Frontiers in Earth Sciences Series Editors: J. P. Brun, O. Oncken, H. Weissert, C. Dullo
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Frontiers in Earth Sciences Series Editors: J. P. Brun, O. Oncken, H. Weissert, C. Dullo Onno Oncken Guillermo Chong Gerhard Franz Peter Giese Hans-Jürgen Götze Victor A. Ramos Manfred R. Strecker Peter Wigger (Editors) The Andes Active Subduction Orogeny With 287 Figures, 159 in color Editors Onno Oncken Hans-Jürgen Götze Department 3 Geodynamik Abteilung Geophysik, Institut für Geowissenschaften GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany [email protected] [email protected] Guillermo Chong Victor A. Ramos Departamento de Geología Departamento Ciencias Geológicas Universidad Católica del Norte Universidad de Buenos Aires Avenida Angamos 610, Antofagasta, Chile Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina [email protected] [email protected] Gerhard Franz Manfred R. Strecker Petrologie, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften Institut für Geowissenschaften Technische Universität Berlin Universität Potsdam Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24, 14476 Potsdam, Germany [email protected] [email protected] Peter Giese Peter Wigger Fachrichtung Geophysik, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Malteserstrasse 74–100, 12249 Berlin, Germany [email protected] Cover figure: Bathymetry data: Smith WHF, Sandwell DT (1997) Global seafloor topography from satellite altime- try and ship depth soundings. Science 277:1957–1962. Topography data: SRTM30 NASA. Induction arrows from the South Chilean margin (see Fig. 8.8 of this volume). Seismogram from a North Chil- ean subduction zone earthquake (recorded 2005 by P. Wigger). Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933828 ISSN 1863-4621 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-10 3-540-24329-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-24329-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the rel- evant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Klaus Häringer, Stasch · Bayreuth ([email protected]) Production: Almas Schimmel Printing and binding: Stürtz GmbH, Würzburg Printed on acid-free paper 30/3141/as – 5 4 3 2 1 0 In Memoriam Peter Giese Prof. (em.) Dr. rer. nat. 1931–2005 On 25 May 2005, aged 73, the tireless and respected Peter Giese, Professor of Geophysics at the Free University of Berlin, passed away. This exceptional scientist initiated the Col- laborative Research Centre (SFB) 267, “Deformation Processes in the Andes”, and served as Speaker for the SFB from 1993 until his retirement in 1998. The project was success- fully completed in 2005 and ranks among Prof. Giese’s many outstanding achievements. Peter Giese was born on 6 August 1931 in Berlin-Kreuzberg. He came to geophysics in a roundabout way, which proved to have considerable significance for his entire scientific life. He began his studies in geology and attained his first degree in 1954. Subsequently, he changed to the field of geophysics and in Munich wrote his Doctoral thesis on Rayleigh waves in the Winter semester of 1956/1957. This was followed by two years in the oil industry, which included work in Turkey. In April 1959, Prof. Giese began work as an academic assistant at the Institute of Geophysics at the University of Munich. His preferred research area was the study of seismic refraction with emphasis on the European Alps. He held leading positions in several national and international research projects and set new standards in the evalu- ation and interpretation of measured data. His work in seismic refraction culminated in 1968 with his Habilitation thesis where he presented a model for the Earth’s crust under the Alps. This model maintains its validity today. Peter Giese was appointed full Professor in the Department of Geophysics of the Free University of Berlin in the Summer semester of 1970. Owing to his comprehen- sive geoscientific background, Prof. Giese was almost predestined to further the rein- tegration of the individual geoscientific fields, in both research and teaching, with a comprehensive curriculum reform. Teaching and the advancement of the next genera- tion of scientists were always one of his primary concerns, and his lectures and classes were correspondingly highly valued. Prof. Giese was also strongly active in the reunification of geoscience between East and West Germany through his work as Chairman of the founding committee for the GeoForschungsZentrum (German Research Centre for Earth Sciences) based in Potsdam. In addition, he was substantially involved in two of the largest and most significant geoscientific research programs in Germany: DEKORP (German Conti- nental Reflection Seismology Program) and KTB (Continental Deep Drilling Program). As a mark of appreciation by the whole geoscientific community, Prof. Giese was awarded the Gustav Steinmann Medal in 1997 by the Geological Association of Ger- many. In 2004, the German Geophysical Society named him an Honorable Member during their annual conference in Berlin. After his retirement, Prof. Giese continued to participate in academic life and the work of the institute as one of the last full professors (“Ordinarius”). Only a few weeks before his death in April 2005, the SFB 267 held its International Final Symposium in Potsdam and, despite his illness, Prof. Giese attend the closure event of the SFB 267 for a short time. With the death of Prof. Peter Giese, we have lost an active, exceptional scientist, a committed academic teacher, a remarkable personality and a great person whom many of us lovingly and respectfully called “Master”. We will always remember him with honor. Preface Convergent plate margins and subduction zones are first order features shaping the Earth. Convergent continental margins combine the majority of processes that affect the internal architecture thermal and geochemical character of continental lithos- phere. In addition, the close relationships between active deformation and uplift, mag- matism and associated crustal growth, ore formation, the release of more than 90% of global seismic energy at convergent margins, make these plate boundaries impor- tant natural laboratories where mass and energy flux rates can be studied at various scales. Since the advent of plate tectonic theory, it has been recognized that all of these phenomena are intimately related and often governed by feedback mechanisms. Accordingly, subduction orogeny has become an international, high-priority theme in process-oriented, earth-system analysis. In this context, Dewey and Bird (1970) have defined the Andes as the type representative for orogeny and associated pro- cesses at convergent margins in their benchmark paper. The Andes, therefore, pro- vide an excellent natural laboratory for studying the above processes. This rationale has guided the Earth Science departments at the Free University of Berlin, the Technical University Berlin, Potsdam University and the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ; the German Research Centre for Earth Sciences) in shaping the 12-year collaborative research program (SFB 267) – ‘Deformation processes in the Andes’. Since 1993, members of the SFB 267, under the leadership of the late Prof. Peter Giese until 1998, have been actively working on establishing a broad scientific basis for covering a variety of features in the central Andes. The research has encompassed all earth sci- ence methodologies, from geophysical imaging to space geodetic monitoring, and from geochemical analysis to geological observations. Our goal was to develop a quantitative understanding of the mutual relationship between internal and external mechanisms in Cenozoic deformation and plateau- building at the Andean convergent margin. To this end, we analyzed two key areas: the central Andes, which is governed by plateau-style deformation, and the North Patagonian Andes, which is of an entirely different style despite the same plate kinematic conditions. Owing to the differences in architecture and evolution, we consider both areas an ideal setting for testing models and assumptions on subduc- tion orogeny. The results of this research program have been published (and submitted) in over 200 papers to peer review journals. The present volume summarizes these results and adds more recent insights aimed at contributing to the international discussion on Andean dynamics. There are four main sections, complemented by a collection of materials on DVD. According to the rationale of the program, these sections include: several papers that deliver various large-picture