges into Shelley Lake, is seasonal, with flow occasionally flooding the area in springtime and ceasing entirely in the summer. A diversion drainage near Shelley Lake was developed along this stretch of the creek to route springtime flood water into a quarry where it could infiltrate, although water flow has reportedly not been significant enough to use this diversion for a number of years (see discussion of the 1947 flood event in Section 3.6.1 above). Shelley Lake levels had until the past few years been maintained during the summer by pumping from an onsite well, a practice that was discontinued due to water rights issues with the well.

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3.7.1 Flows and Water Level Data Measured flow and surface water level data are extremely limited. Golder (2004) cites a measured flow of 0.1 cfs in Quinnamose Creek and an unnamed creek in September 1969. No other measured flows are known to exist for creeks related to Saltese Flats. However, flow and stage data collected by the Liberty Lake Sewer and Water District for the period 2002 to the present are available for Liberty Creek which flows into the southern end of Liberty Lake, about three miles to the east. The Liberty Creek drainage basin is similar to that for Saltese Flats and could be used as a reference basin for water budget analyses.

Estimates of flow through the Flats area have been developed by several previous investigators and are summarized in Table 3-3. Water rights documents cited by Golder (2004) estimate a flow of 20,000 AF into the Flats in an average year. Annual SVRP aquifer contributions from the Flats were estimated to range from 17,400 AF (USGS 1981) to 18,015 AF (Buchanan and Olness 1993). Using the PRISM model, Golder (2004) calculated inflows to the Flats to range from 8,700 AF for dry years to 15,700 AF for wet years. Other references cited in a study of the SVRP aquifer (Kahle et al, 2005) specify recharge to the SVRP aquifer from Saltese Flats at 17,400 AF for 1959 (Drost and Seitz, 1978) and the same number for average conditions (Thomas 1963). In contrast, a GIS based technique estimated inflows for the SVRP aquifer model at Shelley Lake (Kahle and Bartolino, 2007) at 2,600 AF with an upper confidence limit of 4,000 AF. It is possible the model could handle the higher inflows without affecting calibration.

Table 3-3. Saltese Flats Flow Estimates Flow Description Reference 20,000 AFY (27.6 cfs) Average water rights flow into Flats Golder, 2004 17,400 AFY (24 cfs) Annual Flats contribution to SVRP USGS, 1981 18,015 AFY (24.9 cfs) Annual Flats contribution to SVRP Buchanan and Olness, 1993 8,700-15,700 AFY (12-21.7 cfs) Wet/dry year flow into Flats Golder, 2004 17,375 AFY (24 cfs) 1959 Flats contribution to SVRP Drost and Seitz, 1978 17,375 AFY (24 cfs) Annual Flats contribution to SVRP Thomas, 1963 2,613-4,090 AFY (3.61-5.65 cfs) Modeled annual flow to Shelley Lake Kahle and Bartolino, 2007

Lake and pond level data are also extremely limited. Shelley Lake water level data were recorded for 2007-2008 by the Shelley Lake Homeowners Association (Table 3-4), which show lake levels for 2008 were 4-5 feet higher than in 2007. In 2007 there was below average snowfall in the mountains and an early runoff, while in 2008 there was above average snowfall and a later, more gradual runoff. In addition to the added runoff in 2008, water users in Saltese Flats reportedly maintained the flow into Saltese Creek until mid-June instead of blocking it in mid-April, as usual. According to Bob Harris of the Shel- ley Lake HOA, the higher lake level created better conditions for fish and fauna and a decrease in algae bloom and milfoil.

Table 3-4. Shelley Lake Levels 2007-2008 Shelley Lake Level Date 2007 Reading 2008 Reading 1-Jan No reading Frozen; no reading 1-Feb No reading Frozen; no reading 23-Feb 2010' 7" 2005' 7" 1-Mar No reading No reading 1-Apr No reading 2013' 2" 1-May 2009' 4" 2013' 1" 26-May No reading 2016' 1" (peak) 1-Jun 2006' 6" 2011' 5" 1-Jul 2004' 7" 2010' 5" 1-Aug 2003' 4" 2006' 3" 1-Sep 2002' 4" No reading 1-Oct 2001' 8" 1-Nov 2001' 3" 1-Dec 2000' 11" All readings rounded to nearest 1"

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3.7.2 Surface Water Quality A very limited amount of information is available on surface water quality in the Saltese Flats drainage basin. For Shelley Lake, the Spokane County Conservation District (SCCD) provided water quality data from a volunteer sampling program that were measured in July and August 2007 from seven different lake levels. These data are summarized in Table 3-5 and show measurements recorded for conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen.

Table 3-5. Shelley Lake 2007 Water Quality Data

Depth Observers Time pH Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Barametric Depth (meters) Temperature (°C) Weather (meters) (µmhos/cm) mg/l (ppm) % Pressure (hPa) Secchi Total Air Water Conditions

July 2007 Surface 10:00 9.17 191.1 8.83 108.2 717.0 2.0 6.4 25.0 22.5 Clear, Slight Breeze 1 B. Harris 9.12 193.8 5.42 68.0 23.4 2 D. Ross 9.16 192.5 5.25 64.6 22.6 3 9.10 193.9 5.11 61.1 21.0 4 8.45 208.3 3.28 37.6 19.1 5 7.66 214.0 1.47 16.2 17.1 6 7.42 219.4 1.25 13.7 17.0

August 2007 Surface 10:00 8.80 202.1 9.20 104.0 767.8 1.8 6.2 30.0 22.8 Clear 1 B. Harris 8.80 203.3 5.40 62.2 23.9 2 D. Ross 8.93 201.6 5.27 61.1 23.5 3 8.85 198.9 5.15 59.3 23.0 4 8.32 209.3 4.09 46.0 21.7 5 7.76 230.4 2.01 22.0 20.4 6 7.17 251.7 1.42 15.4 19.8

The EIS for Shelley Lake (Ramm, 1994) mentions that water quality in Shelley Lake has been degraded by up-stream and possibly on-site agricultural activities which have increased nitrogen and phosphorus levels, and by peat mining operations in Saltese Flats which have added substantially to organic matter inflow. Presumably this is based on water quality data, but no specific water quality data were presented.

It appears that no water quality data are available for Saltese Creek, Quinnamose Creek or any of the surface water channels or ponds within Saltese Flats. Water quality data are available for surface water in the Liberty Creek basin, about three miles to the east, which may be useful for comparison purposes.

3.8 Groundwater

3.8.1 Wells and Water Level Patterns Wells within the search area (T24N R45E, T24N R44E, T25N R45E, and T25N R44E) were identified from online databases maintained by the USGS and Ecology. The USGS well information includes well depth and water level data (1,022 wells), and the Ecology well information includes well ownership, well details, and links to well logs for each well (2,426 wells). Wells in the USGS database were matched to those in the Ecology database by location and well depth where possible, but some could not clearly be matched. A total of 2,576 unique wells were identified in the search area and are shown on Figure 3-11. Details for specific wells referenced throughout this document are included in Appendix D.

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Figure 3-11. Regional Well Locations

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The well database was further divided into wells in close proximity to the site, as defined by a coordinate window. These wells are referred to as “near site” wells and consist of a total of 62 wells as shown on Figure 3-12. A total of 14 of the near site wells fall within the Saltese Flats boundary, but the locations are based on quarter-quarter section descriptions and some may not actually be within the Flats.

Figure 3-12. Near Site Well Locations

Water levels from the USGS wells were used to develop a potentiometric map of the region to illustrate groundwater flow direction and gradient. Water levels were selected to obtain a sufficient spatial distribution and were restricted to June 2004 where possible, which was the most common time for water level data. Different dates were necessary for wells in some areas in order to have good spatial coverage, and water levels from June were selected when possible for those locations although they are for years other than 2004. A total of 57 water levels were used to create the contour map shown on Figure 3-13, and the data are included in Appendix D. Groundwater in the area of Saltese Flats flows to the north-northwest at a gradient of approximately 0.008 in the northern portion, but a steeper gradient of 0.028 is evident in the southern portion of the Flats reflecting the steeper surface topography and lower permeable material. As groundwater enters the SVRP aquifer the flow direction changes to the west, consistent with contours developed by the USGS (Kahle et al, 2005).

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Figure 3-13. General Regional Potentiometric Surface Map

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A few wells within the search area in the USGS database had enough water level measurements over a long enough period to evaluate seasonal and long-term patterns. Water levels from a total of 5 wells (shown on Figure 3-13) were graphed and are shown on Figure 3-14. These wells are all located to the north and west of the site in the SVRP aquifer and exhibit a stable long-term groundwater level pattern. 1980

1970 ID 1989 25N 45E S16 1960

1950

1940 ID 1125 25N 44E S2 1930 ID 954 25N 44E S23 1920

1910 ID 639 25N 44E S15

1900

Groundwater (ft MSL) Elevation 1890

1880 ID 77 25N 44E S19 1870

8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 ------n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J Figure 3-14. Long-Term Groundwater Level Patterns

A narrower time frame for the wells discussed above is shown on Figure 3-15 to illustrate seasonal patterns. The plot shows that groundwater levels typically peak in mid June, with seasonal lows occurring in August-September. The fluctuations shown are roughly 7-10 ft. The wells shown are to the north in the SVRP aquifer and it is unknown if the groundwater beneath the site behaves similarly. 1980

1975

1970

1965 ID 1989 25N 45E 1960

1955

1950 ID 1989b 25N 45E S16 1945 Groundwater Elevation (ft MSL) (ft Elevation Groundwater 1940

8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------n n n n n n n n n n n u u u u u u u u u u u J J J J J J J J J J J Figure 3-15. Seasonal Groundwater Level Patterns

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3.8.2 Aquifer Description Groundwater in the area of Saltese Flats occurs in the bedrock beneath and around the site, in the unconsolidated material of the SVRP aquifer to the north of Shelley Lake, and on site in the shallow unconsolidated surface material.

The crystalline bedrock in the southern portion of the site contains groundwater under confined conditions that occurs in fractures. Well yields in the crystalline bedrock are typically low ranging from less than one to about 10 gallons per minute (Golder, 2004). A review of logs for wells near the site (see Fig- ure 3-12) shows yields range from 0.25 to 150 gpm with an average rate of 21 gpm. Representative hydraulic conductivity values for fractured granite are on the order of 2.7-4 ft/d (Morris & Johnson, 1967). Pumping data for wells near the site for aquifer parameter analysis are not available.

Groundwater in the basalt and Latah Formation is more difficult to evaluate because the majority of the wells near the site are indicated as being in granite. Two of the wells near the site are indicated as being in basalt. One of the wells produces 50 gpm and the other over 500 gpm. The pumping rate and draw- down data for the higher yield well suggests a K value of 74 ft/d using an approximation method from Driscoll (1986). This is likely a high value for the basalt and not representative of the unit as a whole.

In the unconsolidated material on site, much less is understood as few wells have penetrated the material, and none are screened in the shallow system. The shallow groundwater appears to act as a perched system with downward migration restricted by the fine grain material. In the northern portion of the Flats, the shallow groundwater is strongly influenced during the summer by irrigation.

Aquifer parameters, including permeability, for the on-site unconsolidated material is unknown. Golder (2004) cite typical permeabilities from literature for the material present at the site as 280-2.8-2 ft/d (peat), 0.28-2.8-4 ft/d (silt), and 1.4-3-2.8-6 ft/d (clay).

The SVRP aquifer is a highly productive aquifer composed of very coarse unconsolidated material which provides high yields to wells. Aquifer parameters for the SVRP aquifer are available from a number of previous investigations and probably the most accurate for the area near the Flats is from the groundwater model for the aquifer (Hseih et al, 2007). To the north of the site the model consists of two hydraulic conductivity (K) zones, one with a value of 19,100 ft/d to the east of a north-south line to the northeast of Shelley lake, and the other zone with a value of 7,470 ft/d to the west of that line. Specific yield is specified in the model as 0.205.

The groundwater beneath the site discharges to the north into the SVRP aquifer as illustrated on Figure 3- 13. The nature and volume of this discharge is not clearly understood but estimates of the recharge to the SVRP aquifer are discussed above in Section 3.7.1. The southern boundary of the SVRP aquifer is generally noted to be at the approximate location of Shelley Lake as is shown on Figure 3-16 (Spokane County, 2004). The boundary shown is consistent with other studies (Kahle et al, 2005). Wells shown on Figure 3-16 are water quality data points discussed below in Section 3.8.4.

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Figure 3-16. SVRP Aquifer Boundary

3.8.3 Water Use The type of water use for wells in the database is noted on the well log for each well. Classifying the well use for each of the 2,576 wells identified was not attempted but the smaller “near site” set of wells were reviewed for water use. Nearly all of the 63 near site wells are specified as being domestic, one is specified as being for agriculture, two are test wells and two do not have a use specified. The well logs also list the yield of the wells, but this is merely the potential pumping rate and actual pumping rates and seasonal trends in use are not available.

There are a number of public water supply wells located primarily to the north of Saltese Flats that fall within the service areas shown on Figure 3-17. These wells were not investigated in great detail thus far for this evaluation but the location of the wells is shown on Figure 3-18 based on a GIS coverage developed by the Spokane County Health District and available from Spokane County. The wells shown on Figure 3-18 are summarized in Table 3-6.

Industrial wells were not investigated but the locations of these wells can be identified if needed from the well logs or from Spokane County GIS coverages.

Information on these wells may be gathered in the future but it is yet to be combined into the gathered GIS layers or databases aside from the water quality data discussed below in Section 3.8.4. It is likely that at least some of these wells have information on pumping rates and seasonal patterns in well use that may be useful for assessing potential downgradient impacts from wetland restoration. Additional information may be gathered in the future as this investigation proceeds if it appears to be needed.

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Figure 3-17. Water Purveyor Service Areas

Table 3-6. Water Purveyor Well Summary

Label No. Well ID PWSID System Name Group Connections 1 1430 847451 SPO CO SULLIVAN PARK B 0 2 47147B SPO CO LIBERTY LAKE PARK B 0 3 47147B SPO CO LIBERTY LAKE PARK B 0 4 061644 CENTRAL PRE MIX-SULLIVAN RD A 4 5 061644 CENTRAL PRE MIX-SULLIVAN RD A 4 6 1438 061644 CENTRAL PRE MIX-SULLIVAN RD A 4 7 2347 29485T GREEN RIDGE ESTATES A 28 8 29485T GREEN RIDGE ESTATES A 28 9 29485T GREEN RIDGE ESTATES A 28 10 47140Q SPO CO - LIBERTY LAKE GOLF B 0 11 2212 471500 LIBERTY LAKE SEWER & WATER DISTRICT A 1370 12 2352 471500 LIBERTY LAKE SEWER & WATER DISTRICT A 1370 13 2328 471500 LIBERTY LAKE SEWER & WATER DISTRICT A 1370 14 2339 47145A EAST SIDE LIBERTY LAKE IMP CLUB A 205 15 2321 47145A EAST SIDE LIBERTY LAKE IMP CLUB A 205 16 2320 47145A EAST SIDE LIBERTY LAKE IMP CLUB A 205 17 2269 471500 LIBERTY LAKE SEWER & WATER DISTRICT A 1370 18 2157 471500 LIBERTY LAKE SEWER & WATER DISTRICT A 1370 19 2469 99730J ZEPHYR LODGE B 0 20 1776 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 21 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 22 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 23 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 24 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 25 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 26 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 27 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 28 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 29 10221A CONSOLIDATED IRRIG DIST 19 SYSTEM 2 A 2814 30 1235 914505 VERA WATER & POWER A 6088 31 1234 914505 VERA WATER & POWER A 6088 32 1260 914505 VERA WATER & POWER A 6088 33 1258 914505 VERA WATER & POWER A 6088 34 1114 914505 VERA WATER & POWER A 6088 35 1151 358159 MUTUAL MATERIALS COMPANY A 1 36 1149 358159 MUTUAL MATERIALS COMPANY A 1 37 358159 MUTUAL MATERIALS COMPANY A 1 Label No.: Number shown on Figure 3-18 Well ID: Well ID listed in Appendix D, blank for wells that could not be matched

January 2009 33 .00 Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

Figure 3-18. Public Water Supply Well Locations

January 2009 34 .00 Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

3.8.4 Groundwater Quality Groundwater quality data in the study area is available for wells in the SVRP aquifer from a number of studies and sources. No groundwater quality data for wells south of the SVRP aquifer boundary were found. Water quality data sources investigated for this study include websites for the USGS, Spokane County Utilities, and the Washington State Department of Health.

The USGS database was searched to locate wells with available groundwater quality data. A total of 57 wells within the regional search area were identified as having available water quality data. All of these wells are located north of the site in the SVRP aquifer. Dates of the sampling range from 1942 to 2001, with less than half (21 wells) having data from 2000-2001. The most recent data from the SVRP aquifer wells may be of use in establishing current water quality conditions in that aquifer, but these wells lie considerably downgradient from Saltese Flats and the data were not evaluated in detail for this document.

Other water quality data are available from a monitoring program conducted by Spokane County Utilities. This monitoring program has generated water quality data for public water supply wells and upgradient “sentinel” wells in the SVRP aquifer to the north of the site. Data includes a long list of cation, anion, and metal concentrations. Monitored wells within the study area are shown on Figure 3-16. Data for the three closest wells (Map ID 1776, 1885, and 2212) were obtained for 2003 (Spokane County, 2004) and are included in Appendix D. These wells consist of two water purveyor wells (Consolidated Irrigation District and Liberty Lake S&W) and one monitoring well. The water quality data for these wells may be useful in support of other baseline monitoring data to be collected for establishing current pre-restoration conditions in the SVRP aquifer. The 2003 data are the most recent available on the website, but more recent data are available and will be gathered as the investigation proceeds.

Water purveyor water quality data are also available on the Washington State Department of Health’s website. Limited data for the Liberty Lake Sewer and Water District system is available through 2008. Data for the Consolidated Irrigation District system is only available for 1982 and 1985. These data are not as extensive as the 2003 data from Spokane County Utilities and are not included in Appendix D.

3.9 Water Rights

A water right may not be necessary to implement a wetland restoration project at Saltese Flats, but may be desirable to protect any restored wetland from future development upstream. It may also be desirable if reclaimed water is used. PBS&J contacted the Washington Department of Ecology and spoke with Keith Stoffel and Karen Tusa. We discussed general concepts about water rights in Washington State. Important points include:

• Washington has had a water right permitting process in place since 1917 for surface water and 1945 for groundwater. Water uses pre-dating these dates are subject to the adjudication and claim filing requirements. If no claim is filed, the use is presumed to be abandoned; • Five years or more of non-use may constitute abandonment of a water right; • No water rights in the Spokane area have been adjudicated yet and they are not likely to be any- time in the near future; • The use of reclaimed water does not require a water right permit. Reclaimed water belongs to the entity that reclaimed it as long as they have control over it. Obtaining authority to put this water to use is part of the discharge permitting process and does not require a water right permit or certificate; • The Department has not issued any new water right permits in the Spokane aquifer for many years and they are not likely to issue any in the future; and • Washington has a process to change existing water rights (Washington Department of Ecology, 2008a). Purpose is one element that can be changed.

January 2009 35 .00 Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

Water right documentation including a map, copies of the pertinent water right documents, and a listing of all water rights that have points of diversion within the general area are included in Appendix E. This list is sorted by legal land description. The water right locations are specified by Township, Range, and Section, with some Section locations narrowed down by quarter-quarter designation although most do not have even one quarter section noted. The names listed in the data acquired from Ecology are those people or entities that originally filed the water rights, which in some cases do not match with the owner names in the parcel record now.

A summary of water rights for a larger area in the watershed is included in the Golder report (2004). Ac- cording to Golder, there are 25 surface water rights in the area surrounding the Flats. A total annual withdrawal under these rights is estimated to be 1,847 AF. Restoration of the Flats is not expected to ad- versely affect surrounding water rights but will be evaluated further.

There are four water right filings that appear related to the Morrison property parcels. One is a permit application for a well filed in 1992 but, according to Department personnel, this application is not likely ever to be approved because of the large number of existing appropriations in the Spokane basin. Two of the filings are claims for domestic and stockwater uses from two separate wells located in the SE¼SW¼ of Section 29, T25N, R45E (near the main ranch house). There does not appear to be any reason why these two water rights would be questioned during an adjudication.

The final Morrison water right filing is a certificate of water right for water from an "unnamed ditch" for irrigation of 190 acres. It is significant that this water right is a "certificate" because that means that the Department acknowledges that the water right has been perfected. The point of diversion is described as being located in Tract A of Saltese Lake Subdivision. Based on the limited amount of information available, it is not possible to determine if this refers to one or all of the drainage ditches that have long been in existence or if this is related to a more recently constructed ditch. The place of use is described as 190 acres in the W½SW¼ and Government Lots 5, 6, 7 and 8 in Section 29, T25N, R45E, which is west of the area under consideration for wetland restoration in options A, B and C of this project.

The flow rate listed on the water right certificate is 3 cubic feet per second. The volume stated is 553 acre-feet (AF) per year and the period of use is listed as April 15th through October 15th. Evidence would be needed regarding the actual water use if a change application were filed to convert the use to wetlands even though the perfection of the right has been acknowledged by the Department.

A review of the Washington Supreme Court case, Deruwe v. Morrison (Felix Deruwe et al, Appellants, v. Millar A. Morrison et al. August 28, 1947) suggests that it did not establish any water rights for Morrison, not in the sense that it granted the right to irrigate with the water drained off the property through the large drainage ditches. The issues in the case focus on flooding of the adjacent property or the failure to drain that property. It seems to establish ditch rights and Morrison's ability to continue draining water off their lands via these ditches but does not seem to establish any basis for beneficial use of the water. Fur- thermore, we have found no evidence that Morrison ever subsequently attempted to establish a water right (e.g. by filing a water right claim) for this water, possibly suggesting that while they apparently built these ditches and have been draining water off this land since before 1900, they did not consider this to be a beneficial use of water.

Further discussion with the Washington Department of Ecology suggested that it should be possible to obtain a water right for a wetland restoration project. Although the Department has not issued any new water right permits in the Spokane aquifer for many years and they have indicated that they are not likely to issue any in the future, the Saltese Flats restoration project may be different if the project is determined to be feasible and in the public interest. Based on our current information, it does not appear that existing water rights would be affected by the proposed project or that water rights issues would present a significant obstacle for project implementation.

January 2009 36 .00 Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

4.0 DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The existing data review has revealed several data gaps where important data are missing or incomplete. These data will be needed not only for a feasibility evaluation of wetland restoration options at Saltese Flats, but also to establish baseline or pre-restoration conditions that can be compared to conditions following wetland restoration. The data gaps identified include:

• Climate: Weather data specific to Saltese Flats do not exist. Weather data from Saltese Flats are important to be able to develop a water budget and evaluate seasonal implications of wetland restoration. The data could also be compared with surrounding stations to estimate longer term weather patterns specific to the site;

• Survey: More accurate elevation data (maximum 2 foot contour topographical mapping) are needed to design and evaluate conceptual wetland options. In addition, a survey of groundwater monitoring wells and surface water staff gauges will be necessary along with possible surveys of other important features such as septic systems and floor drains. At this time, wetland boundaries will be mapped using a resource grade GPS unit and not by survey-grade equipment;

• Geology/Soils: A detailed characterization of the spatial distribution of shallow deposits across the Flats is needed, especially the depth and uniformity of organic soil materials. There also needs to be an evaluation of the spatial distribution of less permeable layers that may affect groundwater elevations and surface water expression;

• Wetlands: A routine wetland delineation is needed of the Morrison and Graham properties (Op- tions A&B) using the state of Washington Wetland Identification and Delineation Manual and the Army Corps of Engineers Arid West Regional Supplement. This Routine Delineation must be conducted on the ground by direct observation of soil, vegetation and hydrology indicators. A wetland delineation of the remainder of the Flats should be conducted using air photo interpretation, observations from public viewpoints and limited on-the-ground direct observations of wetland soil, vegetation and hydrology indicators. All wetlands must be rated using the Washington State Wetland Rating System for Eastern Washington;

• Surface Water: There are very little pond and lake level data available or flow and water quality data for perennial and intermittent streams. These data will be essential to establish a water balance for Saltese Flats and to identify and quantify seasonal variability;

• Groundwater: There are not enough groundwater level measurements available to help character- ize groundwater conditions in the bedrock aquifer beneath Saltese Flats, and there are no data at all for the shallow groundwater system. These data will also be necessary to quantify a water balance and for evaluating the relationship between the shallow and deeper aquifers and surface waters. Water quality data for both the shallow and deep aquifers are also needed;

• Landowner Issues: As the feasibility of the restoration options begin to be evaluated it will be critical to identify properties that would be affected by each wetland restoration option and determine landowner interest in (and conditions of) participating. In addition access to property in Saltese Flats during the on-site investigation will be essential to collect spatially valid data; and

• Legal Issues: It will also be important to determine implications from a legal perspective of no longer draining the site but letting the hydrology return to a more natural state.

The methodology and procedures for addressing these data gaps will be developed in separate documents, including the Quality Assurance Project Plan, Monitoring Program Plan, and a revised Scope of Work for an On-Site Investigation. Anticipated costs for addressing these data gaps will be included in the revised Scope of Work.

January 2009 37 .00

5.0 REFERENCES

Buchanan, J.P., and I.A. Olness, 1993. Ground Water Flow Model of the Spokane Valley Portion of the Spokane Valley – Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer System. Eastern Washington University.

Derkey, R.E., Hamilton, M.M., and D.F. Stradling, 2004a. Geologic Map of the Greenacres 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Spokane County, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Divi- sion of Geology and Earth Resources, Open File Report 2004-11.

Derkey, R.E., Hamilton, M.M., and D.F. Stradling, 2004b. Geologic Map of the Washington Portions of the Liberty Lake 7.5-minute Quadrangle and the South Half of the Newman Lake 7.5 Minute Quadrangle, Spokane County, Washington. Washington Department of Natural Resources, Divi- sion of Geology and Earth Resources, Open File Report 2004-12. June.

Driscoll, F.G., 1986. Groundwater and Wells. Johnson Division, St. Paul, Minnesota. 2nd Edition.

Drost, B.W., and Seitz, H.R., 1978b, Spokane Valley−Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Washington and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-829, 79 p.

Felix Deruwe et al, Appellants, v. Millar A. Morrison et al. August 28, 1947. No. 30093. EnBanc. Su- preme Court. 28 Wn. 2d 797. http://www.mrsc.org/mc/courts/supreme/028wn2d/028wn2d0797.htm.

FEMA, 1988. FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map, Spokane County, Washington (Unincorporated Areas). Federal Emergency Management Agency National Flood Insurance Program. May 17.

Golder, 2003. Little Spokane (WRIA 55) and Middle Spokane (WRIA 57) Watershed Planning, Phase II – Level 1 Assessment, Data Compilation and Preliminary Analysis. Prepared by Golder Associ- ates for Spokane County and the WRIA 55 and 57 Planning Unit. June.

Golder, 2004. Final Storage Assessment, Little and Middle Spokane Watersheds. Prepared by Golder Associates Inc. for Spokane County and WRIA 55 and 57 Planning Unit. December 2004. 77p.

Gregoire, C.O., J.K. Pharris and P.T. McDonald. 2000. An Introduction to Washington Water Law. Washington State Office of the Attorney General, 1125 Washington St SE, Olympia, Washing ton.

Hsieh, P.A., Barber, M.E., Contor, B.A., Hossain, M.A., Johnson, G.S., Jones, J.L., and A.H. Wylie, 2007. Ground-Water Flow Model for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho. USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5044.

Kahle, S.C., Caldwell, R.R., and J.R. Bartolino, 2005. Simplified Surficial Geology, Generalized Hydro- geologic Sections, and Surface Geophysical Transects, Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aqui- fer, Washington and Idaho. USGS Sci Invest Report 2005-5227, Plate 2.

Kahle, S.C., Caldwell, R.R., and J.R. Bartolino, 2007. Hydrogeologic Framework and Ground-Water Budget of the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho. USGS Sci Invest Report 2007-5041.

Liberty Lake, 2006. Final Environmental Impact Statement, City of Liberty Lake Urban Growth Area Boundary Alternatives. Prepared by City of Liberty Lake Planning & Community Development Department. December.

January 2009 38 .00

Morris, D.A., and A.I. Johnson, 1967. Summary of Hydrologic and Physical Properties of Rock. Hydrol. Lab of USGS 1948-1960, USGS Water Supply Paper 1839-D.

PBS&J, 2008a. Scope of Work, Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation. Prepared by PBS&J for Spokane County Utilities. May.

PBS&J, 2008b. Goals and Objectives, Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation. Prepared by PBS&J for Spokane County Utilities. August.

Ramm, 1994. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Shelley Lake. Prepared by Ramm Associates, Inc. for Spokane County Planning Department. July 22.

Spokane County. 2004. Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer Water Quality Report for the Period January 1, 2003-December 31, 2003. Prepared by Spokane County Utilities-Water Resources. March 15

Spokane County. 2006. Watershed Management Plan: Water Resource Inventory Area 55-Little Spo- kane River & Water Resource Inventory Area 57-Middle Spokane River. 120p.

Thomas, C.A., 1963. Investigation of the inflow to the Rathdrum Prairie−Spokane Valley Aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 63-121, 46 p., 7 pls.

USDA Soil Conservation Service. 1968. Soil Survey of Spokane County, Washington. 143p.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2006. Interim regional supplement to the Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual: Arid West Region. ed. J. S. Wakeley, R. W. Lichvar, and C. V. Noble. ERDC/EL TR-06-16. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987. National Wetlands Inventory, Fan Lake Photo Date August, 1983, Photo Scale 1:58K. US Dept of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, St. Petersburg, FL. http://www.nwi.fws.gov.

USGS, 1981. Digital Model Simulation of the Hydrologic Flow System, With Emphasis on Ground Wa- ter, in the Spokane Valley Washington and Idaho. Open File Report 80-1300.

Washington Department of Ecology, March 1997. Washington State Wetlands Identification and De- lineation Manual. Publication Number 96-94. 86p.

Washington Department of Ecology, August 2004a. Washington State Wetlands Rating System for East- ern Washington. Publication Number 04-06-015. 102p.

Washington Department of Ecology, August 2004b. September 22, 2004. Wetland Rating Form – East- ern Washington, for Saltese Flats, completed by Chris Merker.

Washington Department of Ecology. 2008. Changing or Transferring an Existing Water Right, Publica- tion 98-1802-WR. Revised April 2008.

Washington Department of Ecology. 2008b. Saltese Flats wetland restoration and wetland banking. Let- ter from Grant Pfeifer, Washington Dept. of Ecology to Bruce Rawls, Director of Spokane County Utilties Divivsion. August 12.

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2008. Priority Habitat and Species List. Olympia, Wash- ington. 172 pp.

January 2009 39 .00

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, undated. Grant Application to the Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation for Washington Wildlife and Recreation Program funds for Protection of Saltese Flats.

Washington Departments of Health and Ecology, 1997. Water Reclamation and Reuse Standards. De- veloped by the Washington Dept. of Health and Washington Dept. of Ecology. September.

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Appendix A Not Used

January 2009 .00 Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

Appendix B USDA Soil Conservation Service Soil Survey Information

January 2009 .00 Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

January 2009 .00

Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

Appendix C Historical Newspaper Articles

Note: Article copies were obtained from the Morrisons. Some have dates noted but the original source has not been evaluated for this study.

January 2009 .00

Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

Appendix D Well Information

January 2009 .00 Ecology/USGS State Plane Coord Depth (ft)Diam. Compl USGS Data Pts Map WL Data ID Map ID X Y T R S Owner Ecology USGS (in) Date WQ WL Rdg Date

154435 1 2467455 853611.2 25 45 32 JERRY JOHNSON 171 171.67 8 12/17/1991 1 158640 2 2467507 852396.3 25 45 32 ROSS LEMASTER 365 365 6 6/26/1976 1 2190 06/26/76 150908 3 2467519 851067 25 45 32 CURT BERKLUND 58 8 8/26/1995 308395 4 2467519 851067 25 45 32 CURT BERKLUND 120 6 9/19/2000 397798 5 2467748 848226 24 45 5 WASHINGTON AIR NATIONAL GUARD 17.6 6/21/1993 151243 6 2467756 848147.1 24 45 5 DAVE COKE 380 380 6 6/29/1981 1 158791 7 2468787 859347.8 25 45 29 SALTESE FARM SYNDICATE 84 84 6 5/18/1978 1 2017 05/18/78 410827 8 2468834 851116 25 45 32 DARIN DERUWE 720 6 3/17/2005 309417 9 2468834 848598.7 24 45 5 JAN/BOBBI COLLINS 280 280 6 5/22/2001 1 159882 10 2468894 849789 25 45 32 UNKOWN 120 1/21/1999 149886 11 2468924 849718.2 25 45 32 BOB FREEMAN 200 200 6 4/16/1992 1 2200 04/16/92 149873 12 2468992 849721.1 25 45 32 BOB CHADDUCK 420 420 6 2/28/1994 1 155793 13 2469070 848270 24 45 5 LAURA MC CAIN 280 6 12/18/1976 157999 14 2469126 848205.4 24 45 5 RICHARD BRADY 421 421 6 1 150154 15 2469524 850473 25 45 32 BULLIVAN CONSTRUCTION, INC. 6 155398 16 2469524 850473 25 45 32 KEN HINES 180 6 1/6/1981 162592 17 2469524 850473 25 45 32 TIM REYNOLDS 200 6 7/16/1998 344202 18 2469524 850473 25 45 32 DON DRISCOLL 500 6 11/4/1997 346269 19 2469524 850473 25 45 32 DON DRISCOLL 500 6 11/4/1994 155909 20 2469767 847431 24 45 5 LEO MARK 159526 21 2469903 850875.7 25 45 32 TIM FRANZ 246 246 6 12/9/1976 1 154932 22 2470144 848451.8 24 45 5 JOHN FECHNER 200 200 6 3/3/1975 1 431403 23 2470150 851164 25 45 32 LAUREN MORGAN 860 6 11/23/2005 162587 24 2470199 850381.2 25 45 32 FOUR SEASONS RANCH 180 180 6 6/25/1998 1 2178 01/06/81 156768 25 2470426 848261 24 45 5 MIKE PORTER 460 460 6 5/21/1987 1 157313 26 2470431 848159.8 24 45 5 PAT WEISBECK 130 130 6 8/2/1976 1 330516 27 2471539 849874 25 45 33 TODD RIGBY 378 6 11/13/2001 330567 28 2471539 849874 25 45 33 TODD RIGBY 378 6 11/13/2001 525313 29 2471713 848357 24 45 4 TODD RIGBY 120 6 2/12/2008 151198 30 2471790 846656 24 45 4 DARRELL CLUTE 275 6 5/26/1979 162515 31 2471864 858514 25 45 28 SALTESE SYNDICATE LLC 560 6 5/14/1998 336574 32 2472174 850564 25 45 33 BABS RIGGS 280 6 5/31/2002 316488 33 2472409 847533 24 45 4 TODD JEWETT 780 6 10/15/2001 336571 34 2472409 847533 24 45 4 JIM HOLMAN 300 6 5/3/2002 151016 35 2472447 847536 24 45 4 DALE DE RUWE 480 480 6 1 162619 36 2472549 857877 25 45 28 SALTESE SYNDICATE LLC 520 6 11/11/1998 155203 37 2472755 852582 25 45 33 JORGEN, CASEY, SMITH, ETAL 242 6 2/9/1977 156069 38 2473965 855309.5 25 45 28 LOGAN JORGENS - SALTESE FARMS 220 220 6 12/14/1993 1 156070 39 2473980 855273 25 45 28 LOGAN JORGENS - SALTESE FARMS 300 6 12/10/1993 162625 40 2473980 855273 25 45 28 SALTESE SYNDICATE LLC 80 6 10/22/1998 391918 41 2474033 853946 25 45 33 JOE PETTIT 450 6 7/26/2004 293061 42 2474038 855211.2 25 45 28 LOGAN JORGENS 160 160 6 1 2030 09/14/93 156066 43 2474102 855315.4 25 45 28 LOGAN JORGENS - SALTESE FARMS 180 180 6 12/8/1993 1 2040 12/02/93 293062 44 2474106 855214.2 25 45 28 LOGAN JORGENS 160 160 6 1 156057 45 2474163 853898.1 25 45 33 LOGAN JORGENS 160 160 6 5/26/1993 1 2405 09/17/93 343989 46 2474419 846759 24 45 4 KEVIN MIDDAUGH 520 6 8/23/1996 346275 47 2474419 846759 24 45 4 KEVIN MIDDAUGH 482 6 5/12/1994 150621 48 2474471 846710 24 45 4 CHUCK WILLIAM 440 440 6 7/15/1988 1 162385 49 2474625 855951 25 45 28 SALTESE SYNDICATE LLC 500 6 3/4/1998 162388 50 2474625 855951 25 45 28 SALTESE SYNDICATE LLC 380 6 3/9/1998 162514 51 2474625 855951 25 45 28 SALTESE SYNDICATE LLC 120 6 5/4/1998 158045 52 2474668 846921.3 24 45 4 RICHARD LANGFORD 360 360 6 4/28/1976 1 2230 04/28/76 156058 53 2474741 853212.9 25 45 33 LOGAN JORGENS 85 85 6 5/26/1993 1 2078 05/26/93 156062 54 2474809 853215.8 25 45 33 LOGAN JORGENS 160 160 6 9/17/1993 1 254273 55 2475043 847634 24 45 4 TOM & CARYN CHRISTENSEN 500 6 6/1/1999 156068 56 2475338 855267.1 25 45 28 LOGAN JORGENS - SALTESE FARMS 180 180 6 12/2/1993 1 333064 57 2475375 853980 25 45 33 LOGAN JORGENS 100 5 9/15/1993 156059 58 2475395 853951 25 45 33 LOGAN JORGENS 100 100 6 7/28/1993 1 2444 07/28/93 156067 59 2475406 855270.1 25 45 28 LOGAN JORGENS - SALTESE FARMS 60 60 6 12/20/1993 1 2060 12/20/93 156063 60 2475451 852634.9 25 45 33 LOGAN JORGENS 120 120 6 7/30/1993 1 2060 07/30/93 156061 61 2475459 854055.2 25 45 33 LOGAN JORGENS 100 100 6 9/16/1993 1 156060 62 2475463 853953.9 25 45 33 LOGAN JORGENS 400 400 6 7/30/1993 1 473922117180201 77 2428538 863047.3 25 44 19 88 466 1886.5 06/21/78 159730 282 2434008 874160.8 25 44 8 TOWN OF MILLWOOD 112 112 16 4/26/1952 10 1904.51 08/24/04 150541 349 2437405 856967.1 25 44 29 CHESTER HILLS ADDITON 154 154 12 1/16/1952 12 1914.74 05/09/78 156863 404 2439320 866569.1 25 44 16 MODERN ELECTRIC WATER CO. 127 127.67 8 5/11/1947 10 1913.11 09/17/04 156860 415 2439821 858795.6 25 44 21 MODEL WATER & LIGHT CO. 183 183 7 12 1917.83 09/15/04 473747117151801 432 2440197 853927.6 25 44 28 167 11 1919.55 09/15/04 156865 638 2443778 861124.1 25 44 21 MODERN ELECTRIC WATER CO. 122 117 8 5/11/1947 264 1928.91 05/08/78 156861 639 2443847 866817.9 25 44 15 MODERN ELECTRIC WATER CO. 156 156 10 5/11/1947 566 1928 05/09/78 293099 663 2444159 856748.3 25 44 27 MODERN ELECTRIC WATER, CO. 220 220 18 12 1920.19 09/17/04 156867 701 2444639 859356.5 25 44 22 MODERN ELECTRIC WATER, CO. 161 162 7 5/11/1947 356 1928.31 06/11/51 293289 762 2445564 855112.7 25 44 27 WASHINGTON WATER POWER 180 180 18 6/14/1968 14 1923.12 06/13/02 159935 928 2448892 862133.4 25 44 22 VERA IRRIGATION DISTRICT #15 159 159 24 5/7/1968 9 1926.84 09/16/04 473924117130001 954 2449190 864099.6 25 44 23 97 330 1927.79 06/21/78 159933 984 2449249 858967.7 25 44 22 VERA IRRIGATION DIST. #15 175 176 56 10 1930.1 05/09/78 159934 1114 2451990 856363.8 25 44 26 VERA IRRIGATION DIST. #15 162 163 6 12 1927.45 09/16/04 155289 1125 2452340 879203 25 44 2 KAISER ALUMINUM TRENYWOOD WOR 120 127 6 10/11/1979 213 1944.08 05/10/78 155829 1144 2452620 867285.6 25 44 14 LAWRENCE WHITE 152 152 8 5/9/1950 8 1935.82 05/08/78 153861 1149 2452826 828972 24 44 23 INTERPACE 320 6 7/8/1987 153262 1151 2452923 827236.9 24 44 23 GLADDING MCBEAN & COMPANY 192 192 8 4/30/1946 1 160724 1234 2453689 866627 25 44 14 VERA IRRIGATION DIST. #15 265 265 20 7/12/1994 1 160723 1235 2453691 866649.3 25 44 14 VERA IRRIGATION DIST. #15 265 265 20 4/27/1994 5 472521 1251 2453752 870573 25 44 11 WA STATE DEPT OF TRANSPORTATIO 39 69 2 12/21/1999 25 1938.51 06/10/04 159940 1258 2453895 861660.7 25 44 23 VERA WATER & POWER 210 210 6 2/11/1987 2 159939 1260 2453941 861675.8 25 44 23 VERA WATER & POWER 215 215 20 4/6/1987 5 159945 1286 2454462 865841.5 25 44 13 VERA WATER DISTRICT 139 125 18 10/7/1994 8 1937.2 05/09/78

Page 1 of 2 Ecology/USGS State Plane Coord Depth (ft)Diam. Compl USGS Data Pts Map WL Data ID Map ID X Y T R S Owner Ecology USGS (in) Date WQ WL Rdg Date

150527 1392 2456947 862982.5 25 44 24 CHAS. RICE & SONS 127 127 12 2 1943.61 3/37/00 158966 1430 2457844 870142.1 25 44 12 SPOKANE COUNTY MAINT. FACILITY 40 58 6 1/17/1992 1 150416 1438 2458071 871267.3 25 44 12 CENTRAL PREMIX 140 139 8 12/5/1979 2 154354 1456 2458257 848961.8 25 44 36 JEFFERY MC RAE 60 60 6 2/8/1989 4 2320.5 09/29/83 473912117104001 1481 2458819 863286.2 25 44 24 127 8 1945.45 05/08/78 293200 1627 2461068 844110.7 24 45 6 TAMPCO, INC. 290 290 6 1 2344 06/14/76 150116 1633 2461299 858116.9 25 45 30 BRUCE WAGAY 260 260 6 11/3/1981 1 2320 07/18/89 152419 1648 2461483 855386.2 25 45 30 ERIC GALEY 200 200 6 9/26/1987 1 2140 07/24/91 151266 1659 2461620 855392 25 45 30 DAVE HERRIN 240 240 6 5/21/1977 5 2141.03 09/09/85 159325 1661 2461684 844136.7 24 45 6 TAMPCO, INC. 482 482 6 6/21/1976 1 2339 06/21/76 149730 1765 2463674 847365.1 24 45 6 BILL GUST 115 115 6 2/6/1974 4 2291.55 09/29/83 473929117092601 1776 2463846 865324.6 25 45 18 Consolidated Irrig Dist #19 Site 2? 190 16 4 353709 1794 2464264 852867 25 45 31 SERGEL KULESH 200 200 6 11/21/2002 1 2135 07/29/91 149276 1798 2464303 850333 25 45 31 AL MONTOUX 80 80 6 8/20/1984 1 2140 08/20/84 185311 1802 2464494 873035.2 25 45 7 SPOKANE COUNTY 80 80 2 10/29/1998 6 28 1956.64 06/07/04 474038117091201 1809 2464648 872359.1 25 45 8 97 6 27 1955.93 06/15/04 153018 1818 2464730 854813.8 25 45 30 GARY WILLIAMS 87 87 6 6/24/1981 1 2100 06/24/81 158292 1830 2464854 853500.6 25 45 31 ROBERT LAUGHLIN 85 85 6 1/22/1986 1 2130 07/12/91 473855117090602 1874 2465597 861490.9 25 45 20 200 3 1988.01 08/26/04 474016117085601 1885 2465915 870042.6 25 45 17 SAJB WELLHEAD PROTECTION ? 113 6 31 156896 1888 2466098 854872 25 45 29 MORRISON RANCH 86 86 6 10/6/1980 1 2038 10/06/80 158973 1910 2467866 865358.5 25 45 17 SPOKANE GUN CLUB 287 287 8 1/10/1950 12 1956.18 06/15/04 152712 1922 2468766 879557.3 25 45 5 FRANK SHINN, JR. 137 137 12 6/23/1951 1 123 1957.19 05/10/78 149833 1956 2470052 846601 24 45 5 BLAINE JOHNSTONE BLDR. 6 8/13/1974 1 2693 08/13/74 474011117072901 1989 2471344 869809.6 25 45 16 128.6 1324 1957.94 06/30/04 159654 2021 2472270 864466.7 25 45 21 TOM TROTTER 220 220 6 5/18/1988 1 2050 05/17/88 308687 2131 2474597 874289.2 25 45 9 INLAND EMPIRE PAPER 70.65 70.85 6/22/2000 7 31 1975.04 06/07/04 308688 2135 2474940 873977.4 25 45 9 INLAND EMPIRE PAPER 77 77.35 6/21/2000 7 31 1964.04 06/07/04 156002 2157 2476042 870204.9 25 45 15 LIBERTY LAKE SEWER DISTRICT 154 154.5 30 10/22/1980 5 474033117062501 2160 2476143 872331.2 25 45 10 97.1 7 26 1963.56 06/15/04 474107117060502 2202 2477372 875733.4 25 45 10 136.65 7 30 1965.32 06/07/04 308685 2207 2477388 875708.7 25 45 10 INLAND EMPIRE PAPER 71.2 71.55 6/29/2000 9 32 1987.7 06/07/04 156003 2212 2477603 869800.5 25 45 15 LIBERTY LAKE SEWER DISTRICT 198 198 18 4/16/1980 5 149422 2256 2479258 858174.7 25 45 27 ANDY DAHLMAN 125 125 6 6/2/1981 1 2290 04/08/81 349367 2265 2479364 854122.1 25 45 34 CLS MORTGAGE 325 325 6 8/1/2002 1 2290 07/15/92 156005 2269 2479514 865488 25 45 15 LIBERTY LAKE UTILITIES CO. 155 155 4 10/1/1960 19 13 1966.09 06/15/04 149424 2304 2480562 858129.7 25 45 27 ANDY DAHLMAN 125 125 6 4/6/1981 1 2270 06/02/81 152155 2320 2481639 865432.6 25 45 23 EAST SIDE LIBERTY LAKE IMPROVEME 181 181 8 10/6/1953 2 152154 2321 2481639 865432.6 25 45 23 EAST SIDE LIBERTY LAKE IMPROVEME 181 180 12 7/12/1963 5 156004 2328 2481927 866952.6 25 45 14 LIBERTY LAKE UTILITIES CO. 220 220 60 4/11/1969 3 152164 2339 2482084 866800.1 25 45 14 EASTSIDE LIBERTY LAKE 236 236 12 8/17/1977 1 153387 2347 2482221 866845.6 25 45 14 GREEN RIDLE HOME OWNER'S ASC. 243 243 8 7/30/1986 1 158829 2352 2482549 869595.4 25 45 14 SCHNEIDMILLER LAND COMPANY 238 238 16 2/16/1965 2 8 150588 2469 2487762 859429.5 25 45 25 CHRISTIAN CHURCH CONFERENC GR 280 280 6 1/1/1973 1

Page 2 of 2 Select Water Quality Data

Map ID 1776 2212 1885 WQMP Well ID 5518R01 5515C01 5517D05 Well Name Consolidated Irrig. Dist, Site 2 Liberty Lake S&W Mission Well Mission & Barker MW Sample Date 01/28/03 04/30/03 07/29/03 10/21/03 01/28/03 04/30/03 07/29/03 10/21/03 02/03/03 05/05/03 08/04/03 11/03/03

Conductivity (umhos/cm) 145 139 135 131 254 262 228 228 125 102 101 111 pH 7.40 7.64 7.97 7.60 6.86 7.59 7.63 7.39 7.03 7.26 7.29 7.08 Chloride (mg/L) 1.51 2.31 1.47 1.73 2.66 3.89 2.48 2.96 1.50 1.06 1.24 1.34 Nitrate + Nitrite (mg/L) 0.58 0.47 0.54 0.44 1.33 1.41 1.29 1.19 1.15 0.53 0.58 0.61 Orthophosphate (mg/L) 0.0021 0.0200 0.0025 <0.0020 0.0116 0.0200 0.0102 0.0118 0.0109 0.0200 0.0043 0.0023 Sulfate (mg/L) 6.20 6.72 5.59 5.64 9.45 11.10 9.40 10.90 6.24 4.94 5.50 5.52 TDS (mg/L) 36.00 99.00 104.00 173.00 95.00 143.00 161.00 190.00 89.00 120.00 47.00 11.00 Phosphorous (mg/L) <0.005 0.0181 <0.005 0.0051 0.0128 0.0137 0.0135 0.0146 0.005 0.0079 0.0151 0.0055 Calcium (mg/L) 20.60 20.70 21.20 20.00 33.20 36.40 32.70 32.30 14.00 13.90 13.20 15.20 Fluoride (mg/L) <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 0.11 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 Iron (mg/L) <0.150 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 0.300 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.150 0.022 0.034 0.088 Magnesium (mg/L) 4.98 5.04 5.36 4.83 11.50 13.00 10.20 11.10 5.12 4.99 4.80 5.42 Manganese (mg/L) <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 Potassium (mg/L) 2.00 1.12 1.39 1.18 2.00 1.94 2.10 1.83 2.00 1.14 1.28 1.30 Sodium (mg/L) 2.11 2.48 3.03 2.17 3.56 4.33 5.61 3.50 3.06 2.12 2.94 2.38 Arsenic (mg/L) <0.0010 0.0010 <0.0010 0.0013 0.0028 0.0026 0.0032 0.0033 0.0015 0.0012 0.0012 <0.0010 Cadmium (mg/L) <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 Chromium (mg/L) <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 Copper (mg/L) <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 0.0018 0.0028 0.0011 0.0018 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 <0.0010 Lead (mg/L) <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 <0.00100 Mercury (mg/L) <0.0010 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0010 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0010 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 Zinc (mg/L) <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 <0.0100 Existing Data Review Saltese Flats Wetland Restoration Investigation

Appendix E Water Right Documentation and Map

January 2009 .00