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Snowfall Fog Western Disturbances Snow Vol-2, Issue-15, January 2016 Geography and You Free Copy geography CLIMATEandyou.com A FORTNigHTLY ONLINE MagaZINE ON WEATHER, WATER AND HAZARDS Snowfall Fog Western Disturbances Snow Avalanche Weather for Tourist Places Atmospheric Phenomena-Stratocumulus Clouds (Sc) WINTER WEATHER Be a WEatHER Climate A monthly online magazine on weather, water and hazards journalist Volume 2 • Issue 15 • January 2016 FREE COPY Advisor Air Vice Marshal (Retd) Dr. Ajit Tyagi, Former Director General, No weather India Meteorological Department event is Editor too small Sulagna Chattopadhyay or too large Legal Advisor Krishnendu Datta REPORT NOW Correspondence/Editorial Office Now you can 1584, B-1, Vasant Kunj, put all the idle New Delhi-110070 weather talk Phone: 011-26122789 to good use. For G'nY subscriptions, renewals, Calling all, enquiries please contact: professionals Circulation Manager and amateurs to E-mail: [email protected] report about any Please visit our site at weather event www.geographyandyou.com for that they find further information. unusual. Weather ©IRIS Publication Pvt. Ltd. events such All rights reserved throughout the as lightning, world. Reproduction in any manner, cloud, hailstorm, part or whole, is prohibited. Printed, flooding, etc., published and owned by Sulagna are of special Chattopadhyay. interest to us. You may capture Research Credit short videos on your phone and LIGHTS (Learning in Geography, send it to us too. Humanities, Technology and Science) a not-for-profit research foundation Photographers are especially Published at welcome. IRIS Publication Pvt. Ltd. Geography and You does not take any There are PRIZES responsibility for returning unsolicited too. For the best publication material. entry in reporting, an award of Rs All disputes are subjected to the exclusive 1000 is offered. jurisdiction of competent courts and forums The report will be in Delhi/New Delhi only. published in G'nY CLIMATE. For the best photograph a cash prize of Rs 500 is offered, which will be printed in G'nY. For queries write to editor@ geographyandyou.com 2 January 2016 ● Volume 2 ● Issue 15 G'nY CLIMATE Advisor's Desk Dear readers, This issue of ‘Climate’ covers ‘Winter Weather’. This winter arrived late with Contents temperatures above normal in the months of November and December. Feature But the weather is known to incorporate sudden changes and hence, we need to be prepared for 4 Snowfall winter weather. We elaborate here on the Western Disturbance, 5 Fog which is primarily responsible for winter weather. We also focus here on two main hazards of the 7 Western Disturbances season , that is, Fog and Snow Avalanches. 9 Snow Avalanche Forecasts regarding Temperature and Precipitation for the first half of the year are also given. A write- 10 Weather for Tourist Places up by Pro GS Bhat on Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Centre, Indian Institute of Sciences, 11 India 2015: Extreme Weather Bengaluru tells us of the academic and research Highlights / Weather Tit-Bit activities undertaken by the Centre. 11 Conference Round-Up Enjoy the Winter by witnessing snowfall and learning to ski at our hill stations. For those who 12 Atmospheric Phenomena wish to escape the cold, the sunny south provides Stratocumulus Clouds (Sc) many alternatives. We provide weather and tourist information here about Gulmarg in the north and 13 Climate Outlook: January to June 2016 Kanyakumari in the south for readers keen on a winter break. Decide for yourself! 13 Academic Institution (CAOS), IISc Bengaluru Dr. Ajit Tyagi 15 News Updates G'nY CLIMATE January 2016 ● Volume 2 ● Issue 15 3 SNOWFALL now is precipitation in the form of ice crystals. It originates heavy for the updrafts to continue supporting them, they fall ass in clouds when temperatures are below the freezing point hailstones. (0 degrees Celsius, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit). This is when Satmospheric water vapour condenses directly into ice without HOW BIG CAN SNOWFLAKES GET? going through the liquid stage. Once an ice crystal has formed, it Snowflakes are accumulations of many snow crystals. Most absorbs and freezes additional water vapour from the surrounding snowflakes are less than 1.3 centimetres (0.5 inches) across. Under air, growing into a snow crystal or snow pellet, which then falls on certain conditions, usually requiring near-freezing temperatures, the Earth. light winds, and unstable atmospheric conditions, much larger and irregular flakes can form, nearing 5 centimetres (2 inches) across. FORMS OF SNOW No routine measure of snowflake dimensions is taken, so the exact Snowflakes are collections of ice crystals that can occur in an size is not known. infinite variety of shapes and forms - including prisms, hexagonal plates or stars. Every snowflake is unique, but because they join FORMATION OF SNOW together in a hexagonal Snow in the atmosphere: Snow forms when atmospheric structure, they end up six- temperature is at or below freezing (0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees sided.. Fahrenheit) and there is a minimum amount of moisture in the air. At very low temperatures, If the ground temperature is at or below freezing, the snow falls Climate snowflakes are small and their on the ground. However, snow can still fall on the ground even structure is simple. At higher if the ground temperature is above freezing, provided conditions temperatures, the individual are right. As a general rule, though, snow will not form unless flakes may be composed the ground temperature is at least 5 degrees Celsius (41 degrees of a very large number of Fahrenheit). ice crystals - resulting in a While it can be too warm to snow, it cannot be too cold to snow. complex star shape - and a Snow can occur even at incredibly low temperatures as long as there diameter of several inches. is some source of moisture and some way to lift or cool the air. Snow pellets, or Graupel Most heavy snowfalls occur when there is relatively warm air near are opaque ice particles in the ground—typically -9 degrees Celsius (15 degrees Fahrenheit) or the atmosphere. These fall warmer—since warmer air can hold more water vapour. through super cooled cloud Since snow formation requires moisture, very cold dry areas may droplets, which are below rarely receive snow. Antarctica's Dry Valleys, for instance, form the freezing point ,. The cloud largest ice-free portion of the continent. The Dry Valleys are quite droplets freeze on the crystals, cold but have very low humidity, and strong winds help remove any forming a lumpy mass. remaining moisture from the air. As a result, this extremely cold Graupel tends to be soft and region receives little snow. crumbly. Snow on the ground: The character of the snow surface after Sleet is composed of drops a snowfall depends on the original form of the crystals and on of rain or drizzle that freeze the weather conditions during the snowfall. For example, when into ice as they fall, and is a a snowfall is accompanied by strong winds, the snow crystals wintry mix of rain and snow. are broken into smaller fragments that can become more densely These small, translucent balls packed. After a snowfall, snow may melt or evaporate, or it may of ice are usually smaller than persist for long periods. If snow persists on the ground, the texture, 0.76 centimetres (0.30 inches) size, and shape of individual grains will change even while the snow in diameter. temperature remains below freezing, or they may melt and refreeze Official weather observa- over time, and will eventually get compressed during subsequent tions may list sleet as ice snowfalls. pellets. In parts of the US , Over the winter season, the snowpack typically accumulates and the term sleet refers to a mixture of ice pellets and freezing rain. develops a complex layered structure made up of a variety of snow Hail, another form of precipitation, although frozen, is not grains, reflecting the weather and climate conditions prevailing at considered snow. Hail tends to be larger than sleet, and is usually the time of deposition as well as changes within the snow cover over generated during thunderstorms, which happen more often in time. spring and summer than in winter. Hailstones form when upward moving air, or updrafts, in a thunderstorm prevent pieces of graupel MEASUREMENT OF SNOWFALL from falling. Drops of super cooled water hit the graupel and freeze At the beginning of each snowfall/freezing season, remove the to it, causing the graupel to grow. When the balls of ice become too funnel and inner measuring tube of the eight-inch manual rain 4 January 2016 ● Volume 2 ● Issue 15 G'nY CLIMATE gauge to expose the 8-inch diameter overflow can so that it can "snow melted as it landed". more accurately catch frozen precipitation. It is essential to measure snowfall (and snow depth) in locations Put your snowboard(s) out and mark their location with a flag or where the effects of blowing and drifting are minimized. some other indicator so they can be found after a new snowfall. They Snow Depth : Determine the total depth of snow, ice pellets, should be located in the vicinity of your station in an open location or ice on the ground. This observation is taken once-a-day at (not under trees, obstructions, or on the north side of structures in the scheduled time of observation with a measuring stick. The the shadows). Once your equipment has been readied for winter you measurement should reflect the average depth of snow, ice pellets, are ready to measure snowfall. and glazed ice on the ground at your usual measurement site (not Observers should determine three values when reporting solid disturbed by human activities). Measurements from rooftops, paved Climate precipitation. They are: areas, and the like should not be made.
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